John Kasaona: How poachers became caretakers

翻译人员: Wenna Li 校对人员: Xu Jiang

In Africa we say,

在非洲，我们说：

"God gave the white man a watch

“上帝给了白人一块手表，

and gave the black man time."

却给了黑人时间。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

I think, how is it possible

我想，怎么可能

for a man with so much time

让人用这么长时间

to tell his story in 18 minutes?

在18分钟内讲完他的故事。

I think it will be quite a challenge for me.

这对我真是个挑战。

Most African stories these days,

现在大家讨论的大部分关于非洲的事情

they talk about famine,

都是饥饿、

HIV and AIDS,

艾滋病、

poverty or war.

贫穷或者战争。

But my story that I would like to share with you today

但今天我要与大家分享的故事

is the one about success.

是关于成功的。

It is about a country

是关于

in the southwest of Africa

一个位于非洲西南部的国家

called Namibia.

叫做纳米比亚。

Namibia has got 2.1 million people,

纳米比亚的人口有210万，

but it is only twice the size of California.

但国土面积只有两个加利福尼亚那么大。

I come from a region

我来自

in the remote northwest part of the country.

纳米比亚西北部的一个偏远地区，

It's called Kunene region.

叫做库内内。

And in the center of Kunene region

位于库内内中部

is the village of Sesfontein. This is where I was born.

有一个叫Sesfontain的村子。这是我出生的地方。

This is where I'm coming from.

我就从那里来的。

Most people that are following the story

大部分人因为

of Angelina Jolie

安吉丽娜.朱莉

and Brad Pitt

和布拉德.皮特的原因

will know where Namibia is.

知道了纳米比亚在哪里。

They love Namibia

他们喜爱纳米比亚

for its beautiful dunes,

那美丽的沙丘，

that are even taller

甚至比

than the Empire State Building.

帝国大厦还要高。

Wind and time have twisted our landscape

风力和时间将我们的地貌

into very strange shapes,

改变成非常奇特的形状。

and these shapes are speckled with wildlife

而这些地形让野生动物们

that has become so adapted

变得如此适应

to this harsh and strange land.

这恶劣而奇特的土地。

I'm a Himba.

我是辛巴族人。

You might wonder, why are you wearing these Western clothes?

你可能会想，你为什么穿着西方人的衣服？

I'm a Himba and Namibian.

我是辛巴族人，也是纳米比亚人。

A Himba is one of the 29

辛巴族是纳米比亚29个

ethnic groups in Namibia.

民族之一。

We live a very traditional lifestyle.

我们有自己传统的生活方式。

I grew up herding,

我放牧长大，

looking after our livestock --

饲养家畜——

goats, sheep and cattle.

山羊、绵羊和牛。

And one day,

有一天，

my father actually took me into the bush.

我父亲带我去丛林。

He said, "John,

他说：“约翰，

I want you to become a good herder.

我想让你成为一个优秀的牧人。

Boy, if you are looking after our livestock

孩子，如果你在照看家畜的时候

and you see a cheetah

碰到一只猎豹

eating our goat --

在吃我们的山羊，

cheetah is very nervous --

猎豹其实是很紧张的。

just walk up to it.

你只要走近它，

Walk up to it and smack it on the backside."

走近它然后从背后狠狠把它打到。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

"And he will let go of the goat

“它就会放了山羊

and run off."

然后跑掉。”

But then he said,

然后他又说，

"Boy, if you run into a lion,

“孩子，如果你碰到一头狮子，

don't move.

不要动。

Don't move. Stand your ground.

千万不要动。站在那。

Puff up and just look it in the eye

沉住气，就看着它的眼睛，

and it may not want to fight you."

它可能并不想和你打架。”

(Laughter)

（笑声）

But then, he said,

接着，他说道，

"If you see a leopard,

“如果你看到一只金钱豹，

boy, you better run like hell."

孩子，你最好撒腿就跑。”

(Laughter)

（笑声)

"Imagine you run faster than those goats you are looking after."

“想象你比养的那些所有羊跑得都快。”

In this way --

以这种方式——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

In this way, I actually started to learn about nature.

以这种方式，我真正开始了解自然。

In addition to being an ordinary Namibian

除了作为一个普通的纳米比亚人，

and in addition to being a Himba

除了作为一个辛巴族人，

I'm also a trained conservationist.

我还是一名自然资源保护者。

And it is very important if you are in the field

在大自然中，很重要的是

to know what to confront

你要知道要面对什么

and what to run from.

和逃离什么。

I was born in 1971.

我出生于1971年。

We lived under apartheid regime.

曾经生活在种族隔离体制下，

The whites could farm, graze

白人可以随意地种地、放牧

and hunt as they wished,

和打猎，

but we black, we were not regarded as responsible

但是我们黑人，我们是不被容许

to use wildlife.

接触野生动物的。

Whenever we tried to hunt,

当我们想要去打猎时，

we were called poachers.

我们被叫做偷猎的人。

And as a result, we were fined and locked up in jail.

结果，我们被罚款还被关进监牢。

Between 1966 and 1990,

在1966年到1990年间，

the U.S. and Soviet interests

美国与苏联

fought for control over my country.

为争夺对我国的控制权而发生战争。

And you know, during war time,

在战争时期，

there are militaries, armies, that are moving around.

到处都是军队和军人。

And the army hunted for valuable rhino horns

军人捕猎犀牛，要猎取珍贵的犀牛角

and tusks.

和象牙。

They could sell these things for anything between

他们可以卖到

$5,000 a kilo.

一公斤5000美元。

During the same year

在同一年，

almost every Himba had a rifle.

几乎每个辛巴族人都有一支来复枪。

Because it was wartime,

因为是在战争年代，

the British .303 rifle

英式.303来复枪

was just all over the whole country.

遍布整个国家。

Then in the same time, around 1980,

同时，在1980年前后，

we had a very big drought.

我们遭受了非常严重的干旱。

It killed almost everything that was left.

几乎所有剩下的生物都死亡了。

Our livestock was

我们的牲畜

almost at the brink of extinction,

几乎濒临灭绝，

protected as well.

无法保护。

We were hungry.

我们非常饥饿。

I remember a night

我记得有一天晚上，

when a hungry leopard

一头饿极了的美洲豹

went into the house

窜进

of one of our neighbors

一个邻居的房子

and took a sleeping child out of the bed.

叼走了正在床上睡觉的孩子。

It's a very sad story.

实在太惨了。

But even today,

直到今天，

that memory is still in people's minds.

人们还记得这场惨剧。

They can pinpoint the exact location

可以准确指出

where this all happened.

惨剧发生的确切地点。

And then, in the same year,

在同一年，

we almost lost everything.

我们几乎失去了一切。

And my father said, "Why don't you just go to school?"

我父亲说，“为什么你不去学校呢？”

And they sent me off to school, just to get busy somewhere there.

然后他们把我送进学校，只是为了让我忙碌起来。

And the year I went to school,

那年我去了学校读书，

my father actually got a job with a non-governmental organization

我父亲在一个叫做

called IRDNC, Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation.

IRDNC(农村综合发展与自然保护）的非政府组织机构找到一份工作。

They actually spend a lot of time a year in the communities.

他们每年要在各个部落花大量时间的工作。

They were trusted by the local communities

当地部落都很信任他们，

like our leader, Joshua Kangombe.

像我们部落的首领，Joshua Kangombe.

Joshua Kangombe saw what was happening:

Joshua Kangombe目睹了所有发生的一切：

wildlife disappearing,

野生动物正在消失、

poaching was skyrocketing,

偷猎猖獗、

and the situation seemed very hopeless.

情况看起来那么无望。

Death and despair surrounded Joshua

死亡与绝望的情绪在Joshua

and our entire communities.

和所有的部落周围蔓延。

But then, the people from IRDNC proposed to Joshua:

后来，IRDNC的人给Joshua提议说：

What if we pay people that you trust

不如我掏钱让你信任的人

to look after wildlife?

去保护野生动物，怎么样？

Do you have anybody in your communities, or people,

部落里有没有

that know the bush very well

非常了解丛林

and that know wildlife very well?

也非常了解野生动物的人？

The headman said: "Yes. Our poachers."

首领说：“有啊。我们的偷猎手。”

"Eh? The poachers?"

“啊？偷猎手？”

"Yes. Our poachers."

“是的。我们的偷猎手。”™

And that was my father.

那就是我父亲。

My father has been a poacher for quite a long time.

我父亲当偷猎手很长时间了，

Instead of shooting poachers dead

IRDNC没有

like they were doing elsewhere in Africa,

像在非洲其他地方那样去惩罚偷猎手，

IRDNC has helped men reclaim their abilities

而是帮助他们重新找回

to manage their peoples

管理自己人民的能力

and their rights to own and manage wildlife.

和拥有与管理野生动物的权利。

And thus, as people started feeling ownership over wildlife,

后来，当人们开始感觉到有了野生动物的拥有权，

wildlife numbers started coming back,

野生动物的数量开始回升，

and that's actually becoming a foundation for conservation in Namibia.

这其实成为纳米比亚保护区的一个根基。

With independence, the whole approach of community getting involved

拥有了独立，整个部落所做的努力

was embraced by our new government.

得到了新政府的拥护。

Three things that actually help to build on this foundation:

有三件事情真正对建立这个根基起了帮助作用

The very first one is

首先是

honoring of tradition and being open to new ideas.

以传统为荣并接纳新观念。

Here is our tradition:

这是我们的传统。

At every Himba village, there is a sacred fire.

在每一个辛巴族村子，都会点燃圣火。

And at this sacred fire, the spirit of our ancestors

圣火传承着我们祖先的精神，

speak through the headman

通过部落首领传达给我们，

and advise us where to get water,

建议我们去哪里取水、

where to get grazings,

哪里放牧、

and where to go and hunt.

到哪里打猎。

And I think this is the best way of regulating ourselves

我认为这是让我们

on the environment.

根据环境管理自己的最好方法。

And here are the new ideas.

这里有些新的方法。

Transporting rhinos using helicopters

用直升机运送犀牛。

I think is much easier

我认为这比

than talking through a spirit that you can't see, isn't it?

看不见的精神的传达要简单多了，对吧？

And these things we were taught by outsiders.

这些是外来人教我们的。

We learned these things from outsiders.

我们从外人那里学到的这些。

We needed new boundaries to describe our traditional lands;

我们需要新的方法来描述我们传统的土地；

we needed to learn more things like GPS

我们要学习更多，像GPS，

just to see whether --

看看GPS

can GPS really reflect the true reflection of the land

是否真的能真实反映出这片土地

or is this just a thing made somewhere in the West?

或者它仅仅只是西方国家某个地方造出来的一个东西？

And we then wanted to see whether we can match our

然后我们还想看看

ancestral maps with digital maps made somewhere in the world.

我们祖传的地图能不能和世界某个地方造出来的数字地图相匹配。

And through this,

通过这些，

we actually started realizing our dreams,

我们开始认识到我们的梦想

and we maintained honoring our traditions

和我们一直保持的引以为傲的传统，

but we were still open to new ideas.

但我们仍然接纳新观念。

The second element is that we wanted to have a life,

第二件事是我们想要一种生活，

a better life where we can benefit through many things.

一种更好的生活方式我们可以从中获益。

Most poachers, like my father,

大部分的偷猎者，像我父亲，

were people from our own community.

都是自己部落的人。

They were not people from outside.

不是外来人。

These were our own people.

他们都是自己人。

And sometimes, once they were caught,

有时候当他们被抓到了，

they were treated with respect, brought back into the communities

大家也会尊重他们，把他们带回部落，

and they were made part of the bigger dreams.

他们是更远大梦想的一部分。

The best one, like my father -- I'm not campaigning for my father --

最好的是，像我父亲——我可不是我父亲的同伙——

(Laughter)

（笑声）

they were put in charge to stop others from poaching.

他们被委以责任，负责让其他人停止偷猎。

And when this thing started going on,

随着事情的进展，

we started becoming one community,

我们开始变成一个部落；

renewing our connection to nature.

我们知道我们与大自然相连。

And that was a very strong thing in Namibia.

这在纳米比亚是非常非常重要的事情。

The last element that actually helped develop these things

最后一件对这些起到帮助的事情

was the partnerships.

是合作伙伴。

Our government has given legal status over our traditional lands.

政府对我们的传统土地给予合法权利。

The other partners that we have got

其他合作伙伴

is business communities.

是商业组织。

Business communities helped bring Namibia onto the world map

商业组织帮助纳米比亚进入世界地图，

and they have also helped make wildlife

而且他们还帮助将荒野

a very valuable land use like any other land uses

开发成像其他土地一样非常有价值的土地，

such as agriculture.

例如农耕。

And most of my conservation colleagues today

今天大部分

that you find in Namibia

纳米比亚保护区的同事

have been trained through the initiative,

都受到过

through the involvement of World Wildlife Fund

世界野生动物基金会的

in the most up-to-date conservation practices.

最先进的保护区培训练习。

They have also given funding for two decades

他们已经为

to this whole program.

整个项目提供了20年的基金。

And so far, with the support of World Wildlife Fund,

到目前为止，在世界野生动物基金会的支持下，

we've been able to scale up the very small programs

我们能将非常小型的项目

to national programs today.

做成国家级的大项目。

Namibia ... or Sesfontein

纳米比亚......或者Sesfontein

was no more an isolated village somewhere,

不再是一个孤立的小村庄，

hidden away in Namibia.

躲在纳米比亚的一个小角落。

With these assets we are now part of the global village.

我们拥有这些资产，我们现在是地球村的一分子。

Thirty years have passed

从我父亲的第一份部落保安工作

since my father's first job as a community game guard.

到现在已过去30年。

It's very unfortunate that he passed away and he cannot see the success

很遗憾他去世了，没能看到今天

as I and my children see it today.

我和我的孩子们看到的成功。

When I finished school in 1995,

我1995年从学校毕业时，

there were only 20 lions in the entire Northwest -- in our area.

我们那里，整个西北地区只有20头狮子。

But today, there are more than 130 lions.

而现在，已经超过130头。

(Applause)

（掌声）

So please, if you go to Namibia,

所以，如果大家去纳米比亚，

make sure that you stay in the tents.

晚上一定要呆在帐篷里，

Don't walk out at night!

不要在外面乱跑！

(Laughter)

（笑声）

The black rhino -- they were almost extinct in 1982.

黑犀牛——在1982年几乎灭绝，

But today, Kunene has the largest concentration of black rhino --

但现在，Kunene是世界上最大的

free-roaming black rhinos -- in the world.

黑犀牛自由集居地。

This is outside the protected area.

这是在保护区以外。

(Applause)

（掌声）

The leopard -- they are now in big numbers

美洲豹——它们现在数量很大

but they are now far away from our village,

但是它们在远离村庄的地方，

because the natural plain has multiplied,

因为自然平原面积成倍增长，

like zebras, springboks and everything.

还有像斑马、跳羚等动物的数量也成倍增长。

They stay very much far away

它们生活的地方很远

because this other thing has multiplied

因为其他事物都在成倍增长，

from less than a thousand to tens of thousands of animals.

动物从不到一千只增长到数万只。

What started as very small,

而且，刚开始范围很小，

community rangers getting community involved,

部落与部落加入，

has now grown into something that we call conservancies.

现在范围扩大，我们叫做保护协会。

Conservancies are legally instituted institutions

保护协会是

by the government,

政府批准的合法组织，

and these are run by the communities themselves, for their benefit.

而且是由各个部落为自身利益自己管理。

Today, we have got 60 conservancies

现在，我们有60个保护协会

that manage and protect over 13 million hectares

管理和保护着

of land in Namibia.

纳米比亚1300多万亩土地。

We have already reshaped conservation in the entire country.

我们已经让整个国家的保护区变成新的摸样。

Nowhere else in the world

世界上没有任何地方

has community-adopted conservation at this scale.

的部落管理保护区能有如此规模。

(Applause)

（掌声）

In 2008, conservancy generated 5.7 million dollars.

2008年，保护协会创收五百七十万美元。

This is our new economy --

这是我们新的经济——

an economy based on the respect of our natural resources.

一个建立在尊重自己自然资源上的经济形式。

And we are able to use this money for many things:

而且，我们能用这些钱做很多事。

Very importantly, we put it in education.

很重要的，我们把钱用于发展教育。

Secondly, we put it for infrastructure. Food.

再者，我们把钱用于基础设施建设。食物。

Very important as well -- we invest this money in AIDS and HIV education.

还有很重要的一点——我们把钱投资于艾滋病教育。

You know that Africa is being affected by these viruses.

大家也知道这些病毒对非洲造成了巨大的影响。

And this is the good news from Africa

这项成就是来自于非洲的好消息

that we have to shout from the rooftops.

所以我们要站在屋顶上大声宣布。

(Applause)

（掌声）

And now, what the world really needs

现在，世界真正需要的是

is for you to help me and our partners

你来帮助我和我们的合作伙伴

take some of what we have learned in Namibia

将我们在纳米比亚学到的东西

to other places with similar problems:

带到其他有类似问题的地方：

places like Mongolia,

像蒙古，

or even in your own backyards,

甚至是你自家的后院，

the Northern Great Plains,

北部大平原，

where buffalo and other animals have suffered

那里野牛和其他动物也遭受了同样的境遇，

and many communities are in decline.

很多部落也在衰落。

I like that one:

我还喜欢那个。

Namibia serving as a model to Africa,

纳米比亚是非洲的榜样，

and Africa serving as a model to the United States.

非洲是美国的榜样。

(Applause)

（掌声）

We were successful in Namibia

我们在纳米比亚做得很成功，

because we dreamed of a future

因为我们梦想的未来

that was much more than just a healthy wildlife.

绝不仅仅只是一个健康的野生世界。

We knew conservation would fail

我们知道

if it doesn't work to improve the lives of the local communities.

如果不改善当地部落的生活条件，保护区就将失败。

So, come and talk to me about Namibia,

所以，来跟我聊聊吧，谈谈纳米比亚，

and better yet, come to Namibia

更好的是，来纳米比亚

and see for yourself how we have done it.

亲眼看看我们是怎么做到的。

And please, do visit our website

请登录我们的网站

to learn more and see how you can help CBNRM

更多地了解，看怎样能帮助

in Africa and across the world.

非洲的CBNRM和整个世界。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）