Let’s Make the World Wild Again | Kristine McDivitt Tompkins | TED

Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta

翻译人员: Chenyu Huang 校对人员: Yolanda Zhang

My siblings and I grew up on our great-grandfather's farm

我与兄弟姐妹在加利福尼亚州

in California.

曾祖父的农场长大。

It was a landscape of our family and our home.

那里曾是属于 我与家人的美丽风景。

When it was clear that nobody in our generation

当大家发现，我们这一代里

wanted to take on the heavy burden of ranching,

没有人愿意承担 经营农场的重担时，

the ranch was sold to a neighbor.

我们只能把农场卖给一个邻居。

The anchor of our lives was cut,

我们的生命支柱仿佛就此被击碎，

and we felt adrift in the absence of that land.

失去那片土地使我们的心居无定所。

For the first time, I came to understand

自此，我开始意识到，

that something valuable can be best understood

赋予事物价值与意义的

not by its presence,

并不是拥有，

but by its absence.

而是失去。

It was impossible to know then

那时的我还无法理解

just how powerful the absence of those things we love

失去心爱的事物会对我今后的人生

would have an impact far into my future.

造成多大的影响。

For 23 years, my working life was with Yvon Chouinard.

我与伊冯·乔伊纳德（Yvon Chouinard） 共事了 23 年，

I started when he was designing and manufacturing

从他在凡吐拉市（Ventura） 铁路旁边的一个铁皮房里

technical rock and ice climbing equipment

设计与生产

in a tin shed near the railroad tracks in Ventura.

技术攀岩和攀冰器具时就开始了。

And when Yvon decided to start making clothes for climbers

当伊冯决定转行制造登山服，

and call this business Patagonia,

并且命名他的公司为 “巴塔哥尼亚（Patagonia）”时，

I became one of the first six employees,

我变成了他最开始的六个员工之一，

later becoming CEO

后来变成了这个公司的 CEO，

and helping build a company

帮助经营公司。

where creating the best products and doing good by the world

对于我们来说， 创造最好的产品和为世界服务

was more than just a tagline.

不仅仅是一个标语。

Doug Tompkins, who would become my husband years later,

道格·汤普斯金（Doug Tompkins）， 这个在几年之后将成为我丈夫的男人，

was an old friend and climbing companion of Yvon's

是和伊冯一起攀岩的老朋友，

and also an entrepreneur.

同时也是一位创业者。

He cofounded The North Face and Esprit company.

他与人共同创办了 The North Face 和 Esprit 品牌。

All three of these businesses

这三个品牌

were created by people who had grown up through the '60s,

都是由在六十年代长大的人创立的，

shaped by the civil rights, antiwar, feminist and peace movements.

且由人权、反战、女权 以及和平运动的新思想培育成型。

And those values were picked up in those years

以上所有的价值观 都是在那些年出现，

and carried throughout the values of these companies.

并对这些公司产生了深远的影响。

By the end of the 1980s,

在八十年代末，

Doug decided to leave business altogether

道格决定退出他所创办的公司，

and commit the last third of his life to what he called

一心将他的后三分之一人生 致力于他所谓的

"paying his rent for living on the planet."

“支付住在这颗星球上的房租”。

At nearly the same time, when I hit 40,

差不多同时间， 在我四十岁的时候，

I was ready to do something completely new with my life.

我也准备用之后的人生 去做与之前相比完全不同的事情。

The day after retiring from the Patagonia company,

在我正式从巴特戈尼亚公司 退休的那天，

I flew 6,000 miles to Patagonia the place

我飞了 6000 英里 赶往南美洲的巴塔哥尼亚地区，

and joined Doug as he started what was the first conservation project

在道格启动他人生后三分之一年的

of that third of his life.

第一个保护区计划时与他会面。

There we were, refugees from the corporate world,

在那里，我们是来自金钱世界的难民，

holed up in a cabin on the coast in southern Chile,

在智利南部海滩边的小屋里躲藏着，

surrounded by primaeval rainforest

被原始雨林包围着，

where alerce trees can live for thousands of years.

一个山达木可以生长 数千年的原始雨林。

We were in the middle of a great wilderness

我们在一大片荒野之间，

that forms one of the only two gaps in the Pan-American highway,

位于费尔班克，阿拉斯加 以及好望角的中间，

between Fairbanks, Alaska, and Cape Horn.

这是泛美高速公路上 仅有的两处荒地之一。

A radical change to our daily lives

在我们意识到

spurred on as we had begun to recognize

这里美丽与多元的景色

how beauty and diversity were being destroyed

几乎被摧毁殆尽时，

我们的日常生活发生了 天翻地覆的变化。

pretty much everywhere.

The last wild protected places on earth

这颗星球上最后一片野生保护区

were still wild

尚且安好，

mostly because the relentless front lines of development

仅仅是因为

残酷的城市发展还未到来。

simply hadn't arrived there yet.

Doug and I were in one of the most remote parts on earth,

我和道格身处之地 是地球上最原始的几个地区之一，

and still around the edges of Pumalín Park,

还在普玛林公园（Pumalín Park）边上。

our first conservation effort,

我们的第一个环境保护计划， 工业水产养殖，

industrial aquaculture was growing like a malignancy.

如同恶瘤一般在这个地区生长。

Before too long, other threats arrived to the Patagonia region.

没过多久，其他威胁便接踵而至。

Gold mining, dam projects on pristine rivers

如开采金矿、古老河流上的水坝工程

and other growing conflicts.

以及其它肆意发酵的矛盾。

The vibration of stampeding economic growth worldwide

世界范围内极速的经济增长

could be heard even in the highest latitudes of the Southern Cone.

甚至波及到了南锥体（南美洲位于 南回归线以南区域）纬度最高的地区。

I know that progress is viewed, generally, in very positive terms,

我知道通常发展与进步 在人类的词典中都是积极正面的，

as some sort of hopeful evolution.

它们代表了某种富有希望的进展。

But from where we sat,

然而，在我们的切身经历中，

we saw the dark side of industrial growth.

充斥的却是工业发展的黑暗面。

And when industrial worldviews are applied to natural systems

当工业化的世界观

被强加到孕育一切生命的 自然生态系统上，

that support all life,

we begin to treat the Earth

地球于我们而言

as a factory that produces all the things that we think we need.

就变成了制造我们一切所需的工厂。

As we're all painfully aware,

我们也开始痛苦地意识到，

the consequences of that worldview are destructive to human welfare,

这样的世界观所造成的后果 对于人类的福祉、

our climate systems and to wildlife.

我们的气候系统以及野生动物 都是具有毁灭性的。

Doug called it the price of progress.

道格称之为“发展的代价”。

That's how we saw things,

这是就是我们对此的态度，

and we wanted to be a part of the resistance,

并且我们想要参与阻止这种破坏，

pushing up against all of those trends.

对所有诸如此类的趋势提出抗议。

The idea of buying private land and then donating it

购买私人土地，再把它们捐赠出去

to create national parks

来建造国家公园

isn't really new.

已经不是一件新鲜事了。

Anyone who has ever enjoyed the views of Teton National Park in Wyoming

任何一个曾在怀俄明州 大提顿国家公园享受过美景的人，

or camped in Acadia National Park in Maine

亦或是在缅因州的 阿卡迪亚国家公园露营过的人，

has benefited from this big idea.

都曾因这个伟大的想法而获益。

Through our family foundation,

依靠我们的家族基金会，

we began to acquire wildlife habitat in Chile and Argentina.

我们开始购入智利和 阿根廷的野生动物栖息地。

Being believers in conservation biology,

作为生物保护的绝对拥护者，

we were going for big, wild and connected.

我们的目标是建立大型的、 相互连接的野生动物保护区。

Areas that were pristine, in some cases,

其中一些地区还保留着原始的古朴，

and others that would need time to heal,

其余的可能需要时间 去从城市发展中愈合，

that needed to be rewild.

以重新回归原始。

Eventually, we bought more than two million acres

总之，我们最后 从乐于助人的卖家手里

from willing sellers,

购买了超过两百万英亩的土地，

assembling them into privately managed protected areas,

整合成了私人管理的保护区，

while building park infrastructure as camp grounds and trails

同时还建造了露营地 和徒步路线等公园设施，

for future use by the general public.

供之后露营以及漫步的大众使用。

All were welcome.

我们欢迎所有人的到来。

Our goal was to donate all of this land in the form of new national parks.

我们的目标是把这些土地 都以新的国家公园的形式捐赠出去。

You might describe this as a kind of capitalist jujitsu move.

你可以把这看作是 某种资本家的柔术运动。

We deployed private wealth from our business lives

我们把自己在生意场上 得到的私人财富

and deployed it to protect nature

用于保护自然环境，

from being devoured by the hand of the global economy.

使之远离全球经济发展的摧残。

It sounded good,

这听起来很不错，

but in the early '90s in Chile,

但在九十年代初期的智利，

where wildlands philanthropy, which is what we called it,

“荒野保护慈善事业”—— 我们是这么叫它的——

was completely unknown,

对于人们而言是完全未知的领域。

we faced tremendous suspicion,

我们因此承受了 来自社会的高度质疑，

and from many quarters, downright hostility.

以及来自四面八方的敌意。

Over time, largely by doing what we said we were doing,

不过很大程度上， 因为我们做到了承诺的事情，

we began to win people over.

我们逐渐赢得了人心。

Over the last 27 years,

在过去的 27 年里，

we've permanently protected nearly 15 million acres

我们持续保护了 近 1500 万英亩的

of temperate rainforest,

温带雨林、

Patagonian step grasslands,

巴塔哥尼亚大草原、

coastal areas,

沿海地区

freshwater wetlands,

以及淡水湿地，

and created 13 new national parks.

并建造了 13 个新的国家公园。

All comprised of our land donations

全部都由我们捐赠的土地

and federal lands adjoining those territories.

和联邦土地联合建成。

After Doug's death following a kayaking accident

在道格于四年前

因一场皮划艇事故去世后，

four years ago,

the power of absence hit home again.

失去所带来的痛苦 再次席卷我的家庭。

But we at Tompkins Conservation leaned in to our loss

但我们作为汤普斯金保护区的成员，

and accelerated our efforts.

需要化悲痛为力量。

Among them, in 2018,

于是在 2018 年，

creating new marine national parks covering roughly 25 million acres

我们又继续打造了 新的海洋国家公园，

覆盖了南大西洋海域 约 2500 万英亩的面积。

in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

No commercial fishing or extraction of any kind.

在那片海域没有任何 商业化的捕捞和开采活动。

In 2019, we finalized the largest private land gift in history,

在 2019 年，我们完成了 史上最大的私有土地捐赠，

when our last million acres of conservation land in Chile

将数百万英亩的保护区

passed to the government.

交给智利政府。

A public-private partnership

这个公私合作的项目

that created five new national parks and expanded three others.

创建了五个新的国家公园， 并扩建了三个现有国家公园，

This ended up being an area larger than Switzerland.

其总面积甚至超过了 瑞士的国土面积。

All of our projects are the results of partnerships.

我们所有的项目 都是共同协作的产物。

First and foremost with the governments of Chile and Argentina.

最初是与智利和阿根廷政府合作，

And this requires leadership

这样的合作需要领导力，

who understands the value of protecting the jewels of their countries,

需要懂得保护国家瑰宝的 重要人士来领导我们，

not just for today, but long into the future.

不仅仅是对现有资源的保护， 更是为未来提供保障。

Partnerships with like-minded conservation philanthropists as well

与和我们有共同思想的 野生保护慈善主义者的合作

played a role in everything we've done.

也是我们一切项目的核心。

Fifteen years ago,

十五年前，

we asked ourselves,

我们问自己，

"Beyond protecting landscape,

“在保护土地之上，

what do we really have to do to create fully functioning ecosystems?"

我们究竟应该怎样创造一个 能够完全运作的生态系统？”

And we began to ask ourselves, wherever we were working,

随后我们无论在哪儿工作 都不停问自己，

who's missing,

到底缺了点什么，

what species had disappeared

什么物种消失了，

or whose numbers were low and fragile.

或者什么物种的 数量过低，濒临灭绝？

We also had to ask,

我们还需要问，

"How do we eliminate the very reason

“我们应该如何消除

that these species went extinct in the first place?"

导致这些物种灭绝的首要原因？”

What seems so obvious now

现在看起来显而易见的事情

was a complete thunderbolt for us.

对于当时的我们来说尤如晴天霹雳。

And it changed the nature of everything we do,

我们一切工作的本质，

因此完完全全地改变了。

completely.

Unless all the members of the community are present and flourishing,

除非所有物种都存在且保持繁衍，

it's impossible for us to leave behind fully functioning ecosystems.

不然我们绝不会放弃我们想要 打造的那个完善的生态系统。

Since then, we've successfully reintroduced several native species

从那时起，我们成功地 重新为伊贝拉湿地

to the Iberá Wetlands:

引入了一些属于当地的本土物种。

giant anteaters,

如巨型食蚁兽、

pampas deer,

草原鹿、

peccaries

野猪，

and finally, one of the most difficult, the green-winged macaws,

以及最难引入的物种之一， 绿翅金刚鹦鹉，

who've gone missing for over 100 years in that ecosystem.

它已在那片生态系统中 消失了超过一百年。

And today, they're back, flying free, dispensing seeds,

现在，它们回来了， 在空中自由飞翔、散播种子、

playing out their lives as they should be.

过着本就属于它们的快乐生活。

The capstone of these efforts in Iberá

这些在伊贝拉的努力中最难的一环

is to return the apex carnivores to their rightful place.

是让顶端食肉动物 回到属于他们的地方。

Jaguars on the land, giant otters in the water.

如属于那片土地的美洲虎， 以及属于那片水域的巨型水獭。

Several years of trial and error produced young cubs

历经数年的重复尝试，

who will be released

我们终于让这些动物的幼仔

for the first time in over half a century

在长达半个世纪的消失后

into Iberá wetlands,

再次回到伊贝拉湿地。

and now, the 1.7-million-acre Iberá Park will provide enough space

现在，170 万英亩的伊贝拉湿地公园

可为恢复美洲虎种群数量 提供足够的空间，

for recovering jaguar populations with low risk of conflict

且使其基本免于 与临近农场产生冲突。

with neighboring ranchers.

Our rewilding projects in Chile

我们在智利的重归自然计划

are gaining ground on low numbers of several key species

正在巴塔哥尼亚地区

in the Patagonia region.

为一些重要物种寻找生存空间。

The huemul deer that is truly nearly extinct,

严重濒临灭绝的智利马驼鹿、

the lesser rheas

越来越少的美洲驼，

and building the puma and fox populations back up.

以及需要援助的美洲狮和狐狸。

You know, the power of the absent can't help us

如果失去只能带来乡愁或绝望，

if it just leads to nostalgia or despair.

就无法为我们提供帮助。

To the contrary,

相反的，

it's only useful if it motivates us

只有当它能够激起 我们找回丢失的东西的欲望时，

toward working to bring back what's gone missing.

才会有所帮助。

Of course, the first step in rewilding

当然，让土地重归自然的首要任务

is to be able to imagine that it's possible in the first place.

是在一开始就相信其可行。

That wildlife abundance recorded in journals

在杂志中记载的丰富的野生动物

aren't just stories from some old dusty books.

并不仅仅是老旧书本上的故事。

Can you imagine that?

你能想象吗？

Do you believe the world could be more beautiful,

你相信这个世界本可以更加美丽，

more equitable?

更加公平吗？

I do.

我相信。

Because I've seen it.

因为我亲眼见过。

Here's an example.

让我举个例子。

When we purchased one of the largest ranches

当我们于 2004 年

in Chile and Patagonia, in 2004,

在智利和巴塔哥尼亚 购买当地最大的一座农场时，

it looked like this.

它是这样一番景象。

For a century, this land had been overgrazed by livestock,

这片土地就像世界各地 大部分草地一样，

like most grasslands around the world.

经历了长达一个世纪的过度放牧。

Soil erosion was rampant,

土壤腐蚀十分严重，

hundreds of miles of fencing

数百英里的栅栏

kept wildlife and its flow corralled.

迫使野生动物被圈禁。

And that was with the little wildlife that was left.

哪怕那些是仅剩的 为数不多的野生动物。

The local mountain lions and foxes had been persecuted for decades,

当地的美洲狮与狐狸 已遭受长达数十年的迫害，

leaving their numbers very low.

使得它们的数量变得极为稀少。

Today, those lands are the 763,000-acre Patagonian National Park,

如今，那片土地已经成为了占地 76.3 万英亩的巴塔哥尼塔国家公园，

and it looks like this.

现在则是这样一番景象。

And Arcelio, the former gaucho,

阿谢力奥（Arcelio）， 曾经的加乌乔（南美土著人），

whose job was to first find and kill mountain lions in the years past,

曾以发现并猎杀美洲狮为生，

today is the head tracker for the park's wildlife team,

而现在却成为了这座公园 野生动物保护组的首席追踪者，

and his story captures the imagination of people around the world.

他的故事激发了 世界各地人民的想象力——

What is possible.

关于什么是可能的。

I share these thoughts and images with you not for self-congratulations,

我并非为了自夸 而分享这些想法与照片，

but to make a simple point

我仅仅是想提出 一个简单明了的观点

and propose an urgent challenge.

并且呼吁人们携手面临 一个非常紧迫的挑战。

If the question is survival,

如果我们面临的问题是生存，

survival of life's diversity and human dignity

关乎生命多样性、人类的尊严

and healthy human communities,

以及健康人类社会的生存，

then the answer must include rewilding the Earth.

那解决问题的答案 一定包括让地球生态

As much and as quickly as possible.

尽可能广泛、 尽可能地快地恢复。

Everyone has a role to play in this,

每个人都能为此贡献力量，

but especially those of us with privilege,

但尤其是像我们这样有特权、

with political power,

有政治权力、

wealth,

坐拥财富的人。

where, let's face it, for better, for worse,

让我们面对这个事实，无论如何，

that's where the chess game of our future is played out.

这都是我们未来的棋盘 终将面临的结局。

And this gets to the core of the question.

这就把我们引入了问题的核心。

Are we prepared to do what it takes to change the end of this story?

我们是否准备好为 改变故事的结局而付出一切努力？

The changes the world has made in the past few months

这个世界在过去几个月

to stop the spread of COVID-19

为抗击新冠病毒做出的改变

are so promising to me,

让我看到了无限希望，

because it shows we can join forces under desperate circumstances.

因为这展现了人类在极度绝望时 团结一致与同仇敌忾的可能。

What we're going through now could be a precursor

我们现在在经历的事情

to the broader potential damage as a result of the climate crisis.

可能只是一个因环境问题导致的 潜在威胁的预演。

But without warning,

但在没有任何预警的情况下，

globally, we're learning to work together in ways we could never have imagined.

我从未想过，我们能学习 如何进行全球性的协作。

Having watched young people from around the world

看着世界各地的年轻人

rising up and going out into the streets

英勇抗议的身姿，

to remind us of our culpability and chastising us for our inaction

我的内心因不作为而备受煎熬，

are the ones who really inspire me.

但这同时启发了我。

I know, you've heard all of this before.

我知道，大家早就听过类似的话语。

But if there was ever a moment to awaken to the reality

但如果能有一个时刻去唤醒人类

that everything is connected to everything else,

对于这个世界是环环相扣的认知，

it's right now.

那一定是现在。

Every human life is affected by the actions

每一个人类的生命

都会被全球其余人类的行为所影响。

of every other human life around the globe.

And the fate of humanity is tied to the health of the planet.

人类的命运与这颗星球的健康 紧紧捆绑在一起。

We have a common destiny.

我们终将拥有相同的命运：

We can flourish

或繁荣，

or we can suffer ...

或毁灭，

But we're going to be doing it together.

但我们一定会共同面对。

So here's the truth.

所以事实就是，

We're so far past the point when individual action is an elective.

我们已经不再拥有 选择个人行为的权利了。

In my opinion, it's a moral imperative

在我看来，这是一个道德命令，

that every single one of us

每个人都应该去重新思考

steps up to reimagine our place in the circle of life.

自己在生命循环中的职责。

Not in the center, but as part of the whole.

不是以自己为中心，而是顾全大局。

We need to remember

我们需要铭记

that what we do reflects who we choose to be.

我们的行为代表了 我们想成为的人。

Let's create a civilization

让我们创造一个

that honors the intrinsic value of all life.

尊重一切生命本质的文明。

No matter who you are,

无论你是谁，

no matter what you have to work with,

无论你需要做出什么努力，

get out of bed every single morning,

每天早上从床上爬起来，

and do something that has nothing to do with yourself,

去做那些与你关系不大，

but rather having everything to do with those things you love.

但却又与你爱的一切 息息相关的事情吧。

With those things you know to be true.

那些你知道的最真挚的事情。

Be someone who imagines human progress

去做一个会想象人类进步的人，

to be something that moves us toward wholeness.

去成为那个让我们的族群 更加完整的人——

Toward health.

为了健康、

Toward human dignity.

为了人类的尊严，

And always,

并且一直，

and forever,

永远的——

wild beauty.

为了荒野的美。

Thank you.

谢谢。