How to transform sinking cities into landscapes that fight floods | Kotchakorn Voraakhom

翻译人员: Rong Fan 校对人员: Conway Ye

At this very moment,

此时此刻，

with every breath we take,

我们每呼吸一口气，

major delta cities across the globe are sinking,

全球主要港口城市都下沉一点点，

including New York, London,

包括纽约、伦敦、

Tokyo, Shanghai, New Orleans,

东京、上海、新奥尔良、

and as well as my city, Bangkok.

和我的城市曼谷。

Here is the usual version of climate change.

这是气候变化最常见的版本。

This is mine.

而这是我所看见的。

Nothing much,

这也没什么，

just a crocodile on the street.

就是一条鳄鱼出现在了大街上。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

This is an urgent impact of climate change:

这是气候变化带来的 一个严重结果：

over sinking cities.

我们的城市正在沉陷。

Here, you can see the urbanization of Bangkok,

你可以看到曼谷的城区

growing in every direction,

正在向四周扩大，

shifting from porous, agricultural land --

从蓬松的耕地，

the land that can breathe and absorb water --

能够呼吸空气和雨水的土地，

to a concrete jungle.

变成了水泥的丛林。

This is what parts of it look like after 30 minutes of rainfall.

这就是在三十分钟的降雨后 城市中部分地区的掠影，

And every time it rains,

每次下雨，

I wish my car could turn into a boat.

我都希望我的车能变成一艘小船。

This land has no room for water.

这片土地已经水饱和了，

It has lost its absorbent capacity.

失去了吸水的能力。

The reality of Bangkok's metropolitan region

曼谷这座大都会城市

is a city of 15 million people

汇集了一千五百万人，

living, working and commuting on top of a shifting, muddy river delta.

他们工作、生活和通勤在这个 会移动的和布满淤泥的河岸上。

Bangkok is sinking more than one centimeter per year,

曼谷每年都会下沉超过1厘米。

which is four times faster than the rate of predicted sea level rise.

这比海平面上升的速度高出了4倍。

And we could be below sea level by 2030,

到2030年，这座城市 可能会低于海平面，

which will be here too soon.

没有多少时间了。

There is no coincidence that I am here as a landscape architect.

作为景观设计师， 我站在这里并不是偶然。

As a child, I grew up in a row house

小时候，我在一个

next to the busy road always filled with traffic.

繁忙公路旁的排屋长大。

In front of my house, there was a concrete parking lot,

在屋子的前面， 有一个水泥地的停车场，

and that was my playground.

那里是我的游乐场。

The only living creature I would find,

我能发现的唯一生物，

and had fun with,

也是非常喜欢的，

were these sneaky little plants trying to grow through the crack

就是在水泥地裂缝中悄悄生长的

那些小小的绿色植物。

of the concrete pavement.

My favorite game with friends

我和朋友们最喜欢的游戏

was to dig a bigger and bigger hole through this crack

就是在这些裂缝中挖一个更大的坑，

to let this little plant creep out --

让这些小植物能够生长，

sneak out more and more.

不断地爬出来。

And yes, landscape architecture

是的，景观设计

gives me the opportunity to continue my cracking ambition --

使我能够有机会 继续实现我远大的目标，

（笑声）

(Laughter)

to connect this concrete land back to nature.

将水泥地与大自然融为一体。

Before, Thais -- my people --

以前，我们泰国人

we were adapted to the cycle of the wet and dry season,

适应了干湿交替的季节变换。

and you could call us amphibious.

你可以说我们是水陆两栖。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

We lived both on land and on water.

我们可以在陆地上和水上生活，

We were adapted to both.

两种环境都可以适应。

And flooding was a happy event, when the water fertilized our land.

洪水是一件令人开心的事情， 因为水能够滋养土地。

But now, flooding means ...

但现在， 洪涝却意味着——

disaster.

灾难。

In 2011,

在2011年，

Thailand was hit by the most damaging and the most expensive flood disaster

泰国历经了一场史上最严重， 也是经济损失最大的

in our history.

洪涝灾害。

Flooding has turned central Thailand into an enormous lake.

这让泰国中心地区 变成了一个巨大的湖泊。

Here, you can see the scale of the flood in the center of the image,

你可以在图片中央 看到这场洪水的规模，

to the scale of Bangkok, outlined in yellow.

黄线标出的是曼谷地区。

The water was overflowing from the north,

洪水从北部地区开始

making its way across several provinces.

蔓延至好几个省区。

Millions of my people,

数百万泰国人民，

including me and my family,

包括我和我的家人

were displaced and homeless.

都无家可归。

Some had to escape the city.

有些人不得不逃离城市。

Many were terrified of losing their home and their belongings,

很多人都害怕 失去他们的房子和财产，

so they stayed back in the flood with no electricity and clean water.

所以他们留了下来， 忍受着没有电和纯净水的日子。

For me, this flood reflects clearly

与我而言，这场洪水清晰地反映了

that our modern infrastructure,

我们的现代基础设施，

and especially our notion of fighting flood with concrete,

特别是我们用水泥建筑 来抵御洪水的想法，

had made us so extremely vulnerable to the climate uncertainty.

已经让我们在变化多端的 气候面前显得相当脆弱。

But in the heart of this disaster,

但也是在这场灾难中，

I found my calling.

我发现了自己的使命。

I cannot just sit and wait as my city continues to sink.

我不能眼睁睁地看着我的城市下沉。

The city needed me,

我的城市需要我，

and I had the ability to fix this problem.

而我也有能力解决这一问题。

Six years ago,

六年前，

I started my project.

我开始了我的项目。

My teams and I won the design competition for Chulalongkorn Centenary Park.

我和我的团队赢得了一个 抗洪公园的设计比赛，

This was the big, bold mission of the first university in Thailand

这是为泰国第一所大学的百年校庆

for celebrating its hundredth anniversary

而开启的一项大胆而艰巨的任务，

by giving this piece of land as a public park to our city.

把这片土地变成一座城市公园。

Having a park sounds very normal to many other cities,

在其他城市，有城市公园 是一个很正常的事情，

but not in Bangkok,

但曼谷却不同，

它是亚洲的超大型城市中 人均公共绿色面积

which has one of the lowest public green space per capita

among megacities in Asia.

最低的城市之一。

Our project's become the first new public park

我们的项目成为了30年里

in almost 30 years.

第一个城市公园。

The 11-acre park --

这个11英亩的公园——

a big green crack at the heart of Bangkok --

宛如曼谷中心的一道 巨大绿色裂缝——

opened just last year.

在去年向公众开放了。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼声）

Thank you.

谢谢！

(Applause)

（掌声）

For four years, we have pushed through countless meetings

四年中，我们开了无数次会议，

to convince and never give up to convincing

以努力确保

that this park isn't just for beautification or recreation:

这座公园不仅仅是为了美化或娱乐，

it must help the city deal with water,

它必须能够帮助城市抗洪，

it must help the city confront climate change.

必须能够帮助城市抵御气候变化。

And here is how it works.

这个公园是这样运作的。

Bangkok is a flat city,

曼谷位于平原上，

so we harnessed the power of gravity by inclining the whole park

因此我们让整个公园倾斜， 来利用地吸引力

to collect every drop of rain.

收集雨水。

The gravity force pulls down the runoff from the highest point

重力作用迫使雨水从最高点

流向最低点。

to the lowest point.

This park has three main elements that work as one system.

公园的这个排水系统 由三个主要部分构成。

The first -- the green roof.

第一个，绿色的屋顶。

This is the biggest green roof in Thailand,

这是泰国最大的绿色屋顶，

with the rainwater tanks and museum underneath.

有雨水收集器和地下博物馆。

In the dry season,

在干燥的季节里，

the collected rain can be used to water the park for up to a month.

收集的雨水可以灌溉公园一个月。

The runoff on the green roof then falls through wetlands

绿色屋顶的雨水流过湿地区域，

with the native water plants that can help filter

那里的水生植物能够

过滤和净化水源。

and help clean water.

And at the lower end,

在地势低洼的另一端，

the retention pond collects all of the water.

蓄水池塘收集所有的雨水。

At this pond, there are water bikes.

在池塘里，有脚踏船。

People can pedal and help clean water.

人们可以通过踩脚踏船来清洁池水。

Their exercise becomes an active part of the park water system.

这些活动成为了 公园水系统的一个活跃部分。

When life gives you a flood,

如果生活给你洪水，

you have fun with the water.

你就在水中嬉戏。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Centenary Park gives room for people and room for water,

这座纪念公园给了人和水空间，

which is exactly what we and our cities need.

这正是我们和城市所需要的。

This is an amphibious design.

这是一个水陆融合的设计。

This park is not about getting rid of flood.

这座公园的用途并不在于消除洪水，

It's about creating a way to live with it.

而在于创造一种与雨水共生的方式。

And not a single drop of rain is wasted in this park.

在这座公园里， 没有一滴雨水会被浪费掉。

This park can hold and collect a million gallons of water.

它可以容纳一百万加仑的雨水。

(Applause)

(掌声)

谢谢。

Thank you.

(Applause)

（掌声）

Every given project, for me, is an opportunity

对我来说，每一个项目

都是在水泥丛林中 创造绿色裂缝的机会，

to create more green cracks through this concrete jungle

by using landscape architecture as a solution,

用景观设计作为解决方案，

like turning this concrete roof into an urban farm,

就像把这个水泥屋顶 变为城市农场，

which can help absorb rain;

能够吸纳雨水，

reduce urban heat island

减少气候热岛效应，

and grow food in the middle of the city;

并在城市中央种植粮食；

reuse the abandoned concrete structure

再利用废弃钢筋结构

to become a green pedestrian bridge;

来建造绿色步行桥；

and another flood-proof park at Thammasat University,

位于福井大学的另一座抗洪公园

which nearly completes the biggest green roof on an academic campus yet

几乎是整个东南亚地区最大的

in Southeast Asia.

校园绿色屋顶。

Severe flooding is our new normal,

严重洪涝已成为日常，

putting the southeast Asian region --

这让东南亚地区，

the region with the most coastline --

世界上拥有最长海岸线的地区，

at extreme risk.

陷入了危险之中。

Creating a park is just one solution.

建造公园只是一个解决方案。

The awareness of climate change

对气候变化的意识

means we, in every profession we are involved,

意味着来自各行各业的我们，

are increasingly obligated to understand the climate risk

都有更多义务去 了解气候变化的风险，

and put whatever we are working on as part of the solution.

并在我们的工作中寻找解决方案。

Because if our cities continue

因为如果我们的城市

the way they are now,

像这样继续下沉，

a similar catastrophe will happen again ...

灾难会不断地

and again.

重复上演。

Creating a solution in these sinking cities

在下陷的城市里创造一个解决方案，

is like making the impossible possible.

就如同把不可能变为可能。

And for that,

为此，

I would like to share one word that I always keep in mind,

我想分享我始终铭记在心的一个词，

that is, "tangjai."

那就是 "tangjai"。

The literal translation for "tang" is "to firmly stand,"

“tang”可以翻译成“坚决支持”，

and "jai" means "heart."

“jai”的意思是“心”。

Firmly stand your heart at your goal.

坚持你心中的目标。

In Thai language, when you commit to do something,

在泰语中，当你心无旁骛地 做某件事的时候，

you put tangjai in front of your word,

就在你说的话前加上“tangjai”，

so your heart will be in your action.

这样一来你就能够 心有所向，言行一致。

No matter how rough the path,

无论路途多么艰难，

how big the crack,

裂缝多么巨大，

you push through to your goal,

你会都着目标不断前行，

because that's where your heart is.

因为那是你心之向往。

And yes, Thailand is home.

是的，泰国是我的家。

This land is my only home,

这片土地是我唯一的家，

and that's where I firmly stand my heart.

它是我所坚持的心中目标。

Where do you stand yours?

你心中的目标又是什么呢？

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）

谢谢。

Thank you.

Kòp kun ka.

（泰语）谢谢。

(Applause and cheers)

（掌声和欢呼声）