John Kasaona: How poachers became caretakers

30,128 views ・ 2010-06-08

TED


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譯者: Tammy Wu 審譯者: Lin Su-Wei(林書暐)
00:16
In Africa we say,
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在非洲 我們說
00:18
"God gave the white man a watch
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“上帝給白種人手錶
00:21
and gave the black man time."
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給黑人時間”
00:23
(Laughter)
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(笑)
00:27
I think, how is it possible
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我想, 這似乎是一件不可能的事
00:29
for a man with so much time
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讓一個有那麼多時間的人
00:31
to tell his story in 18 minutes?
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在18分鐘內把一個故事說完
00:33
I think it will be quite a challenge for me.
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對我來說是一個挑戰
00:36
Most African stories these days,
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近來大部份發生在非洲的故事
00:38
they talk about famine,
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大家都繞著飢荒
00:40
HIV and AIDS,
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人體免疫缺乏病毒和愛滋病,
00:42
poverty or war.
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貧窮或是戰爭這些話題打轉
00:45
But my story that I would like to share with you today
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但是我今天要跟你們分享的
00:47
is the one about success.
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是關於成功的一個故事
00:50
It is about a country
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這是關於一個國家
00:52
in the southwest of Africa
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在非洲的西南方
00:55
called Namibia.
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名叫納米比亞
00:57
Namibia has got 2.1 million people,
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納米比亞共有兩百一十萬人,
01:01
but it is only twice the size of California.
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但是只有加州的兩倍大
01:05
I come from a region
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我來自一個偏遠地區
01:07
in the remote northwest part of the country.
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在我的國家的西北邊
01:10
It's called Kunene region.
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在一個叫做Kunene的地區
01:12
And in the center of Kunene region
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在Kunene區的中心
01:14
is the village of Sesfontein. This is where I was born.
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有一個村莊叫做Sesfontain.這是我出生的地方.
01:17
This is where I'm coming from.
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我來自這個地區.
01:19
Most people that are following the story
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大部份有在注意
01:21
of Angelina Jolie
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安潔莉娜裘莉
01:23
and Brad Pitt
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和布萊得彼特的人
01:25
will know where Namibia is.
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就會知道納米比亞
01:28
They love Namibia
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他們喜愛納米比亞
01:30
for its beautiful dunes,
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因為它的美麗沙丘
01:32
that are even taller
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這些沙丘
01:34
than the Empire State Building.
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比帝國大廈還高
01:38
Wind and time have twisted our landscape
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風和時間塑造了我們的地景
01:42
into very strange shapes,
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成為奇特的形狀
01:45
and these shapes are speckled with wildlife
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野生動物妝點這些形體
01:48
that has become so adapted
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這些野生動物變成適應了
01:50
to this harsh and strange land.
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這些嚴峻和奇特的地景
01:53
I'm a Himba.
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我是Himba人
01:55
You might wonder, why are you wearing these Western clothes?
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你可能會猜想,為甚麼你穿著西化?
01:59
I'm a Himba and Namibian.
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我是Himba和納米比亞人
02:01
A Himba is one of the 29
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Himba是納米比亞29個
02:03
ethnic groups in Namibia.
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種族中的一種
02:05
We live a very traditional lifestyle.
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我們過著一種非常傳統的生活方式
02:09
I grew up herding,
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我是放牧長大的
02:11
looking after our livestock --
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照顧我們的家畜 --
02:13
goats, sheep and cattle.
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山羊, 綿羊和牛
02:16
And one day,
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有一天,
02:19
my father actually took me into the bush.
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我父親帶我到荒野中
02:21
He said, "John,
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對我說, " John
02:23
I want you to become a good herder.
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我希望你變成一個好牧者
02:26
Boy, if you are looking after our livestock
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孩子, 如果你正照顧著我們的牲畜
02:29
and you see a cheetah
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看到一隻印度豹
02:31
eating our goat --
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正在吃我們的山羊
02:33
cheetah is very nervous --
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印度豹是非常緊張的,
02:35
just walk up to it.
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你就上前走去
02:37
Walk up to it and smack it on the backside."
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上前走去然後在牠的背後打一下"
02:40
(Laughter)
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(笑)
02:42
"And he will let go of the goat
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牠會放走那隻山羊
02:44
and run off."
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然後跑掉 "
02:46
But then he said,
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然後他說,
02:49
"Boy, if you run into a lion,
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“孩子, 如果你遇到一隻獅子,
02:54
don't move.
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不要動.
02:56
Don't move. Stand your ground.
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不要動. 穩穩的站好.
02:59
Puff up and just look it in the eye
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帶著傲氣的凝視著牠的眼睛
03:02
and it may not want to fight you."
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這樣牠可能不想跟你打架 "
03:05
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:09
But then, he said,
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然後, 他說,
03:11
"If you see a leopard,
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“ 如果你看到一隻豹,
03:16
boy, you better run like hell."
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孩子, 你最好趕快跑 "
03:19
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:23
"Imagine you run faster than those goats you are looking after."
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“ 想像你跑的比你照顧的那些山羊還快 "
03:26
In this way --
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在這樣的環境下 --
03:28
(Laughter)
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(笑)
03:31
In this way, I actually started to learn about nature.
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在這樣的環境下, 我開始學習甚麼是自然.
03:35
In addition to being an ordinary Namibian
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你知道嗎, 我除了是一個平凡的納米比亞人
03:38
and in addition to being a Himba
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除了是一個Himba人
03:40
I'm also a trained conservationist.
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我同時是一個受過訓練的天然資源保護論者
03:43
And it is very important if you are in the field
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當你在野外
03:46
to know what to confront
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知道遇到甚麼要面對
03:48
and what to run from.
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知道遇到甚麼要逃, 這是非常重要的一件事
03:51
I was born in 1971.
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我出生於1971年
03:53
We lived under apartheid regime.
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我們是在種族隔離的政權下生活著
03:57
The whites could farm, graze
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白種人可以耕種, 放牧
04:00
and hunt as they wished,
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還可以自由的打獵
04:02
but we black, we were not regarded as responsible
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但是我們黑人, 我們對於野生動物的獵取
04:05
to use wildlife.
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不被視為如白種人般有責任感
04:07
Whenever we tried to hunt,
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只要我們嘗試著打獵,
04:09
we were called poachers.
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就被稱為盜獵者
04:11
And as a result, we were fined and locked up in jail.
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因此, 我們被罰款並遭受牢獄之災
04:16
Between 1966 and 1990,
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在1966到1990年間,
04:19
the U.S. and Soviet interests
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美國和蘇聯爭奪著
04:22
fought for control over my country.
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掌控我的國家
04:25
And you know, during war time,
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你也知道, 在戰爭期間,
04:27
there are militaries, armies, that are moving around.
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軍方, 軍隊們到處遷徙
04:30
And the army hunted for valuable rhino horns
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然後軍隊會獵取有價值的犀牛角
04:33
and tusks.
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和長牙
04:35
They could sell these things for anything between
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他們可以以一公斤5,000美元
04:38
$5,000 a kilo.
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的價格賣出
04:40
During the same year
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在同一年間
04:42
almost every Himba had a rifle.
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幾乎每一個Himba人都有一枝步槍
04:45
Because it was wartime,
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因為那是戰爭其間,
04:47
the British .303 rifle
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英國.303步槍
04:49
was just all over the whole country.
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遍佈整個國家
04:53
Then in the same time, around 1980,
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同時, 大約1980年,
04:55
we had a very big drought.
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我們經歷了一場大旱災
04:58
It killed almost everything that was left.
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它殺死了幾乎所有剩下的東西
05:01
Our livestock was
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我們的家畜
05:03
almost at the brink of extinction,
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幾乎都在絕跡的邊緣
05:05
protected as well.
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也受到了保護
05:07
We were hungry.
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我們非常飢餓
05:09
I remember a night
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我記得有一天晚上
05:11
when a hungry leopard
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有一隻飢餓的豹
05:13
went into the house
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跑進了我們鄰居的
05:15
of one of our neighbors
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家裡
05:17
and took a sleeping child out of the bed.
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把他正在睡覺的孩子從床上奪走
05:19
It's a very sad story.
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這是一個非常令人難過的故事
05:22
But even today,
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但是即使今天,
05:24
that memory is still in people's minds.
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那個記憶仍然留在人們的腦海中
05:26
They can pinpoint the exact location
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他們可以準確的指出
05:28
where this all happened.
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事情發生的確切地點
05:31
And then, in the same year,
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然後, 同年間,
05:33
we almost lost everything.
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我們幾乎喪失了所有的東西
05:36
And my father said, "Why don't you just go to school?"
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我爸說, "那你為甚麼不去上學?"
05:40
And they sent me off to school, just to get busy somewhere there.
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然後他們把我送去學校, 就是想要忙碌些
05:43
And the year I went to school,
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我去上學的那一年,
05:45
my father actually got a job with a non-governmental organization
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我父親在一個非政府營運的機構找到工作
05:48
called IRDNC, Integrated Rural Development and Nature Conservation.
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名叫IRDNC -- 整合式郊區發展與自然保護
05:52
They actually spend a lot of time a year in the communities.
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他們一年當中花很多時間在許多社區上
05:56
They were trusted by the local communities
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他們被當地的社區所信任
05:59
like our leader, Joshua Kangombe.
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像我們的領袖, Joshua Kangombe
06:02
Joshua Kangombe saw what was happening:
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Joshua Kangombe看到所發生的事情:
06:04
wildlife disappearing,
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野生動物漸漸消失,
06:06
poaching was skyrocketing,
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盜獵行為暴增
06:09
and the situation seemed very hopeless.
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這種狀況似乎非常令人絕望
06:12
Death and despair surrounded Joshua
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死亡和絕望籠罩著Joshua
06:15
and our entire communities.
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以及所有的社區
06:18
But then, the people from IRDNC proposed to Joshua:
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但是, 來自IRDNC的人向Joshua提議:
06:23
What if we pay people that you trust
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若是我們付錢給你所信任的人
06:27
to look after wildlife?
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去照顧野生動物?
06:30
Do you have anybody in your communities, or people,
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在你的社區或是你的群眾中你認識誰
06:33
that know the bush very well
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對荒野非常瞭解
06:35
and that know wildlife very well?
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而且對野生動物非常熟悉?
06:38
The headman said: "Yes. Our poachers."
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這位領袖說 "有. 我們的盜獵者."
06:42
"Eh? The poachers?"
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" 蛤?盜獵者?“
06:44
"Yes. Our poachers."
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是的. 我們的盜獵者"
06:46
And that was my father.
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那就是我的父親
06:49
My father has been a poacher for quite a long time.
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我父親已經當了盜獵者好長一斷時間
06:53
Instead of shooting poachers dead
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不是向盜獵者討債
06:56
like they were doing elsewhere in Africa,
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像是他們在非洲別處做的事
06:59
IRDNC has helped men reclaim their abilities
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IRDNC幫助人們重新找回他們的能力
07:04
to manage their peoples
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去管理他的人民
07:06
and their rights to own and manage wildlife.
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以及去擁有和管理野生動物的權力
07:10
And thus, as people started feeling ownership over wildlife,
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因此, 當人們開始感覺對於野生動物有所有權
07:14
wildlife numbers started coming back,
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野生動物的數量開始回升
07:17
and that's actually becoming a foundation for conservation in Namibia.
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這也成為了納米比亞保育的基礎
07:22
With independence, the whole approach of community getting involved
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因為獨立, 社區這個整合的概念
07:25
was embraced by our new government.
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被新的政府欣然的接受
07:28
Three things that actually help to build on this foundation:
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事實上有三件事幫助了基礎的建立
07:31
The very first one is
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第一件事是
07:33
honoring of tradition and being open to new ideas.
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榮耀傳統而且接受新的想法
07:37
Here is our tradition:
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我們的傳統是這樣的
07:39
At every Himba village, there is a sacred fire.
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在每一個Himba的村落裡, 有一個聖火
07:43
And at this sacred fire, the spirit of our ancestors
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在這個聖火裡, 祖先的靈魂
07:46
speak through the headman
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會向我們的頭目說話
07:49
and advise us where to get water,
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然後指示我們哪裡可以取得水,
07:52
where to get grazings,
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哪裡可以取得牧草,
07:54
and where to go and hunt.
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哪裡可以前往打獵
07:57
And I think this is the best way of regulating ourselves
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我想這是在這個土地上
08:00
on the environment.
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管理我們自己最好的方法
08:03
And here are the new ideas.
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再來談談新的想法
08:06
Transporting rhinos using helicopters
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用直升機運送犀牛
08:09
I think is much easier
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我想是比跟一個你看不見的神靈
08:11
than talking through a spirit that you can't see, isn't it?
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說話來的容易, 是不是?
08:14
And these things we were taught by outsiders.
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這些事情是由外來者教給我們的
08:17
We learned these things from outsiders.
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我們從他們的身上學到這些東西
08:20
We needed new boundaries to describe our traditional lands;
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我們需要新的界線去描述我們的傳統地景;
08:24
we needed to learn more things like GPS
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我們需要去學習像GPS這樣的東西
08:28
just to see whether --
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只是想要知道
08:31
can GPS really reflect the true reflection of the land
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GPS是不是真的可以反應真實的地景
08:34
or is this just a thing made somewhere in the West?
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或它只是由西方世界發明的一個東西?
08:37
And we then wanted to see whether we can match our
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接著想要看看我們是否可以比照
08:41
ancestral maps with digital maps made somewhere in the world.
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祖先流傳下來的地圖與發明於世界某處的電子地圖
08:45
And through this,
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透過這些.
08:48
we actually started realizing our dreams,
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我們開始實現我們的夢想
08:52
and we maintained honoring our traditions
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而且我們榮耀了我們的傳統
08:55
but we were still open to new ideas.
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但我們仍然接納新的想法
08:57
The second element is that we wanted to have a life,
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第二個元素存在的原因是因為我們想要一種生活,
09:00
a better life where we can benefit through many things.
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一種可以從各個方面受惠的較好的生活
09:03
Most poachers, like my father,
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大部份的盜獵者, 像我的父親,
09:07
were people from our own community.
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是從我們自己社區中出來的
09:10
They were not people from outside.
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他們不是外來者
09:12
These were our own people.
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這些是我們自己的人民
09:14
And sometimes, once they were caught,
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有時候, 一但他們被逮捕,
09:17
they were treated with respect, brought back into the communities
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他們會被有尊嚴的對待, 並且被帶回社區裡
09:20
and they were made part of the bigger dreams.
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而他們會被成為這個遠大的夢想的一部份
09:23
The best one, like my father -- I'm not campaigning for my father --
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最厲害的人, 像我父親 -- 我不是在為我父親競選拉票 --
09:26
(Laughter)
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(笑)
09:28
they were put in charge to stop others from poaching.
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他們會被任命為阻止盜獵行為的負責人
09:32
And when this thing started going on,
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所以當這樣的事情開始發生,
09:35
we started becoming one community,
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我們開始變成一個社群;
09:38
renewing our connection to nature.
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我們知道我們和自然的關係
09:40
And that was a very strong thing in Namibia.
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而那是在納米比亞的一個非常非常重要的事情
09:46
The last element that actually helped develop these things
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幫忙這整件事情發展的最後一個元素
09:49
was the partnerships.
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是一個合夥的關係
09:51
Our government has given legal status over our traditional lands.
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政府在我們流傳下來的土地上,給與合法擁有的權利
09:56
The other partners that we have got
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我們的另一些合夥人
09:59
is business communities.
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是商業社群
10:01
Business communities helped bring Namibia onto the world map
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商業社群幫助帶領納米比亞走上世界地圖
10:06
and they have also helped make wildlife
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他們也幫助使野生生物的生長
10:09
a very valuable land use like any other land uses
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成為非常有價值的一種土地使用方式, 就像是任何一種土地使用
10:14
such as agriculture.
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例如農業
10:16
And most of my conservation colleagues today
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現在我大部份在納米比亞
10:19
that you find in Namibia
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從事保育工作的同事
10:21
have been trained through the initiative,
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被主動積極的機構所培訓
10:23
through the involvement of World Wildlife Fund
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透過世界自然基金會的參與
10:26
in the most up-to-date conservation practices.
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使用最新的實行作法
10:29
They have also given funding for two decades
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這二十年來他們也一直
10:32
to this whole program.
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給與整個計畫資金
10:35
And so far, with the support of World Wildlife Fund,
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目前,因為世界自然基金會的支持
10:38
we've been able to scale up the very small programs
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我們有能力把非常小的計畫擴大
10:41
to national programs today.
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到全國性的計畫
10:43
Namibia ... or Sesfontein
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納米比亞 ... 或是Sesfontein
10:46
was no more an isolated village somewhere,
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已經不在是藏在納米比亞某處的
10:49
hidden away in Namibia.
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孤立村莊
10:52
With these assets we are now part of the global village.
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因為這些資產, 我們現在是整個地球村的一部份
10:55
Thirty years have passed
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三十年過去了
10:58
since my father's first job as a community game guard.
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從我父親的第一份工作- 社區狩獵管理員, 開始算起
11:02
It's very unfortunate that he passed away and he cannot see the success
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不幸的是我已經父親過世了, 他沒有機會目睹這份成就
11:06
as I and my children see it today.
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如同我和我的孩子現在看到的景況
11:09
When I finished school in 1995,
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當我1995年念完書,
11:11
there were only 20 lions in the entire Northwest -- in our area.
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在我們整個西北區只有20隻獅子
11:16
But today, there are more than 130 lions.
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但是今天, 現在有130隻以上的獅子
11:22
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:28
So please, if you go to Namibia,
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所以, 如果你去納米比亞
11:30
make sure that you stay in the tents.
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請你確定自己待在帳篷內
11:32
Don't walk out at night!
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晚上不要外出!
11:34
(Laughter)
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(笑)
11:35
The black rhino -- they were almost extinct in 1982.
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黑犀牛 -- 牠們在1982年幾乎絕種
11:40
But today, Kunene has the largest concentration of black rhino --
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但是現在, Kunene是全球黑犀牛最大的集中區 --
11:44
free-roaming black rhinos -- in the world.
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自由遊走的黑犀牛
11:47
This is outside the protected area.
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這是發生在保護區以外的地方
11:50
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
11:53
The leopard -- they are now in big numbers
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致於豹 -- 牠們現在的數量很多
11:57
but they are now far away from our village,
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但是牠們離我們的村莊非常遠
11:59
because the natural plain has multiplied,
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因為自然資產倍增
12:02
like zebras, springboks and everything.
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像是斑馬, 跳羚以及其他的生物
12:05
They stay very much far away
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牠們居住的地方離我們非常遠
12:08
because this other thing has multiplied
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因為這些其他的生物倍增
12:10
from less than a thousand to tens of thousands of animals.
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現在動物的數目從一千以下增長到須以萬計算
12:14
What started as very small,
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而且, 從非常小的起點,
12:18
community rangers getting community involved,
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社區巡邏員開始使社區參與
12:21
has now grown into something that we call conservancies.
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現在演變成名為保護局的機構
12:25
Conservancies are legally instituted institutions
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保護局是合法創制的機構
12:31
by the government,
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為政府所擁有
12:33
and these are run by the communities themselves, for their benefit.
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而這些機構為社區所自行運作, 為著他們自己的福利
12:36
Today, we have got 60 conservancies
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現今, 我們有大約60個保護局
12:39
that manage and protect over 13 million hectares
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他們管理以及保護超過一千三百萬公頃
12:43
of land in Namibia.
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的納米比亞土地
12:46
We have already reshaped conservation in the entire country.
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我們已經重新塑造了整個國家的保育工作
12:51
Nowhere else in the world
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全球沒有任何一個其他的
12:53
has community-adopted conservation at this scale.
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以社區認養為基礎的大尺度保育工作
12:57
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:02
In 2008, conservancy generated 5.7 million dollars.
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在2008年, 保護局有五百七十萬元的收入
13:07
This is our new economy --
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這是我們新的經濟系統 --
13:10
an economy based on the respect of our natural resources.
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一個以尊敬我們自然資源為基礎的經濟系統
13:13
And we are able to use this money for many things:
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而且, 我們可以把金錢運用在其他方面
13:16
Very importantly, we put it in education.
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非常重要的, 我們把它用於教育
13:19
Secondly, we put it for infrastructure. Food.
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第二, 我們把它用於國家建設和糧食
13:22
Very important as well -- we invest this money in AIDS and HIV education.
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另外非常重要的一點 -- 我們把這些錢投資在人體免疫缺乏病毒和愛滋病的教育上
13:27
You know that Africa is being affected by these viruses.
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如你所知的非洲被這些病毒牽動著
13:31
And this is the good news from Africa
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而這就是來自非洲的好消息
13:35
that we have to shout from the rooftops.
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我們應該到處宣揚這件事情
13:38
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
13:45
And now, what the world really needs
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現在, 這個世界真正需要的
13:49
is for you to help me and our partners
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是需要你和我們的合夥人
13:56
take some of what we have learned in Namibia
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把在納米比亞學到的經驗帶到
14:00
to other places with similar problems:
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其他面臨類似情形的的地方
14:04
places like Mongolia,
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像是蒙古,
14:08
or even in your own backyards,
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或是你們自家的後院,
14:12
the Northern Great Plains,
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北部大草原,
14:15
where buffalo and other animals have suffered
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水牛和其他動物正面臨危機
14:18
and many communities are in decline.
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許多社區人數正在下降
14:21
I like that one:
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我喜歡這點
14:24
Namibia serving as a model to Africa,
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納米比亞成為非洲的典範
14:28
and Africa serving as a model to the United States.
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然後非洲再作為美國的典範
14:33
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
14:41
We were successful in Namibia
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我們在納米比亞的成功
14:43
because we dreamed of a future
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是因為我們夢想我們的未來
14:46
that was much more than just a healthy wildlife.
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它會比一個健康的野生環境還要更遠大
14:51
We knew conservation would fail
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我們知道保育工作會失敗
14:55
if it doesn't work to improve the lives of the local communities.
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如果它不能改善當地社區的生活
15:02
So, come and talk to me about Namibia,
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所以, 來和我談談納米比亞
15:07
and better yet, come to Namibia
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而更好的是, 拜訪納米比亞
15:10
and see for yourself how we have done it.
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你親自來看我們怎麼做到的
15:12
And please, do visit our website
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而且, 請上我們的網站
15:15
to learn more and see how you can help CBNRM
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去瞭解你要如何幫助CBNRM
15:18
in Africa and across the world.
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在非洲以及跨及全球
15:21
Thank you very much.
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非常謝謝大家
15:24
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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