Bobby Ghosh: Why global jihad is losing

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

翻译人员: Amily shaw 校对人员: Claire Lu

I'm going to talk about the power of a word:

这里我想谈谈词汇的力量。

jihad.

圣战（jihad）

To the vast majority of practicing Muslims,

对于大多数穆斯林来说

jihad is an internal struggle for the faith.

圣战是为坚守信仰而经历的内心抗争。

It is a struggle within, a struggle against vice, sin,

是发自内心地抗争邪恶、罪恶、

temptation, lust, greed.

诱惑，肉欲和贪婪。

It is a struggle to try and live a life

是努力过上可兰经

that is set by the moral codes written in the Koran.

道德准则下的生活。

In that original idea, the concept of jihad is as important

在原始教义中，圣战之于穆斯林

to Muslims as the idea of grace is to Christians.

就如同主恩（grace）之于基督教徒那样重要。

It's a very powerful word, jihad, if you look at it in that respect,

从这个的角度来看，圣战，是一个非常有力的词汇，

and there's a certain almost mystical resonance to it.

能唤起某种几近神秘的共鸣。

And that's the reason why, for hundreds of years,

这也是为什么，数百年以来，

Muslims everywhere have named their children Jihad,

世界各地的穆斯林，纷纷为自己的女儿或儿子

their daughters as much as their sons, in the same way

起名为圣战（Jihad），

that, say, Christians name their daughters Grace,

就好比基督教徒为自己女儿起名Grace（圣恩），

and Hindus, my people, name our daughters Bhakti,

又好比我们印度教徒为自己女儿起名Bhakti(巴克缇），

which means, in Sanskrit, spiritual worship.

也就是梵语中精神崇拜的意思。

But there have always been, in Islam, a small group,

但在伊斯兰人群中，总是有一小群人，

a minority, who believe that jihad

少数人，认为圣战

is not only an internal struggle but also an external struggle

不仅是内心的抗争，而是对外的斗争，

against forces that would threaten the faith, or the faithul.

用来对抗任何威胁到他们信仰，或者信众的力量。

And some of these people believe that in that struggle,

其中有些人还认为这样的斗争中，

it is sometimes okay to take up arms.

可以拿起武器。

And so the thousands of young Muslim men

于是数千名年轻的穆斯林

who flocked to Afghanistan in the 1980s

在1980年代聚集到阿富汗

to fight against the Soviet occupation of a Muslim country,

与占领穆斯林国家的苏联作战，

in their minds they were fighting a jihad,

在他们心中，这才是圣战，

they were doing jihad,

是护教战争，

and they named themselves the Mujahideen,

他们把自己称为穆斯林圣战游击队，

which is a word that comes from the same root as jihad.

用的就是和圣战（Jihad）一样的词根。

And we forget this now, but back then

如今，我们已经忘记了这些，但是当年

the Mujahideen were celebrated in this country, in America.

穆斯林圣战游击队在这个国家，在美国都受到颂扬。

We thought of them as holy warriors who were taking

我们认为他们是与共产主义异教徒

the good fight to the ungodly communists.

进行正义战争的圣战勇士。

America gave them weapons, gave them money,

美国给枪，给钱，

gave them support, encouragement.

给予他们支持与鼓励。

But within that group, a tiny, smaller group,

但是就在这群人中，更小一小撮，

a minority within a minority within a minority,

少之又少的一小撮，

were coming up with a new and dangerous

正在形成一个全新而危险的

conception of jihad,

圣战的概念，

and in time this group would come to be led by Osama bin Laden,

那个时候，这群人的领袖就是奥萨马本拉登。

and he refined the idea.

他重新定义了这个概念。

His idea of jihad was a global war of terror,

他关于圣战的概念是全球的恐怖主义战争，

primarily targeted at the far enemy,

主要是针对自己的死敌，

at the crusaders from the West, against America.

从十字军到西方世界，反对美国。

And the things he did in the pursuit of this jihad

他在追求圣战时的所作所为

were so horrendous, so monstrous,

令人发指，

and had such great impact,

并且影响力巨大，

that his definition was the one that stuck,

他的定义不仅限于本地，

not just here in the West.

而且剑指西方世界。

We didn't know any better. We didn't pause to ask.

我们对此知之甚少。我们也没有更多的关注。

We just assumed that if this insane man and his psychopathic followers

我们只是认为如果这个疯狂的人和他狂热的追随者

were calling what they did jihad, then that's what jihad must mean.

把他们的行为称为圣战，便以为圣战就是他们说的意思。

But it wasn't just us. Even in the Muslim world,

但是，不光是我们，就是穆斯林世界，

his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance.

他对于圣战的定义都开始得到认可。

A year ago I was in Tunis, and I met the imam

一年以前我在突尼斯，我在一个很小的清真寺遇到了一个阿訇

of a very small mosque, an old man.

一位老人。

Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter Jihad,

在十五年前，他给自己的孙女起名Jihad（圣战），

after the old meaning. He hoped that a name like that

当然用的是原来的涵义。他希望这样的名字

would inspire her to live a spiritual life.

能够在孙女的精神世界鼓舞她。

But he told me that after 9/11,

但是他告诉我，在911之后，

he began to have second thoughts.

他想法变了。

He worried that if he called her by that name,

他担心如果他还叫她这个名字，

especially outdoors, outside in public,

特别是在大庭广众之下叫，

he might be seen as endorsing bin Laden's idea of jihad.

他可能会被认为是支持本拉登对圣战的理念。

On Fridays in his mosque, he gave sermons

每个周五在他的清真寺，他布道的时候

trying to reclaim the meaning of the word,

都试图重申这个词的原意，

but his congregants, the people who came to his mosque,

但是他的教众，那些到清真寺来的人，

they had seen the videos. They had seen pictures

他们都看到了那些视频。都看到了飞机撞向

of the planes going into the towers, the towers coming down.

世贸大厦，大厦倒塌的画面。

They had heard bin Laden say that that was jihad,

他们都听到本拉登把这个称为圣战，

and claimed victory for it. And so the old imam worried

并称之为胜利。这位老人非常担心

that his words were falling on deaf ears. No one was paying attention.

他自己的说法如对牛弹琴，无人注意。

He was wrong. Some people were paying attention,

但是他错了，人们认真聆听，

but for the wrong reasons.

但却是另有原因。

The United States, at this point, was putting pressure

当时的美国，正在给阿拉伯国联盟国家，

on all its Arab allies, including Tunisia,

包括突尼斯施加压力，

to stamp out extremism in their societies,

要求他们清除社会中的极端势力，

and this imam found himself suddenly in the crosshairs

这位阿訇发现自己突然被突尼斯情报部门

of the Tunisian intelligence service.

给盯上了。

They had never paid him any attention before --

之前他们从来关注过

old man, small mosque --

这位老人，这么小的一个清真寺，

but now they began to pay visits,

但是现在他们开始频繁拜访，

and sometimes they would drag him in for questions,

有时候还会拉着他问一些问题，

and always the same question:

其中总会有这个同样的问题：

"Why did you name your granddaughter Jihad?

为什么给你孙女起名叫Jihad（圣战）

Why do you keep using the word jihad in your Friday sermons?

为什么在你周五布道是总是提到圣战这个词？

Do you hate Americans?

你恨美国人吗？

What is your connection to Osama bin Laden?"

你和奥萨马本拉登什么关系？

So to the Tunisian intelligence agency,

在突尼斯情报部门看来，

and organizations like it all over the Arab world,

或者在阿拉伯世界的类似机构看来，

jihad equaled extremism,

圣战等同于极端主义，

Bin Laden's definition had become institutionalized.

本拉登下的定义已经鸠占鹊巢。

That was the power of that word that he was able to do.

这就是词汇的力量，也是他能做到的事情。

And it filled this old imam, it filled him with great sadness.

这个让这位阿訇老人非常伤心。

He told me that, of bin Laden's many crimes, this was,

他说，在他看来，没有引起足够关注的是，

in his mind, one that didn't get enough attention,

因为本拉登的罪恶行径，

that he took this word, this beautiful idea.

这个词的美好涵义被剥夺。

He didn't so much appropriate it as kidnapped it

就好像这个词被绑架，

and debased it and corrupted it

被糟蹋，或者被迫堕落一样

and turned it into something it was never meant to be,

变成了它从来不应该成为的东西，

and then persuaded all of us that it always was

并且说服我们所有人，这个词从来就是

a global jihad.

全球性圣战的意思。

But the good news is

但是好消息是

that the global jihad is almost over, as bin Laden defined it.

本拉登定义的全球性圣战这个概念已经终结。

It was dying well before he did,

在他被击毙之前这个定义已经快要消亡了，

and now it's on its last legs.

现在更是行将就木。

Opinion polls from all over the Muslim world show

在穆斯林中的调查显示

that there is very little interest among Muslims

在穆斯林当中对于西方世界，

in a global holy war against the West,

对于死敌的全球性圣战

against the far enemy.

已经没有什么市场了。

The supply of young men willing to fight and die for this cause is dwindling.

愿意为之战斗并献身的年轻人越来越少。

The supply of money — just as important, more important perhaps —

同样重要，甚至是也许更重要的，

the supply of money to this activity is also dwindling.

是对于这种行为的资助也越来越少。

The wealthy fanatics who were previously

那些之前资助这些活动的极端狂热的富翁们

sponsoring this kind of activity are now less generous.

也没有原来那么大方了。

What does that mean for us in the West?

这对我们西方来说意味着什么呢？

Does it mean we can break out the champagne,

这是不是说我们就可以打开香槟，

wash our hands of it, disengage, sleep easy at night?

洗洗手，放松下来，然后安心睡个好觉了？

No. Disengagement is not an option,

放松是不行的，

because if you let local jihad survive,

因为你如果让地区性圣战生存下来，

it becomes international jihad.

就会变成国际圣战。

And so there's now a lot of different

而且，现在各种各样的

violent jihads all over the world.

暴力圣战出现在世界各地。

In Somalia, in Mali, in Nigeria,

在索马里，在马里，在尼日利亚，

in Iraq, in Afghanistan, Pakistan, there are groups that claim

在伊拉克，在阿富汗，巴基斯坦，众多组织

to be the inheritors of the legacy of Osama bin Laden.

继承了奥萨马本拉登的衣钵。

They use his rhetoric.

他们仍然运用他的伎俩。

They even use the brand name he created for his jihad.

他们甚至就用他给自己的圣战所采用的名号。

So there is now an al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,

在伊斯兰马格里布有个基地组织，

there's an al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,

在阿拉伯半岛有个基地组织，

there is an al Qaeda in Mesopotamia.

在美索不达米亚也有个基地组织。

There are other groups -- in Nigeria, Boko Haram,

还有其他的组织，如尼日利亚的博科圣地组织，

in Somalia, al Shabaab -- and they all pay homage to Osama bin Laden.

索马里的青年党，他们都宣布效忠奥萨马本拉登。

But if you look closely,

但是如果你仔细研究，

they're not fighting a global jihad.

他们根本就不是所谓全球性圣战。

They're fighting battles over much narrower issues.

他们都是为更小的一些事情而战。

Usually it has to do with ethnicity or race or sectarianism,

通常都和民族，种族或教派之争相关，

or it's a power struggle.

或者仅仅是权力斗争。

More often than not, it's a power struggle

通常都是一个国家，

in one country, or even a small region within one country.

甚至是某国局部地区的权力斗争。

Occasionally they will go across a border,

有时他们也会跨越国境，

from Iraq to Syria, from Mali to Algeria,

从伊拉克到叙利亚，从马里到阿尔及利亚，

from Somalia to Kenya, but they're not fighting

从索马里到肯尼亚，他们并不是

a global jihad against some far enemy.

为反对远方的敌人而进行的圣战。

But that doesn't mean

但是这并不意味着

that we can relax.

我们可以放松

I was in Yemen recently, where -- it's the home

最近我在也门，在那里

of the last al Qaeda franchise

基地组织最后的分支

that still aspires to attack America, attack the West.

仍然叫嚣着要袭击美国，袭击西方。

It's old school al Qaeda.

他们是基地组织的残余。

You may remember these guys.

你们也许记得这些家伙。

They are the ones who tried to send the underwear bomber here,

他们是那些试图在这里发动人体爆炸那些人，

and they were using the Internet to try and instigate

他们利用互联网试图在美国的穆斯林中

violence among American Muslims.

煽动暴力。

But they have been distracted recently.

但是他们最近已经是散兵游勇。

Last year, they took control over a portion of southern Yemen,

去年，他们控制了南也门的部分地区，

and ran it, Taliban-style.

并用塔利班的方式进行统治。

And then the Yemeni military got its act together,

也门军方采取行动，

and ordinary people rose up against these guys

普通群众奋起反抗这些人

and drove them out, and since then, most of their activities,

并且把他们赶走，自此，他们他们大部分的活动，

most of their attacks have been directed at Yemenis.

大部分的袭击都是针对也门人策划。

So I think we've come to a point now where we can say

我想我们现在可以得出一个结论

that, just like all politics, all jihad is local.

就是，和所有的政治一样，圣战也是地区性的事情。

But that's still not reason for us to disengage,

但是，这仍然不能成为我们松一口气的原因，

because we've seen that movie before, in Afghanistan.

因为我们都看到了之前阿富汗的故事。

When those Mujahideen defeated the Soviet Union,

当那些穆斯林圣战游击队击败苏联，

we disengaged.

我们松了一口气。

And even before the fizz had gone out of our celebratory champagne,

但是我们庆祝的香槟还没开始起泡的时候，

the Taliban had taken over in Kabul,

塔利班接管了喀布尔，

and we said, "Local jihad, not our problem."

我们说：“地区性的圣战，没我们什么事。”

And then the Taliban gave the keys of Kandahar

接着，塔利班将奥萨马本拉登

to Osama bin Laden. He made it our problem.

迎进坎大哈。我们的麻烦就来了。

Local jihad, if you ignore it, becomes global jihad again.

地区性圣战，如果我们忽视的话，就会再次演变成全球性圣战。

The good news is that it doesn't have to be.

好在这个不会变成现实。

We know how to fight it now.

因为我们现在知道如何应对。

We have the tools. We have the knowhow,

我们有手段，我们有秘籍，

and we can take the lessons we've learned

我们能从以往应对

from the fight against global jihad, the victory against global jihad,

和战胜全球性圣战中学习到很多，

and apply those to local jihad.

并将之应用于地区性圣战。

What are those lessons? We know who killed bin Laden:

我们的学到了什么？我们知道谁杀了本拉登：

SEAL Team Six.

海报突击队第六小队。

Do we know, do we understand, who killed bin Ladenism?

我们知道，或者了解是谁清除了拉登主义吗？

Who ended the global jihad?

谁终结了全球性的圣战？

There lie the answers to the solution to local jihad.

解决地区性圣战的方法就在这些答案中。

Who killed bin Ladenism? Let's start with bin Laden himself.

谁清除了拉登主义？我们从本拉登本人开始吧。

He probably thought 9/11 was his greatest achievement.

他也许认为911是他最伟大的成就。

In reality, it was the beginning of the end for him.

实际上，这是他末日的开始。

He killed 3,000 innocent people, and that filled

他剥夺了3000名无辜的生命，让穆斯林世界

the Muslim world with horror and revulsion,

充满了恐怖和反感，

and what that meant was that his idea of jihad

这也就意味着他的圣战理念

could never become mainstream.

永远都不会成为主流。

He condemned himself to operating on the lunatic fringes

他承认自己是本族群的

of his own community.

极端份子。

9/11 didn't empower him; it doomed him.

911并没有使他更强大，而是宣判了他的死亡。

Who killed bin Ladenism? Abu Musab al-Zarqawi killed it.

谁清除了拉登主义？是阿布.穆萨德.阿尔-扎卡维。

He was the especially sadistic head of al Qaeda in Iraq

他是伊拉克基地组织的狂人领袖，

who sent hundreds of suicide bombers to attack

他在伊拉克制造了数以百计的自杀式爆炸

not Americans but Iraqis. Muslims. Sunni as well as Shiites.

伤害了伊拉克穆斯林，既有逊尼派也有什叶派，而不是美国人。

Any claim that al Qaeda had to being protectors of Islam

任何声称基地组织是伊斯兰对抗

against the Western crusaders

西方十字军的保护者说法

was drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.

都是在牺牲伊拉克穆斯林的鲜血。

Who killed Osama bin Laden? The SEAL Team Six.

谁杀死了奥萨马本拉登？海豹突击队第六小队。

Who killed bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera did,

谁清除了拉登主义？是半岛电视台，

Al Jazeera and half a dozen other satellite news stations in Arabic,

是半岛电视台和其他六家阿拉伯的卫星新闻台，

because they circumvented the old, state-owned

因为他们完胜了许多这些国家中

television stations in a lot of these countries

的国有电视台，

which were designed to keep information from people.

这些国有电视台的目的就是为了对人民封锁消息。

Al Jazeera brought information to them, showed them

半岛电视台给他们带来信息，让他们看到

what was being said and done in the name of their religion,

以他们宗教的名义都说了些什么和做了些什么，

exposed the hypocrisy of Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda,

揭露了本拉登和基地组织的伪善面目，

and allowed them, gave them the information

并让他们，通过给他们足够信息，

that allowed them to come to their own conclusions.

让他们能自己得出结论。

Who killed bin Ladenism? The Arab Spring did,

谁清除了拉登主义？是阿拉伯之春，

because it showed a way for young Muslims

因为他们给年轻的穆斯林展现了一条

to bring about change

带来改变的道路

in a manner that Osama bin Laden, with his

这是奥萨马本拉登，在他有限想象力中，

limited imagination, could never have conceived.

无法设想出来的。

Who defeated the global jihad? The American military did,

谁战胜了全球性圣战？是美国的军队，

the American soldiers did, with their allies,

美国的战士，和他们的盟友，

fighting in faraway battlefields.

他们在遥远的战场作战。

And perhaps, a time will come when they get the rightful credit for it.

也许，终有一天，他们会被歌颂。

So all these factors, and many more besides,

所有的这些以及其他的一些因素，

we don't even fully understand some of them yet,

我们甚至目前还不能完全了解其中的一些，

these came together

加在一起

to defeat a monstrosity as big as bin Ladenism,

战胜了拉登主义这样的巨型怪兽，

the global jihad, you needed this group effort.

对付全球性圣战，你就需要这样的团队合作。

Now, not all of these things will work in local jihad.

现在，应对地区性圣战，并非所有这些还能起作用。

The American military is not going to march into Nigeria

美国没打算出兵尼日利亚

to take on Boko Haram,

来对抗博科圣地组织，

and it's unlikely that SEAL Team Six will rappel

看来也不会有海豹突击队第六小队破门而入

into the homes of al Shabaab's leaders and take them out.

力擒青年军的首领。

But many of these other factors that were in play

但是某些其他因素

are now even stronger than before. Half the work is already done.

却比以前更强大。很多工作已经完成过半。

We don't have to reinvent the wheel.

我们不需要另起炉灶。

The notion of violent jihad in which more Muslims are killed

那种让更多穆斯林被杀的暴力圣战的理念

than any other kind of people is already thoroughly discredited.

不再被人相信。

We don't have to go back to that.

我们不需要回到起点。

Satellite television and the Internet are informing

卫星电视和互联网让更多的年轻穆斯林

and empowering young Muslims in exciting new ways.

通过崭新的途径获取信息，获得力量。

And the Arab Spring has produced governments,

阿拉伯之春之后诞生了许多政府，

many of them Islamist governments,

许多伊斯兰政府，

who know that, for their own self-preservation,

他们知道，出于自我保护，

they need to take on the extremists in their midsts.

他们要反对内部的极端分子。

We don't need to persuade them, but we do need to help them,

我们不必游说他们，但是我们需要帮助他们，

because they haven't really come to this place before.

因为他们没有足够的经验。

The good news, again, is that a lot of the things they need

再说一遍，好消息是他们需要的许多东西

we already have, and we are very good at giving:

已经有，我们乐意奉送：

economic assistance, not just money, but expertise,

经济援助，不仅仅是钱，而且包括专业知识，

technology, knowhow,

技术，诀窍，

private investment, fair terms of trade,

私人投资，公平贸易，

medicine, education, technical support for training

医药，教育，以及能让提高警察能力的训练

for their police forces to become more effective,

方面的技术支持，

for their anti-terror forces to become more efficient.

使他们的反恐力量更加高效。

We've got plenty of these things.

我们有足够的这些东西。

Some of the other things that they need

他们需要的其他东西

we're not very good at giving. Maybe nobody is.

我们无法给予。也许没人能给。

Time, patience, subtlety, understanding --

时间，耐心，细致，理解，

these are harder to give.

这些更难给予。

I live in New York now. Just this week,

我现在住在纽约。就在这周，

posters have gone up in subway stations in New York

纽约地铁站的海报刚贴出来，

that describe jihad as savage.

海报仍然把圣战描述为残忍的东西。

But in all the many years that I have covered the Middle East,

但是在中东往来这么多年，

I have never been as optimistic as I am today

我从来没有如现在这般乐观，

that the gap between the Muslim world and the West

穆斯林和西方世界的鸿沟

is narrowing fast,

正在迅速缩小，

and one of the many reasons for my optimism

我之所以这么乐观的原因之一

is that, because I know there are millions,

就是我知道数以百万计的人，

hundreds of millions of people, Muslims like that old imam

数以亿计的人，就像突尼斯那位阿訇老人

in Tunis, who are reclaiming this word

这样的穆斯林，正在让这个词

and restoring to its original, beautiful purpose.

回归本源，回归美好的目标。

Bin Laden is dead. Bin Ladenism has been defeated.

本拉登死了，拉登主义被击败了。

His definition of jihad can now be expunged.

他对圣战的定义现在可以被抹去。

To that jihad we can say, "Goodbye. Good riddance."

对于这样的圣战，我们可以说：“再见了，谢天谢地！”

To the real jihad we can say, "Welcome back. Good luck."

对真正的圣战，我们可以说“欢迎回来，祝你好运！”

Thank you. (Applause)

谢谢。（鼓掌）