Bobby Ghosh: Why global jihad is losing

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

譯者: Crystal Tu 審譯者: Geoff Chen

I'm going to talk about the power of a word:

我想談談一個字的力量

jihad.

聖戰

To the vast majority of practicing Muslims,

對大多數的穆斯林來說

jihad is an internal struggle for the faith.

聖戰代表為了信仰的內在修煉

It is a struggle within, a struggle against vice, sin,

在內心中的掙扎，與缺陷、罪惡

temptation, lust, greed.

誘惑、慾望還有貪婪奮鬥

It is a struggle to try and live a life

想盡辦法過著一個

that is set by the moral codes written in the Koran.

依循可蘭經規範的生活

In that original idea, the concept of jihad is as important

原先，聖戰之於穆斯林的重要性

to Muslims as the idea of grace is to Christians.

大致如恩典之於基督徒

It's a very powerful word, jihad, if you look at it in that respect,

聖戰是個極具力量的字眼，如果你對此抱持敬意

and there's a certain almost mystical resonance to it.

你會發現它有著神秘的共振

And that's the reason why, for hundreds of years,

而這也是為什麼數百年來

Muslims everywhere have named their children Jihad,

各地的穆斯林以吉哈得 (Jihad) 為他們的孩子命名

their daughters as much as their sons, in the same way

無論男孩女孩，就如同

that, say, Christians name their daughters Grace,

基督徒將女兒取名為葛麗絲 (Grace)

and Hindus, my people, name our daughters Bhakti,

和我一樣的印度教徒，將女兒取名為芭克蒂 (Bhakti)

which means, in Sanskrit, spiritual worship.

也就是梵語中潛心信奉的意思

But there have always been, in Islam, a small group,

但在伊斯蘭教中總有一小群人

a minority, who believe that jihad

這群少數相信聖戰

is not only an internal struggle but also an external struggle

不只是內在修煉，也是外在奮鬥

against forces that would threaten the faith, or the faithul.

對抗威脅信仰及虔信者的事物

And some of these people believe that in that struggle,

而這些人裡，有一部分人相信這種奮鬥

it is sometimes okay to take up arms.

有時是可以使用武力的

And so the thousands of young Muslim men

所以數以千計的年輕穆斯林男性

who flocked to Afghanistan in the 1980s

在1980年代湧入阿富汗

to fight against the Soviet occupation of a Muslim country,

為了抵抗蘇聯佔領穆斯林國家

in their minds they were fighting a jihad,

在他們心中，這是一場聖戰

they were doing jihad,

他們正在進行聖戰

and they named themselves the Mujahideen,

所以他們自稱聖戰者 (Mujahideen)

which is a word that comes from the same root as jihad.

字源和聖戰 (jihad) 一致

And we forget this now, but back then

現在大多數人都忘記了，但那時候

the Mujahideen were celebrated in this country, in America.

聖戰者在這個國家—也就是美國，為此慶祝

We thought of them as holy warriors who were taking

我們認為他們是神聖的戰士

the good fight to the ungodly communists.

與邪惡的共產主義對抗

America gave them weapons, gave them money,

美國供給他們武器和資金

gave them support, encouragement.

提供支援和鼓勵

But within that group, a tiny, smaller group,

但在其中的一小群人

a minority within a minority within a minority,

少數人中的極少數

were coming up with a new and dangerous

想出了一個全新又危險的

conception of jihad,

對於聖戰的定義

and in time this group would come to be led by Osama bin Laden,

這個團體不久後由奧薩馬賓拉登領導

and he refined the idea.

他重新定義聖戰

His idea of jihad was a global war of terror,

在他的想法中，聖戰是全球恐怖戰爭

primarily targeted at the far enemy,

針對遙遠的敵人

at the crusaders from the West, against America.

西方來的十字軍，對抗美國

And the things he did in the pursuit of this jihad

而他為追求聖戰所做的一切

were so horrendous, so monstrous,

是如此駭人

and had such great impact,

而影響深遠

that his definition was the one that stuck,

使他的定義根深蒂固於西方

not just here in the West.

以及世上其他地方

We didn't know any better. We didn't pause to ask.

我們不知道到底是怎麼回事，也沒停下來思索

We just assumed that if this insane man and his psychopathic followers

只是假設如果這個瘋子和他的病態追隨者們

were calling what they did jihad, then that's what jihad must mean.

稱他們所做的事情為聖戰，那這就是聖戰了

But it wasn't just us. Even in the Muslim world,

不是只有我們這麼想，在穆斯林世界裡

his definition of jihad began to gain acceptance.

這個聖戰的意義逐漸為人所接受

A year ago I was in Tunis, and I met the imam

一年前我在突尼斯遇見遇見一個

of a very small mosque, an old man.

小清真寺的阿訇，一個老人

Fifteen years ago, he named his granddaughter Jihad,

十五年前，他將自己的孫女命名為吉哈得 (Jihad)

after the old meaning. He hoped that a name like that

以古老的定義命名，他希望這個名字能

would inspire her to live a spiritual life.

激勵她追求精神生活

But he told me that after 9/11,

但他告訴我，在九一一後

he began to have second thoughts.

他的想法開始改變了

He worried that if he called her by that name,

他很擔心，如果他以這個名字稱呼她

especially outdoors, outside in public,

尤其是在戶外，在公共場合

he might be seen as endorsing bin Laden's idea of jihad.

其他人可能會覺得他認同賓拉登的聖戰

On Fridays in his mosque, he gave sermons

而他在週五清真寺的佈道中

trying to reclaim the meaning of the word,

試著還原這個字眼的本來面貌

but his congregants, the people who came to his mosque,

但聚會者，這些來清真寺的人們

they had seen the videos. They had seen pictures

看過那些影像和照片

of the planes going into the towers, the towers coming down.

飛機衝入大樓，然後大樓崩塌

They had heard bin Laden say that that was jihad,

他們也聽到賓拉登稱這種舉動為聖戰

and claimed victory for it. And so the old imam worried

而且自稱他們戰勝了。老阿訇很擔心

that his words were falling on deaf ears. No one was paying attention.

人們聽不進他的話，沒有人在注意

He was wrong. Some people were paying attention,

但他錯了，有些人在注意他

but for the wrong reasons.

卻是基於錯誤的理由

The United States, at this point, was putting pressure

在當時的美國，正在對

on all its Arab allies, including Tunisia,

所有的阿拉伯盟友施壓，包括突尼西亞

to stamp out extremism in their societies,

要他們把社會裡的極端份子揪出來

and this imam found himself suddenly in the crosshairs

所以阿訇發現他已經成了

of the Tunisian intelligence service.

突尼西亞情報局的目標

They had never paid him any attention before --

他們從來未曾注意過阿訇

old man, small mosque --

一個在小清真寺的老人

but now they began to pay visits,

但他們開始時常來訪

and sometimes they would drag him in for questions,

有時甚至會把他拖去問話

and always the same question:

問題總是

"Why did you name your granddaughter Jihad?

"你為何將自己的孫女命名為吉哈得"

Why do you keep using the word jihad in your Friday sermons?

為什麼你在週五佈道中常常提到聖戰這個字眼

Do you hate Americans?

你恨美國人嗎？

What is your connection to Osama bin Laden?"

你和奧薩瑪賓拉登是什麼關係？

So to the Tunisian intelligence agency,

對突尼西亞情報局

and organizations like it all over the Arab world,

還有其他阿拉伯世界的類似組織來說

jihad equaled extremism,

聖戰等同於極端主義

Bin Laden's definition had become institutionalized.

賓拉登的定義已經約定俗成

That was the power of that word that he was able to do.

那是他所能達成的，代表這個字眼的力量

And it filled this old imam, it filled him with great sadness.

而使得老阿訇內心充滿悲傷

He told me that, of bin Laden's many crimes, this was,

他告訴我，賓拉登所犯下的罪行中

in his mind, one that didn't get enough attention,

他認為大家都忽略了這一點

that he took this word, this beautiful idea.

他把這個字以及所代表的良善想法拿走了

He didn't so much appropriate it as kidnapped it

他幾乎是綁架了它

and debased it and corrupted it

貶低並且以訛傳訛

and turned it into something it was never meant to be,

讓它轉變為原先並未指涉的事物

and then persuaded all of us that it always was

並且說服所有人這一直都是

a global jihad.

一場全球聖戰

But the good news is

但好消息是

that the global jihad is almost over, as bin Laden defined it.

依照賓拉登的定義，全球聖戰已經幾乎結束了

It was dying well before he did,

在他發起前就已奄奄一息

and now it's on its last legs.

而現在只是迴光返照

Opinion polls from all over the Muslim world show

整個穆斯林世界的意見調查顯示

that there is very little interest among Muslims

穆斯林間對於向

in a global holy war against the West,

西方世界發起全球聖戰

against the far enemy.

對抗遠方的敵人興趣缺缺

The supply of young men willing to fight and die for this cause is dwindling.

願意為此戰鬥付出生命的年輕人不斷減少

The supply of money — just as important, more important perhaps —

也許更重要的是，資金援助

the supply of money to this activity is also dwindling.

對於聖戰活動的資金援助也正在減少

The wealthy fanatics who were previously

有錢的狂熱份子

sponsoring this kind of activity are now less generous.

先前資助這種活動的金主，已經不再慷慨了

What does that mean for us in the West?

這對我們西方人又意味著什麼呢？

Does it mean we can break out the champagne,

這代表我們可以開香檳

wash our hands of it, disengage, sleep easy at night?

金盆洗手，從中脫身然後高枕無憂了嗎？

No. Disengagement is not an option,

不，撤出戰場是行不通的

because if you let local jihad survive,

因為如果你允許區域聖戰存在的話

it becomes international jihad.

總有一天這會變成全球聖戰

And so there's now a lot of different

所以現在衍生出各種不同的

violent jihads all over the world.

暴力聖戰，這個世界上到處都是

In Somalia, in Mali, in Nigeria,

在索馬利亞、馬利、奈及利亞

in Iraq, in Afghanistan, Pakistan, there are groups that claim

伊拉克、阿富汗還有巴基斯坦，都有組織聲稱

to be the inheritors of the legacy of Osama bin Laden.

他們繼承了奧薩馬賓拉登的信念

They use his rhetoric.

利用他的巧言

They even use the brand name he created for his jihad.

甚至還借用他為聖戰所命的品牌

So there is now an al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,

所以現在伊斯蘭馬格里布（非洲西北部）有基地組織

there's an al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula,

阿拉伯半島有基地組織

there is an al Qaeda in Mesopotamia.

美索不達米亞也有基地組織

There are other groups -- in Nigeria, Boko Haram,

類似團體，像在奈及利亞的博科聖地

in Somalia, al Shabaab -- and they all pay homage to Osama bin Laden.

還有索馬利亞的青年黨，都尊崇奧薩馬賓拉登

But if you look closely,

但如果你仔細觀察

they're not fighting a global jihad.

他們並不是在打全球聖戰

They're fighting battles over much narrower issues.

他們為更小的議題鬥爭

Usually it has to do with ethnicity or race or sectarianism,

通常是和道德、種族、宗派

or it's a power struggle.

或權力鬥爭有關

More often than not, it's a power struggle

大多數是權力鬥爭

in one country, or even a small region within one country.

在一個國家內，或是國內的一個小區域

Occasionally they will go across a border,

有時他們會穿越國界

from Iraq to Syria, from Mali to Algeria,

從伊拉克到敘利亞、或從馬利到阿爾及利亞

from Somalia to Kenya, but they're not fighting

還有從索馬利亞到肯亞，但他們沒在打

a global jihad against some far enemy.

全球聖戰，對抗遙遠的敵人

But that doesn't mean

不過這並不表示

that we can relax.

我們可以鬆懈下來

I was in Yemen recently, where -- it's the home

我最近去了葉門，那裡是

of the last al Qaeda franchise

最後一個基地衍生組織的根據地

that still aspires to attack America, attack the West.

依然渴望攻擊美國和西方

It's old school al Qaeda.

這是老派的基地組織

You may remember these guys.

你搞不好還記得這些人

They are the ones who tried to send the underwear bomber here,

他們就是試著寄內衣炸彈

and they were using the Internet to try and instigate

還有用網路嘗試挑撥、煽動

violence among American Muslims.

美國穆斯林行使暴力的那群人

But they have been distracted recently.

但最近他們轉移目標了

Last year, they took control over a portion of southern Yemen,

去年他們掌控了葉門南部的一部分

and ran it, Taliban-style.

用神學士的方式治理

And then the Yemeni military got its act together,

然後葉門軍方展開行動

and ordinary people rose up against these guys

平民站出來反抗這些人

and drove them out, and since then, most of their activities,

驅逐他們，從那以後大部分的活動

most of their attacks have been directed at Yemenis.

還有大部分的攻擊都是針對葉門當地

So I think we've come to a point now where we can say

所以我想我們已經到了可以說

that, just like all politics, all jihad is local.

就像政治一樣，聖戰地區化

But that's still not reason for us to disengage,

但我們並不能因此退出

because we've seen that movie before, in Afghanistan.

因為我們看過這段情節，在阿富汗

When those Mujahideen defeated the Soviet Union,

當聖戰士打敗蘇聯時

we disengaged.

我們毫不在意

And even before the fizz had gone out of our celebratory champagne,

甚至當我們的香檳氣泡還沒噴出來時

the Taliban had taken over in Kabul,

神學士已經控制喀布爾了

and we said, "Local jihad, not our problem."

我們說，這只是區域聖戰，與我們無關

And then the Taliban gave the keys of Kandahar

而當神學士將坎大哈的鑰匙

to Osama bin Laden. He made it our problem.

給了奧薩馬賓拉登時，他成了我們的問題

Local jihad, if you ignore it, becomes global jihad again.

如果你忽略這些區域聖戰，它總有一天會擴大到全球

The good news is that it doesn't have to be.

好消息是這是可以避免的

We know how to fight it now.

我們已經知道怎樣對抗

We have the tools. We have the knowhow,

有工具，也有相關知識

and we can take the lessons we've learned

更從過去學到教訓

from the fight against global jihad, the victory against global jihad,

從對抗全球聖戰，以及對抗的勝利中

and apply those to local jihad.

知道如何在區域聖戰中應用

What are those lessons? We know who killed bin Laden:

那些教訓是什麼呢？我們知道誰殺了賓拉登

SEAL Team Six.

是海軍特戰開發小組

Do we know, do we understand, who killed bin Ladenism?

但我們明白是誰殺了賓拉登主義嗎？

Who ended the global jihad?

誰終結了全球聖戰？

There lie the answers to the solution to local jihad.

解決區域聖戰的關鍵就藏在其中

Who killed bin Ladenism? Let's start with bin Laden himself.

誰殺了賓拉登主義？首先得談談賓拉登其人

He probably thought 9/11 was his greatest achievement.

他大概以為911是他最大的成就

In reality, it was the beginning of the end for him.

實際上那是他走向敗亡的起點

He killed 3,000 innocent people, and that filled

他殺了三千名無辜民眾，這使得

the Muslim world with horror and revulsion,

穆斯林世界充滿恐懼與反感

and what that meant was that his idea of jihad

這就表示他心中的聖戰

could never become mainstream.

絕不會成為主流

He condemned himself to operating on the lunatic fringes

他咎由自取，因為他驅使他族群中

of his own community.

瘋狂的少數份子

9/11 didn't empower him; it doomed him.

911並未給他更多力量，反而使他毀滅

Who killed bin Ladenism? Abu Musab al-Zarqawi killed it.

誰殺了賓拉登主義？Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 殺的

He was the especially sadistic head of al Qaeda in Iraq

他是伊拉克基地組織首領中最嗜血的一個

who sent hundreds of suicide bombers to attack

他派出數以百計的自殺炸彈客

not Americans but Iraqis. Muslims. Sunni as well as Shiites.

不只攻擊美國人，也攻擊伊拉克人 不論是遜尼還是什葉信徒

Any claim that al Qaeda had to being protectors of Islam

聲稱基地組織是伊斯蘭的保護者

against the Western crusaders

對抗西方十字軍的這種說法

was drowned in the blood of Iraqi Muslims.

都淹沒在伊拉克穆斯林的血中

Who killed Osama bin Laden? The SEAL Team Six.

誰殺了奧薩馬賓拉登？是海軍特戰開發小組

Who killed bin Ladenism? Al Jazeera did,

誰殺了賓拉登主義？是半島電視台

Al Jazeera and half a dozen other satellite news stations in Arabic,

半島電視台還有數個在阿拉伯地區的衛星電視台

because they circumvented the old, state-owned

他們規避了舊有的國營電視台

television stations in a lot of these countries

在大多數這些國家中

which were designed to keep information from people.

國營電視台是設計來阻止人們得到資訊

Al Jazeera brought information to them, showed them

半島電視台將訊息帶給民眾，讓他們看到

what was being said and done in the name of their religion,

以他們的信仰為名，作出了什麼事情

exposed the hypocrisy of Osama bin Laden and al Qaeda,

揭發奧薩馬賓拉登和基地組織的偽善

and allowed them, gave them the information

給他們資訊，使得

that allowed them to come to their own conclusions.

他們能夠自行判斷

Who killed bin Ladenism? The Arab Spring did,

誰殺了賓拉登主義？是阿拉伯之春

because it showed a way for young Muslims

因為那讓年輕穆斯林知道，有方法可以

to bring about change

改變現狀

in a manner that Osama bin Laden, with his

以奧薩馬賓拉登有限的想像力

limited imagination, could never have conceived.

絕對無法想到的方式改變

Who defeated the global jihad? The American military did,

誰打敗了全球聖戰？是美國軍隊

the American soldiers did, with their allies,

美國士兵和他們的盟軍

fighting in faraway battlefields.

在遙遠的戰場作戰

And perhaps, a time will come when they get the rightful credit for it.

也許假以時日他們將會得到應有的評價

So all these factors, and many more besides,

所以這些因素，還有其他許多

we don't even fully understand some of them yet,

我們甚至對部份因素還未完全了解

these came together

當這些因素聚集時

to defeat a monstrosity as big as bin Ladenism,

打敗像是賓拉登主義這樣的怪物

the global jihad, you needed this group effort.

還有全球聖戰，需要這樣的集體合作

Now, not all of these things will work in local jihad.

現在，不是所有這些都能用在區域聖戰上

The American military is not going to march into Nigeria

美國軍隊無法進入奈及利亞

to take on Boko Haram,

對抗博科聖地

and it's unlikely that SEAL Team Six will rappel

海軍特戰開發小組也不大可能垂降到

into the homes of al Shabaab's leaders and take them out.

青年黨首領的家中把他們揪出來

But many of these other factors that were in play

但其他很多檯面上的因素

are now even stronger than before. Half the work is already done.

已經比從前更有利，大半的工作已經完成

We don't have to reinvent the wheel.

不需要推倒重來

The notion of violent jihad in which more Muslims are killed

暴力聖戰的概念，也就是讓穆斯林死傷

than any other kind of people is already thoroughly discredited.

遠超過其他所有人的，已經失去民心了

We don't have to go back to that.

我們不用走回老路

Satellite television and the Internet are informing

衛星電視和網路提供資訊

and empowering young Muslims in exciting new ways.

用令人興奮的新方法給年輕穆斯林力量

And the Arab Spring has produced governments,

而阿拉伯之春也產生了政府

many of them Islamist governments,

很多是伊斯蘭政府

who know that, for their own self-preservation,

他們明白，如果想保護自己

they need to take on the extremists in their midsts.

他們得面對國內的極端份子

We don't need to persuade them, but we do need to help them,

我們不用說服他們，但他們需要我們的協助

because they haven't really come to this place before.

因為他們未從走到這一步

The good news, again, is that a lot of the things they need

又一個好消息是，他們需要的這些事情裡

we already have, and we are very good at giving:

很多是我們具備的，也知道如何給予：

economic assistance, not just money, but expertise,

像經濟援助，不止是金錢，而是專業

technology, knowhow,

技術與知識

private investment, fair terms of trade,

私人投資、公平貿易

medicine, education, technical support for training

醫藥、教育、技術支援訓練

for their police forces to become more effective,

使警方能更有效率

for their anti-terror forces to become more efficient.

也使他們的反恐武力更有效率

We've got plenty of these things.

我們有很多類似這樣的東西

Some of the other things that they need

而有些他們所需的

we're not very good at giving. Maybe nobody is.

我們給不了，也許沒有人能給

Time, patience, subtlety, understanding --

時間、耐心、靈活度以及理解

these are harder to give.

這些是難以付出的

I live in New York now. Just this week,

我現在住紐約，就在這週

posters have gone up in subway stations in New York

紐約地鐵上貼著海報

that describe jihad as savage.

說聖戰是野蠻的

But in all the many years that I have covered the Middle East,

但從我在中東採訪的這麼多年來

I have never been as optimistic as I am today

我從未像今日這樣樂觀

that the gap between the Muslim world and the West

穆斯林世界和西方世界的差距

is narrowing fast,

正在快速縮短

and one of the many reasons for my optimism

而讓我感到樂觀的一個因素是

is that, because I know there are millions,

我知道有上萬個

hundreds of millions of people, Muslims like that old imam

成千上萬的人，像是突尼西亞老阿訇這樣的穆斯林

in Tunis, who are reclaiming this word

正在收復聖戰這個字眼

and restoring to its original, beautiful purpose.

並讓它恢復原有的良善意味

Bin Laden is dead. Bin Ladenism has been defeated.

賓拉登已死，而他的想法也已落敗

His definition of jihad can now be expunged.

抹殺他的聖戰定義

To that jihad we can say, "Goodbye. Good riddance."

我們可以對那個聖戰說：再見，總算擺脫你了

To the real jihad we can say, "Welcome back. Good luck."

而對真正的聖戰說：歡迎回來，祝您好運

Thank you. (Applause)

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