The deadly legacy of cluster bombs | Laura Boushnak

翻译人员: Weibo Huang 校对人员: Conway Ye

I once had this nightmare:

我曾经做过一个恶梦：

梦到我站在埋满地雷的荒地上。

I'm standing in the middle of a deserted field full of land mines.

In real life, I love to hike,

现实生活中，我爱好徒步旅行，

但是每次要去远足，我都非常焦虑。

but every time I want to go on a hike, it makes me nervous.

I have this thought in the back of my mind

我脑海中浮想着自己

that I might lose a limb.

会不会突然失去一部分肢体。

This underlying fear started 10 years ago,

这种潜在的恐惧产生于十年前

after I met Mohammed, a cluster bomb survivor

也就是在我遇到穆罕默德之后， 这是一个在2006年黎以冲突期间

of the summer 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.

黎巴嫩集束炸弹袭击中的幸存者。

Mohammed, like so many other survivors all around the world,

穆罕默德，和世界上 许多的幸存者一样，

had to live through the horrifying repercussions of cluster munitions

每一天都不得不承受着集束炸弹带来的

on a daily basis.

残忍后果。

When the one-month conflict started in Lebanon,

当黎巴嫩长达一个月的战争开始时，

I was still working at Agence France-Presse in Paris.

我还在巴黎的法新社工作。

I remember how I was glued to the screens,

我记得当时我寸步不离电视，

anxiously following the news.

焦急地跟进新闻报导。

I wanted to reassure myself

我试着安慰自己

that the falling bombs missed my parents' home.

炸弹没有落到我父母家。

When I arrived in Beirut on assignment to cover that war,

之后我带着新闻工作回到贝鲁特，

I was relieved to be united with my family,

直到和家人团聚我才释怀，

after they had finally managed to escape southern Lebanon.

那时他们已经逃离了黎巴嫩南部。

The day the war was over,

战争结束的那一天，

I remember seeing this image --

我看到了这样的景象——

one of blocked roads,

被封锁的道路之一，

of displaced people eagerly rushing south, back to their homes,

满是无家可归人们着急南下， 想回到家乡，

regardless of what they would find.

不管那里还剩下什么。

An estimated four million cluster submunitions

约有四百万吨的弹药，

were spread in Lebanon during the 34-day conflict.

在34天的冲突中散落在黎巴嫩。

Mohammed lost both legs during the last week of the conflict.

穆罕默德就是在冲突的 最后一个星期失去了双腿。

The fact that he lives a five-minute drive from my parents' home

他就住在离我父母家 只有五分钟车程的地方，

made it easier to follow him through the years.

所以那几年我很方便采访到他。

It was now almost 10 years since we first met.

距离我第一次见到他 已经过去十年了。

I saw the young boy

我目睹这个小男孩

who had to endure physical and emotional trauma.

承受着生理上和心理上的创伤。

I saw the teenager who tried to offer his friends tattoos,

我看到过这个少年通过 给朋友画纹身，

in return for a set fee of five dollars.

赚取五美元的酬劳。

And I know the young, jobless man who spends hours surfing the Internet

我还知道这个失业的男青年 在网上花了几个小时的时间，

trying to meet a girl who might become his girlfriend.

想约一个可能会当他女朋友的女孩。

His fate and the effects of losing his legs

他的命运以及失去双腿带来的影响，

are now his daily reality.

已经成为了他生活的一部分。

Survivors of bomb trauma like Mohammed

像穆罕默德这样的炸弹幸存者

have to deal with so many details that never occur to us.

每天都要处理我们不会碰到的 许许多多的琐碎小事。

Who would have imagined

谁能想到

这些我们早已习以为常的小事，

that so many daily tasks we do or take for granted,

such as going to the beach or even picking up something from the floor,

比如去趟海滩或者 从地上捡起一件东西，

would become sources of stress and anxiety?

也会成为压力和焦虑的来源。

Well, that's what eventually became of Mohammed,

穆罕穆德的现状，

due to his inflexible prosthetic legs.

都是不灵活的假肢造成的结果。

Ten years ago, I had no clue what a cluster bomb was,

十年前，我还不知道什么是集束炸弹，

nor its horrifying implications.

更不清楚它可怕的威力。

I learned that this indiscriminate weapon was used

我了解到这种对目标不加鉴别的武器，

in so many parts of the world

曾被世界上许多国家所使用，

and continues to kill on a regular basis,

至今还在伤及无辜，

without distinguishing between a military target

不区分军事目标，

or a child.

或者是小孩。

I naively asked myself,

我天真地问自己

“说真的，是谁制造了这些武器？

"But seriously, who made those weapons?

And what for?"

其用途又是什么？”

Let me explain to you what a cluster bomb is.

我来说明一下什么是集束炸弹。

It's a large canister filled with bomblets.

正如这个装满小型炸弹的大罐子。

When it's dropped from the air,

当它在高空被投放下来，

到达半空时它会自动打开 释放上百颗小型炸弹。

it opens up in midair to release hundreds of bomblets.

They scatter around wide areas

它们散落在各处

and on impact,

然后爆炸，

many fail to explode.

其中也有许多没有成功爆炸的。

Those unexploded ones end up just like landmines --

那些没有爆炸的炸弹和地雷无异，

sitting on the ground,

潜伏于地面，

waiting for their next target.

等待着它们下一个目标。

If someone steps on them by accident

如果有人不小心踩了上去

或是捡起它们，

or picks them up,

they can explode.

它们可能就会爆炸。

These weapons are extremely unpredictable,

这些武器是完全不可预测的，

which makes the threat even bigger.

这使得它们的威胁进一步增大。

One day, a farmer can work his land without a problem.

今天，一个健康的农民去干农活，

The next day, he can make fire and burn some branches,

第二天他焚烧了些树枝生火，

and the submunitions close by could be set off because of the heat.

高温就可能引爆旁边隐藏的炸弹。

The problem is children mistake those bomblets for toys,

问题还在于有些小孩 会误把那些炸弹当玩具，

because they can look like bouncy balls or soda cans.

因为它们看起来 像弹球或者汽水罐。

Being a documentary photographer,

作为一名纪实摄影师，

I decided to go back to Lebanon a few months after the conflict ended

我决定在冲突结束 后回黎巴嫩待上几个月，

to meet cluster bomb survivors.

去探访集束炸弹幸存者。

And I met a few --

我确实见到了一些——

Hussein and Rasha,

侯赛因和拉莎，

who both lost a leg to submunitions.

他们都被集束炸弹炸掉了一条腿。

Their stories are similar to so many other kids' stories across the world

他们的故事和世界上 千千万万孩子的故事相似，

and are a testimony to the horrifying implications

都成为了不断使用这些武器

of the continuous use of such weapons.

给人们带来可怕灾难的证据。

That's when I met Mohammed, in January 2007.

我2007年以一月见到 穆罕默德的时候，

He was 11 years old,

他才11岁，

and I met him exactly four months after his accident.

我在那场意外过去四个月后见到了他。

When I first saw him,

第一次见到他那会儿，

he was going through painful physiotherapy

他正在接受痛苦的理疗

to recover from his fresh wounds.

以治愈新伤口。

Still in shock at such a young age,

穆罕默德在努力地适应残缺的新身体，

Mohammed was struggling to get used to his new body.

年幼的他依旧惊魂未定。

He would even wake up sometimes at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.

有时候他半夜醒来 还想要挠一挠失去的脚。

What drew me closer to his story was my instant realization

我渴望进一步了解他的故事， 是因为我突然意识到，

of the difficulties Mohammed was likely to face in the future --

穆罕穆德可能在未来面对的困难，

that what he has been suffering while adjusting to his injury

可能会比他在11岁时适应残疾

at the age of 11,

所经历的困难，

would increase manyfold.

还要更艰巨。

Even before his disability,

即使是在遭遇不幸之前，

Mohammed's life wasn't easy.

他的生活也并不好。

He was born in the Rashidieh Camp for Palestinian refugees,

他出生在巴勒斯坦难民 集聚的拉希迪赫难民营中，

and this is where he still lives.

至今也没搬过家。

Lebanon holds some 400,000 Palestinian refugees,

黎巴嫩有约40万的巴勒斯坦难民，

and they suffer from discriminatory laws.

他们受到当地法律的不公平对待。

They're not allowed to work in the public sector

他们不能进入公共部门工作，

or practice certain professions

或者从事一些特定的职业，

and are denied the right to own property.

就连财产所有权都得不到保护。

This is one of the reasons

这就是为什么

why Mohammed doesn't really regret dropping out of school

穆罕默德没有因为伤后退学

right after his injury.

而感到后悔，

He said, "What's the point of a university degree

他说：“如果我毕业后依然找不到工作，

when I can't find a job to start with?"

那么上大学又有什么意义？”

Cluster bomb use creates a vicious circle of impact on communities,

集束炸弹的使用在我们的 社会上形成了一个恶性循环，

and not only the lives of their victims.

它们危害的不仅仅是受害者的生命。

Many who get injured by this weapon drop out of school,

许多因这种武器 导致伤残的人因此辍学了，

can't find jobs or even lose their jobs,

或是无法找工作甚至失去工作，

therefore losing the ability to provide for their families.

从此失去了养家的能力。

This is not to mention the continuous physical pain

更不用说持续的生理上的痛苦，

and the experience of feeling isolated.

和心理上的孤独感。

These weapons affect the poorest of the poor.

受打击最严重的是穷人，

The high medical cost is a burden to the families.

昂贵的医药费对一个 家庭来说是巨大的负担。

They end up relying on humanitarian agencies,

他们只能依靠资源有限

which is insufficient and unsustainable,

又无法提供持续帮助的人道主义组织，

especially when injuries require lifelong support to the injured.

对于那些需要终身接受治疗的伤者来说， 更是无法承受。

Ten years after Mohammed's injury,

穆罕穆德受伤后十年，

he is still unable to afford proper prosthetic legs.

他依然买不起一条合适的假肢。

He's very cautious with his steps,

他走路非常小心，

as a couple of falls over the years

因为这几年的几次跌倒，

brought him embarrassment among his friends.

已经让他在朋友中颜面失尽。

He joked that since he doesn't have legs,

他开玩笑说因为他没有腿，

some days he tries to walk on his hands.

有一天他会尝试用手走路。

One of the worst yet invisible impacts of the weapon

这些武器留下的最糟糕而且无形的影响，

is the psychological scars it leaves.

就是心理上的创伤。

In one of Mohammed's early medical reports,

一份关于穆罕默德早期治疗的报告中，

he was diagnosed with signs of PTSD.

他被诊断出患有 创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍。

He suffered from anxiety, poor appetite, sleep disturbance

他饱受焦虑、食欲不振、 睡眠障碍的困扰，

还有易怒的倾向。

and showed signs of anger.

The reality is Mohammed never received proper help to fully recover.

现实是穆罕默德从来没有 接受过合适且完善的康复治疗。

His current obsession is to leave Lebanon at any cost --

他当前的愿望就是 不惜一切代价离开黎巴嫩——

even if it meant embarking on a hazardous journey

即使要和其他跨越地中海

along with refugees drifting towards Europe today through the Mediterranean.

逃往欧洲的难民那样踏上危险的旅途。

Knowing how risky such a journey would be,

他清楚这样的旅行风险很高，

he said, "If I were to die on the way,

但是他说：“如果我死在半路

it doesn't matter."

也没有什么关系。”

To Mohammed, he is dead here, anyway.

真正的穆罕默德早就死在这里了。

Cluster bombs are a world problem,

集束炸弹是个全球性的问题，

as this munition keeps destroying and hurting whole communities

因为这些武器不断伤害 和摧毁我们整个社会，

影响着世世代代的人。

for generations to come.

In an online interview with the director of the Mines Advisory Group,

在一个对地雷咨询团体负责人 杰米· 富兰克林的

Jamie Franklin,

在线访谈中，

他说：

he said,

"The US forces dropped over two million tons of munitions over Laos.

“美国空军在老挝投下了 超过两百万吨的弹药。

If they couldn't find their targets in Vietnam,

如果飞机在越南搜查不到目标，

there were free-drop areas in Laos where planes would drop their loads

他们会先把弹药 投放到老挝的自由投放区，

before going back to base,

然后才返回基地，

because it's dangerous to land with loaded planes."

因为带着弹药着陆是危险的。”

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross,

红十字国际委员会的数据显示，

in Laos alone -- one of the poorest countries in the world --

仅仅老挝—— 世界上最贫困的国家之一——

nine to 27 million unexploded submunitions remain.

就有九百万到两千七百万吨的 未成功引爆炸弹遗留。

Some 11,000 people have been killed or injured since 1973.

1973年起约有11000的人因炸弹意外伤亡。

This lethal weapon has been used by over 20 states during armed conflicts

这种致命武器被20个国家 在军事冲突期间，

in over 35 countries,

用在超过35个国家上，

such as Ukraine, Iraq and Sudan.

比如乌克兰、伊拉克和苏丹。

So far, 119 states have joined an international treaty

到目前为止， 有119个国家签订了一项关于禁用

banning cluster bombs,

集束炸弹的国际协议，

which is officially called the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

也就是《国际禁用集束炸弹公约》。

But some of the biggest producers of cluster munitions --

但是一些集束炸弹制造大国——

namely, the United States, Russia and China --

比如美国、俄罗斯和中国——

remain outside of this lifesaving treaty

不受挽救生命的公约的制约，

and continue to produce them,

坚持生产这些武器，

reserve the right to produce them in the future,

并且保留未来可能再次生产的权利，

keep those harmful weapons in their stockpiles

同时保有这些杀伤性武器的库存，

and even possibly use them in the future.

甚至将来极有可能会使用。

Cluster bombs have reportedly been used most recently

报道称集束炸弹最近在也门和叙利亚

in the ongoing conflicts in Yemen and Syria.

持续不断的冲突中被广泛应用，

According to research on the worldwide investments

根据荷兰的非政府组织Pax的

in cluster munitions producers

一项关于集束炸弹制造商

by Pax, a Dutch-based NGO,

全球投资来源的调查显示，

financial institutions invested billions of US dollars

商业机构已经为集束炸弹制造商

into companies that make cluster munitions.

投资了几十亿美元。

The majority of these institutions are based in countries

这些机构大多属于那些没有签订

that have not yet signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

《国际禁用集束炸弹公约》的国家。

Getting back to Mohammed,

说回穆罕默德，

one of the few jobs he was able to find was picking lemons.

少数几种他能找到的 工作之一就是采摘柠檬。

When I ask him if it's safe to work in the field he said,

我问他在地里干活安不安全，他说：

“我也不确定。”

"I'm not sure."

Research shows that cluster munitions often contaminate areas

有调查显示集束炸弹经常污染

where agriculture is the main source of income.

那些以农业为主要收入来源 地区的土地。

According to Handicap International's research,

国际助残组织的调查显示，

98 percent of those killed or injured by cluster munitions are civilians.

被集束炸弹导致伤残的 98%的人都是平民，

Eighty-four percent of casualties are males.

而其中的84%为男性。

In countries where these people have no choice

那些国家的人们没有其它选择，

but to work in those fields,

只能在那样的土地上劳作，

they simply do it

他们不过是干农活而已，

and risk it.

却要冒着生命危险。

Mohammed is the only male to three sisters.

穆罕默德是家里 四个孩子中唯一的男孩。

习俗上说，应当由他来养家，

Culturally, he's expected to provide for his family,

but he simply can't.

但他做不到。

He tried to have so many different jobs,

他尝试过各种各样的工作，

but he couldn't keep any due to his physical disability

却因为身体的残疾一个都做不下去，

and the less-than-friendly environment to people with disabilities,

即使不是这样， 当地社会对残疾人也缺乏

to say the least.

足够的宽容态度。

It hurts him a lot when he goes out looking for a job,

当他去应聘工作被别人用一点施舍

and he's turned away

打发走的时候，

他受到了深深的伤害。

with a small amount of money paid to him out of pity.

He said, "I'm not here to beg for money,

他说：“我不是来乞讨的，

I just want to earn it."

我只想靠自己的本事挣钱。”

Mohammed today is 21 years old.

穆罕默德今年已经21岁了。

He's illiterate,

他是个文盲，

and he communicates with voice messages.

只能通过对话交流。

Here is one of his messages.

这是他的一条语音信息：

(Audio) Mohammed: (Speaking in Arabic)

（音频）穆罕穆德：（阿拉伯语）

Laura Boushnak: He said, "My dream is to run,

他说：“我的梦想是奔跑，

and I'm pretty sure once I start running,

我很确定一旦我开始奔跑

I would never stop."

我就决不会停下来。”

Thank you.

谢谢。

(Applause)

（掌声）