Let’s Make the World Wild Again | Kristine McDivitt Tompkins | TED

Transcriber: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta

譯者: Regina Chu 審譯者: Marssi Draw

My siblings and I grew up on our great-grandfather's farm

我和我的手足都在曾祖父 位於加州的農場長大。

in California.

It was a landscape of our family and our home.

那是我們的家人及家園。

When it was clear that nobody in our generation

當我們很清楚這一代

wanted to take on the heavy burden of ranching,

沒有人想要接手農牧的重擔後，

the ranch was sold to a neighbor.

這個牧場就賣給了一位鄰居。

The anchor of our lives was cut,

我們生命的錨被切斷了，

and we felt adrift in the absence of that land.

感覺自己四處飄流，無家可歸。

For the first time, I came to understand

那是我第一次了解到

that something valuable can be best understood

要能充分體會事物的價值，

not by its presence,

不是它存在時，

but by its absence.

而是它不存在時。

It was impossible to know then

那時，我根本無從知道，

just how powerful the absence of those things we love

我們鍾愛的事物不復存在的力量

would have an impact far into my future.

會如何深遠地影響我的未來。

For 23 years, my working life was with Yvon Chouinard.

過去 23 年，我的工作生涯 都與伊凡．旬納一同度過。

I started when he was designing and manufacturing

我加入時，他正在設計及製造

technical rock and ice climbing equipment

技術攀岩及攀冰器材，

in a tin shed near the railroad tracks in Ventura.

就在加州文圖拉市 鐵路邊上的小鐵皮屋裡。

And when Yvon decided to start making clothes for climbers

伊凡決定要為攀岩的人製造衣服，

and call this business Patagonia,

並將他的公司命名為 「巴塔哥尼亞」時，

I became one of the first six employees,

我是他最初的六個雇員之一，

later becoming CEO

後來成為執行長，

and helping build a company

協力打造一間公司，

where creating the best products and doing good by the world

不但要創造最好的產品， 還要造福世界，

was more than just a tagline.

不是只想設計繩子， 其他隨便說說而已。

Doug Tompkins, who would become my husband years later,

多年後，道格．湯普金斯 成為我的丈夫，

was an old friend and climbing companion of Yvon's

他是伊凡的老友及攀岩同伴，

and also an entrepreneur.

也是位企業家。

He cofounded The North Face and Esprit company.

他也是 The North Face 及 Esprit 兩大服飾公司的共同創辦人。

All three of these businesses

這三家公司

were created by people who had grown up through the '60s,

都是由在 1960 年代長大，

shaped by the civil rights, antiwar, feminist and peace movements.

經歷過民權運動、反戰、 女權及和平運動洗禮的人創辦。

And those values were picked up in those years

這些價值觀在那幾年間成形，

and carried throughout the values of these companies.

並在這幾間公司內實踐。

By the end of the 1980s,

到了 1980 年代末期，

Doug decided to leave business altogether

道格決定要完全離開業界，

and commit the last third of his life to what he called

將後三分之一的人生

投入他所謂的「付地球房租」行動。

"paying his rent for living on the planet."

At nearly the same time, when I hit 40,

幾乎同時，我年屆 40 ，

I was ready to do something completely new with my life.

我準備好要去做人生中全新的事。

The day after retiring from the Patagonia company,

我從巴塔哥尼亞公司退休的第二天，

I flew 6,000 miles to Patagonia the place

就飛了六千哩到巴塔哥尼亞這個地方，

and joined Doug as he started what was the first conservation project

加入道格

在他後三分之一的人生 成立的第一個保育計畫。

of that third of his life.

There we were, refugees from the corporate world,

在那裡我們是企業界的難民，

holed up in a cabin on the coast in southern Chile,

隱匿在智利南部的海邊小屋裡，

surrounded by primaeval rainforest

被原始雨林圍繞著，

where alerce trees can live for thousands of years.

智利柏可以在這片雨林活數千年之久。

We were in the middle of a great wilderness

我們在一大片曠野之中，

that forms one of the only two gaps in the Pan-American highway,

是泛美公路唯「二」斷點之一，

between Fairbanks, Alaska, and Cape Horn.

這條路從阿拉斯加的費爾班克斯 延伸到智利的合恩角。

A radical change to our daily lives

我們的日常生活受驅策而劇烈變化，

spurred on as we had begun to recognize

因為我們開始認識到

how beauty and diversity were being destroyed

美麗與多樣化是怎麼被摧毀的，

pretty much everywhere.

幾乎到處都是這樣。

The last wild protected places on earth

世界上最後的淨土

were still wild

之所以能維持，

mostly because the relentless front lines of development

主要是因為無情的開發前線

simply hadn't arrived there yet.

還沒有到達而已。

Doug and I were in one of the most remote parts on earth,

道格與我在地球上 數一數二荒涼的地方，

and still around the edges of Pumalín Park,

普馬林公園的前景仍不明朗，

our first conservation effort,

那是我們的第一個保育計畫，

industrial aquaculture was growing like a malignancy.

工業水產養殖像惡性腫瘤般增長。

Before too long, other threats arrived to the Patagonia region.

不久之後，其他的威脅 也臨到巴塔哥尼亞地區。

Gold mining, dam projects on pristine rivers

金礦、原始河流上的大壩

and other growing conflicts.

以及其他增長的衝突。

The vibration of stampeding economic growth worldwide

全球經濟成長齊步前進的聲響，

could be heard even in the highest latitudes of the Southern Cone.

即使遠在南椎體的最尾端也聽到的。

I know that progress is viewed, generally, in very positive terms,

我知道進步通常被視為正面的語詞，

as some sort of hopeful evolution.

好像某種充滿希望的發展。

But from where we sat,

但是從我們的位置來看，

we saw the dark side of industrial growth.

我們看到工業發展的黑暗面。

And when industrial worldviews are applied to natural systems

把工業世界觀

用在支持所有生命的自然系統上，

that support all life,

we begin to treat the Earth

我們開始對待地球像座工廠，

as a factory that produces all the things that we think we need.

生產我們認為所需的東西。

As we're all painfully aware,

我們都痛苦地意識到，

the consequences of that worldview are destructive to human welfare,

那種世界觀的後果就是對人類福利、

our climate systems and to wildlife.

我們的氣候系統 及野生動物造成破壞，

Doug called it the price of progress.

道格稱它為進步的代價。

That's how we saw things,

我們就是這樣看的，

and we wanted to be a part of the resistance,

而我們想要成為部分的抵抗力，

pushing up against all of those trends.

抵制所有的潮流。

The idea of buying private land and then donating it

買下私人土地然後捐出來

to create national parks

成立國家公園這個想法

isn't really new.

並不新。

Anyone who has ever enjoyed the views of Teton National Park in Wyoming

曾欣賞過懷俄明州 大提頓國家公園的風景，

or camped in Acadia National Park in Maine

或曾在緬因州阿卡迪亞 國家公園露營過的人，

has benefited from this big idea.

都受益於這個遠大的想法。

Through our family foundation,

透過我們的家族基金會，

we began to acquire wildlife habitat in Chile and Argentina.

我們開始在智利及阿根廷 購買野生動物棲息地。

Being believers in conservation biology,

身為保育生物學的信眾，

we were going for big, wild and connected.

我們要做大、做荒野，還要連結。

Areas that were pristine, in some cases,

有些地方非常原始，

and others that would need time to heal,

有些地方則需要時間療傷，

that needed to be rewild.

需要復育。

Eventually, we bought more than two million acres

我們最後跟願意賣地的賣家 買了超過兩百萬英畝的地，

from willing sellers,

assembling them into privately managed protected areas,

把這些地重組成私人管理的保護區，

while building park infrastructure as camp grounds and trails

同時建築公園基礎設施， 像營地及步道，

for future use by the general public.

給大眾在未來使用。

All were welcome.

歡迎所有人。

Our goal was to donate all of this land in the form of new national parks.

我們的目標是以新國家公園的形式 捐獻這整片土地。

You might describe this as a kind of capitalist jujitsu move.

你或許會說這不過是 資本家的柔術技巧，

We deployed private wealth from our business lives

我們把做生意賺來的私人財富

and deployed it to protect nature

部署去保護自然，

from being devoured by the hand of the global economy.

免得被全球經濟的手奪去。

It sounded good,

聽起來很棒，

but in the early '90s in Chile,

但是在 90 年代早期的智利，

where wildlands philanthropy, which is what we called it,

荒野慈善事業 ——當時我們就是這麼叫它的——

was completely unknown,

根本不為人知，

we faced tremendous suspicion,

我們面對極大的懷疑，

and from many quarters, downright hostility.

從很多面向看都是徹頭徹尾的敵意。

Over time, largely by doing what we said we were doing,

隨著時間流逝， 最主要是因為我們言行一致，

we began to win people over.

我們開始贏得人心。

Over the last 27 years,

過去 27 年，

we've permanently protected nearly 15 million acres

我們永久保護了

近 1,500 萬英畝的溫帶雨林、

of temperate rainforest,

Patagonian step grasslands,

巴塔哥尼亞乾草原、

coastal areas,

海岸區、

freshwater wetlands,

淡水濕地，

and created 13 new national parks.

並創建了 13 座新的國家公園。

All comprised of our land donations

這些地方包括了我們捐的地

and federal lands adjoining those territories.

以及毗連的聯邦政府土地。

After Doug's death following a kayaking accident

四年前道格划獨木舟出意外去世後，

four years ago,

the power of absence hit home again.

不存在的力量再度襲來，

But we at Tompkins Conservation leaned in to our loss

但是我們在湯普金斯保育基金會 忍受我們的損失，

and accelerated our efforts.

加速我們的努力。

Among them, in 2018,

其中，於 2018 年

creating new marine national parks covering roughly 25 million acres

創建新的海洋國家公園， 佔地約 2,500 萬英畝，

in the southern Atlantic Ocean.

地點位於南大西洋。

No commercial fishing or extraction of any kind.

不允許任何形式的商業捕魚或捕撈。

In 2019, we finalized the largest private land gift in history,

2019 年，我們完成了 歷史上最大的私人土地捐贈，

when our last million acres of conservation land in Chile

我們把最後一百萬英畝 位於智利的保育地

passed to the government.

轉讓給政府。

A public-private partnership

公私合營

that created five new national parks and expanded three others.

創建了五座新的國家公園， 並擴建了另外三座。

This ended up being an area larger than Switzerland.

這片區域最後比瑞士還大。

All of our projects are the results of partnerships.

我們的計畫都是合作的結果。

First and foremost with the governments of Chile and Argentina.

首先是智利及阿根廷政府。

And this requires leadership

這需要領導人

who understands the value of protecting the jewels of their countries,

了解保護他們國家的珍寶 有什麼好處，

not just for today, but long into the future.

不只是現在，還有很長的未來。

Partnerships with like-minded conservation philanthropists as well

跟相同想法的保育慈善家一同合作，

played a role in everything we've done.

也在我們所做的一切中發揮了作用。

Fifteen years ago,

十五年前，

we asked ourselves,

我們自問：

"Beyond protecting landscape,

「除了保護地景，

what do we really have to do to create fully functioning ecosystems?"

我們到底還要做什麼 才能創造功能完善的生態系統？」

And we began to ask ourselves, wherever we were working,

無論我們在哪裡工作， 我們開始問自己，

who's missing,

誰不見了？

what species had disappeared

哪個物種消失了？

or whose numbers were low and fragile.

誰的數量很低、經不起打擊？

We also had to ask,

我們也必須問，

"How do we eliminate the very reason

「怎麼做才能消除

that these species went extinct in the first place?"

最初這些物種絕種的根本原因？」

What seems so obvious now

現在看起來很明顯的事，

was a complete thunderbolt for us.

當時對我們簡直就是晴天霹靂。

And it changed the nature of everything we do,

而它改變了我們所作一切的本質，

completely.

完全改變。

Unless all the members of the community are present and flourishing,

除非社群裡的每一份子 都存在並蓬勃發展，

it's impossible for us to leave behind fully functioning ecosystems.

不然我們不可能留下 功能完善的生態系統。

Since then, we've successfully reintroduced several native species

從那時起我們成功地 重新引進幾種當地的原生種

to the Iberá Wetlands:

回到伊貝拉濕地：

giant anteaters,

大食蟻獸、

pampas deer,

南美草原鹿、

peccaries

貒豬，

and finally, one of the most difficult, the green-winged macaws,

以及終於成功、非常難搞的 綠翅金剛鸚鵡，

who've gone missing for over 100 years in that ecosystem.

牠在那個生態系統裡 已經消失超過一百年之久。

And today, they're back, flying free, dispensing seeds,

今天牠們回來了， 自由飛翔、散播種子，

playing out their lives as they should be.

理所當然地生活。

The capstone of these efforts in Iberá

在伊貝拉努力的最高點，

is to return the apex carnivores to their rightful place.

是把食物鏈頂端的肉食動物 放回正當的地方。

Jaguars on the land, giant otters in the water.

美洲豹在陸地上，巨獺在水中。

Several years of trial and error produced young cubs

數年的反覆試驗，終於生出幼獸，

who will be released

牠們會被放生，

for the first time in over half a century

這是逾半世紀來首次

into Iberá wetlands,

回到伊貝拉濕地，

and now, the 1.7-million-acre Iberá Park will provide enough space

現在，一百七十萬英畝的伊貝拉公園

將會提供足夠的空間

for recovering jaguar populations with low risk of conflict

讓美洲豹在此復育，

與鄰近牧場主起衝突的風險很低。

with neighboring ranchers.

Our rewilding projects in Chile

我們在智利的復育計畫，

are gaining ground on low numbers of several key species

在巴塔哥尼亞地區 幾個低數量的關鍵物種上獲得進展。

in the Patagonia region.

The huemul deer that is truly nearly extinct,

本來真的快要絕種的南安迪斯鹿、

the lesser rheas

美洲小鴕、

and building the puma and fox populations back up.

美洲獅及狐狸的數量都增加了。

You know, the power of the absent can't help us

你知道，不存在的力量一點用都沒有，

if it just leads to nostalgia or despair.

如果它只會讓我們懷舊或絕望。

To the contrary,

相反地，

it's only useful if it motivates us

它只有在激勵我們

toward working to bring back what's gone missing.

去找回失去的東西時才有用。

Of course, the first step in rewilding

當然，復育的首要步驟

is to be able to imagine that it's possible in the first place.

就是要在一開始就能想像 這件事有機會成功。

That wildlife abundance recorded in journals

紀錄在期刊中的豐富野生動物

aren't just stories from some old dusty books.

不只是塵封在舊書中的故事。

Can you imagine that?

你能想像嗎？

Do you believe the world could be more beautiful,

你相信這個世界可以更美

more equitable?

更公平？

I do.

我可以。

Because I've seen it.

因為我曾看過。

Here's an example.

舉個例子。

When we purchased one of the largest ranches

2004 年我們買下這座

in Chile and Patagonia, in 2004,

智利及巴塔哥尼亞 數一數二大的牧場時，

it looked like this.

它看起來像這樣。

For a century, this land had been overgrazed by livestock,

一個世紀以來，這片土地被過度放牧，

like most grasslands around the world.

就像世界上大多數的草地一樣。

Soil erosion was rampant,

土壤侵蝕非常嚴重，

hundreds of miles of fencing

幾百哩的圍籬

kept wildlife and its flow corralled.

圈住了野生動物，不讓牠們進出。

And that was with the little wildlife that was left.

那還是只有少量的 野生動物留存的情況。

The local mountain lions and foxes had been persecuted for decades,

當地的美洲獅及狐狸 被迫害了數十年，

leaving their numbers very low.

使得牠們的數量很低。

Today, those lands are the 763,000-acre Patagonian National Park,

今天，這些土地為

佔地七十六萬三千英畝的 巴塔哥尼亞國家公園，

and it looks like this.

看起來像這樣。

And Arcelio, the former gaucho,

亞賽里奧以前是牛仔，

whose job was to first find and kill mountain lions in the years past,

他過去幾年的工作 就是先找到美洲獅然後殺了，

today is the head tracker for the park's wildlife team,

今天他是這個公園 野生動物團隊的首席追蹤人，

and his story captures the imagination of people around the world.

他的故事抓住了 世界各地的人的想像力。

What is possible.

無限可能。

I share these thoughts and images with you not for self-congratulations,

我跟大家分享這些心得與圖像， 不是為了自我祝賀，

but to make a simple point

而是要直指一點，

and propose an urgent challenge.

並提出一個急迫的挑戰。

If the question is survival,

如果問題是要生存，

survival of life's diversity and human dignity

生命多樣化的生存及人類尊嚴，

and healthy human communities,

以及健康的人類社會，

then the answer must include rewilding the Earth.

那麼答案就必須包括復育地球。

As much and as quickly as possible.

愈多、愈快愈好。

Everyone has a role to play in this,

每個人都可以在其中扮演角色，

but especially those of us with privilege,

但特別是我們這群有特權、

with political power,

有政治力量、

wealth,

有財富的人，

where, let's face it, for better, for worse,

承認吧，無論好壞，

that's where the chess game of our future is played out.

那就是我們運籌帷幄未來的地方。

And this gets to the core of the question.

這就直搗問題核心。

Are we prepared to do what it takes to change the end of this story?

我們是否已經下定決心 要改變這個故事的結局？

The changes the world has made in the past few months

過去幾個月這個世界做出的改變，

to stop the spread of COVID-19

為了停止新冠肺炎傳播，

are so promising to me,

對我來說前途光明，

because it shows we can join forces under desperate circumstances.

因為它展示出我們可以 在絕望的情況下聯合起來。

What we're going through now could be a precursor

我們現在正在經歷的或許是

因氣候危機而造成 更廣泛潛在危險的前驅。

to the broader potential damage as a result of the climate crisis.

But without warning,

但是在毫無預警的情況下，

globally, we're learning to work together in ways we could never have imagined.

全球正在學習以我們 從未能想像的方式一同合作。

Having watched young people from around the world

看著全世界的年輕人

rising up and going out into the streets

興起並走上街頭，

to remind us of our culpability and chastising us for our inaction

提醒我們是罪魁禍首， 並責備我們無所作為，

are the ones who really inspire me.

他們是真正激勵我的人。

I know, you've heard all of this before.

我知道你們以前都聽過這個。

But if there was ever a moment to awaken to the reality

但是，如果真的有片刻能讓我們覺醒，

that everything is connected to everything else,

知道萬物息息相關，

it's right now.

那就是現在。

Every human life is affected by the actions

每個人的生命

都受全世界其他人類的行動影響。

of every other human life around the globe.

And the fate of humanity is tied to the health of the planet.

而人類的命運與地球的健康緊緊相連。

We have a common destiny.

我們有共同的命運。

We can flourish

我們要不蓬勃發展，

or we can suffer ...

要不受苦。

But we're going to be doing it together.

但是我們要一起做。

So here's the truth.

這就是事實。

We're so far past the point when individual action is an elective.

我們早已超過個人可以選擇 如何行動的時刻。

In my opinion, it's a moral imperative

我認為這是道德上的當務之急，

that every single one of us

就是我們每一個人都要行動，

steps up to reimagine our place in the circle of life.

重新想像我們在生命圈的地位。

Not in the center, but as part of the whole.

不是在正中央，而是整體的一部分。

We need to remember

我們必須記得

that what we do reflects who we choose to be.

我們的行為反映我們的選擇。

Let's create a civilization

讓我們創造一個

that honors the intrinsic value of all life.

尊榮所有生命固有價值的文明。

No matter who you are,

無論你是誰，

no matter what you have to work with,

無論你要做什麼，

get out of bed every single morning,

每天早晨起床，

and do something that has nothing to do with yourself,

做一些跟自我無關的事，

but rather having everything to do with those things you love.

而是做跟你鍾愛的事物有關的事。

With those things you know to be true.

你知道是真實的事物。

Be someone who imagines human progress

做一個能想像人類進步

to be something that moves us toward wholeness.

會帶領我們邁向完全的人。

Toward health.

邁向健康。

Toward human dignity.

邁向人類尊嚴。

And always,

並且總是、

and forever,

永遠

wild beauty.

邁向野性之美。

Thank you.

謝謝。