The deadly legacy of cluster bombs | Laura Boushnak

譯者: Helen Chang 審譯者: Wilde Luo

I once had this nightmare:

我曾有過這樣的噩夢：

I'm standing in the middle of a deserted field full of land mines.

我站在佈滿地雷的廢棄田野間。

In real life, I love to hike,

在現實生活中，我喜歡徒步旅行，

but every time I want to go on a hike, it makes me nervous.

但每次我想去徒步旅行就很緊張。

I have this thought in the back of my mind

可能會失去肢體的這個想法 在我的腦海裡揮之不去。

that I might lose a limb.

This underlying fear started 10 years ago,

這潛在的恐懼感始於十年前，

after I met Mohammed, a cluster bomb survivor

我遇見受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者穆罕默德之後，

of the summer 2006 Israel-Hezbollah War in Lebanon.

在以色列和真主黨於2006年夏天 在黎巴嫩的戰事之際。

Mohammed, like so many other survivors all around the world,

如同世界各地其他許多 倖存者，穆罕默德

had to live through the horrifying repercussions of cluster munitions

每天都必須過著在榴霰彈的 恐怖陰影下的殘酷生活。

on a daily basis.

When the one-month conflict started in Lebanon,

在黎巴嫩為期一個月的 軍事衝突爆發後，

I was still working at Agence France-Presse in Paris.

當時我還在巴黎的法新社工作。

I remember how I was glued to the screens,

猶記得我緊盯著電視螢幕，

anxiously following the news.

焦急地追蹤戰事的消息。

I wanted to reassure myself

我自我安慰：

that the falling bombs missed my parents' home.

炸彈並未落在我的父母家。

When I arrived in Beirut on assignment to cover that war,

當我抵達貝魯特去報導那場戰爭時，

I was relieved to be united with my family,

很欣慰地和家人團聚，

after they had finally managed to escape southern Lebanon.

當時他們終於逃離了黎巴嫩南部。

The day the war was over,

在戰事結束的那一天，

I remember seeing this image --

我牢記著目睹的這個影像：

one of blocked roads,

在一條被封鎖的道路上，

of displaced people eagerly rushing south, back to their homes,

流離失所的人們急切地 向南衝，要回自己的家園，

regardless of what they would find.

完全不管會在那裡看到些什麼。

An estimated four million cluster submunitions

據估計，有四百萬顆榴霰彈

were spread in Lebanon during the 34-day conflict.

於34天期間落在黎巴嫩。

Mohammed lost both legs during the last week of the conflict.

穆罕默德在軍事衝突的 最後一星期，失去了雙腿。

The fact that he lives a five-minute drive from my parents' home

因他的住處離我父母家 只有五分鐘的車程，

made it easier to follow him through the years.

所以我這些年來很容易追蹤他的情況。

It was now almost 10 years since we first met.

從我們第一次見面至今已近十年。

I saw the young boy

我看到一個不得不忍受 身心創傷的小男孩。

who had to endure physical and emotional trauma.

I saw the teenager who tried to offer his friends tattoos,

我看到一個 幫朋友紋身

in return for a set fee of five dollars.

一次賺取五塊錢的的青少年。

And I know the young, jobless man who spends hours surfing the Internet

我認得這個失業的年輕男子 長時間上網

trying to meet a girl who might become his girlfriend.

試圖找個女朋友。

His fate and the effects of losing his legs

他的命運以及失去的雙腿的後遺症

are now his daily reality.

是他現今每天面對的現實。

Survivors of bomb trauma like Mohammed

像穆罕默德這樣的炸傷倖存者

have to deal with so many details that never occur to us.

得要處理許多我們 根本不會遇到的細節。

Who would have imagined

誰會想到

that so many daily tasks we do or take for granted,

有這麼多我們習以為常的日常瑣事，

such as going to the beach or even picking up something from the floor,

例如去海灘，或從地上撿起東西，

would become sources of stress and anxiety?

會是他們壓力和焦慮的來源？

Well, that's what eventually became of Mohammed,

由於他僵硬的義肢，那是 穆罕默德必須面對的景況。

due to his inflexible prosthetic legs.

Ten years ago, I had no clue what a cluster bomb was,

十年前，我根本不知道 榴霰彈是什麼，

nor its horrifying implications.

也不知道它的可怕。

I learned that this indiscriminate weapon was used

後來我明白，這種無區別性地攻擊人們的武器

in so many parts of the world

被用於世界許多地區，

and continues to kill on a regular basis,

並且持續奪取性命，

without distinguishing between a military target

不區分是軍事目標或是孩子。

or a child.

I naively asked myself,

我天真地自問，

"But seriously, who made those weapons?

「到底誰製造這些武器？

And what for?"

用來做什麼？」

Let me explain to you what a cluster bomb is.

讓我解釋榴霰彈是什麼。

It's a large canister filled with bomblets.

它是個充滿了小炸彈的大罐子。

When it's dropped from the air,

當它自空中落下時，

it opens up in midair to release hundreds of bomblets.

罐子會在半空中打開， 釋出數以百計的小炸彈。

They scatter around wide areas

小炸彈散落於廣大的區域，

and on impact,

落地時仍有許多未爆炸。

many fail to explode.

Those unexploded ones end up just like landmines --

那些未爆彈就像地雷，

sitting on the ground,

留在地面上，

waiting for their next target.

等待下一個受難者。

If someone steps on them by accident

如果有人無意中踩到

or picks them up,

或撿起來，

they can explode.

它們可能就會爆炸。

These weapons are extremely unpredictable,

因這些武器極為叵測，

which makes the threat even bigger.

使所造成的威脅更大。

One day, a farmer can work his land without a problem.

某一天，農民可以毫無危險地耕作；

The next day, he can make fire and burn some branches,

而第二天，他升火燒掉些枯枝，

and the submunitions close by could be set off because of the heat.

熱度可能引爆附近的未爆彈。

The problem is children mistake those bomblets for toys,

孩童會誤把未爆彈當作玩具， 這是個大問題，

because they can look like bouncy balls or soda cans.

因它們看起來很像是 彈力球或汽水罐。

Being a documentary photographer,

身為紀錄片的攝影師，

I decided to go back to Lebanon a few months after the conflict ended

在戰事結束後數月， 我決定回黎巴嫩，

to meet cluster bomb survivors.

與受榴霰彈攻擊的倖存者會面。

And I met a few --

我見到的幾人中，

Hussein and Rasha,

胡笙和瑞夏

who both lost a leg to submunitions.

各因炸彈失去一條腿。

Their stories are similar to so many other kids' stories across the world

他們和世界其他各地 孩子們的故事類似，

and are a testimony to the horrifying implications

見證了持續使用這類武器 的恐怖影響。

of the continuous use of such weapons.

That's when I met Mohammed, in January 2007.

當我遇到穆罕默德， 時值2007年1月。

He was 11 years old,

他那時十一歲，

and I met him exactly four months after his accident.

恰是爆炸意外後整整4個月。

When I first saw him,

第一次見到他時，

he was going through painful physiotherapy

他正經歷著痛苦的物理治療，

to recover from his fresh wounds.

為了讓傷勢恢復。

Still in shock at such a young age,

小小的年紀，仍處在驚恐之中，

Mohammed was struggling to get used to his new body.

穆罕默德掙扎著要適應 他已改變的身體。

He would even wake up sometimes at night wanting to scratch his lost feet.

甚至有時他在夜裡醒來， 想撓已失去的腳以止癢。

What drew me closer to his story was my instant realization

吸引我深入走進他的故事的原因， 是我瞬間幡然醒悟，

of the difficulties Mohammed was likely to face in the future --

穆罕默德在未來 極可能面臨的種種困難，

that what he has been suffering while adjusting to his injury

比起他十一歲身軀 所承受的痛苦和必須的調適，

at the age of 11,

would increase manyfold.

困難將會成倍地增加。

Even before his disability,

即使在他成殘之前，

Mohammed's life wasn't easy.

穆罕默德的生活並不容易。

He was born in the Rashidieh Camp for Palestinian refugees,

他出生於拉希迪赫 的巴勒斯坦難民營，

and this is where he still lives.

這也仍是他目前的居所。

Lebanon holds some 400,000 Palestinian refugees,

黎巴嫩約收容著 四十萬名巴勒斯坦難民，

and they suffer from discriminatory laws.

他們忍受著歧視他們的法令。

They're not allowed to work in the public sector

他們不被允許在公家機關工作，

or practice certain professions

不能從事某些行業，

and are denied the right to own property.

並被剝奪財產權。

This is one of the reasons

那是穆罕默德並不後悔 受傷後輟學的原因之一。

why Mohammed doesn't really regret dropping out of school

right after his injury.

He said, "What's the point of a university degree

他說：「找不到工作時，即使有個 大學學位，又有什麼意義？」

when I can't find a job to start with?"

Cluster bomb use creates a vicious circle of impact on communities,

使用榴霰彈對社會造成惡性循環，

and not only the lives of their victims.

影響的不僅是受害者的生活而已。

Many who get injured by this weapon drop out of school,

許多這個武器的受害者輟學，

can't find jobs or even lose their jobs,

找不到工作，或失去工作，

therefore losing the ability to provide for their families.

失去負擔家計的能力；

This is not to mention the continuous physical pain

遑論持續的身體疼痛，

and the experience of feeling isolated.

和精神上的孤立感。

These weapons affect the poorest of the poor.

這些武器影響赤貧者尤甚。

The high medical cost is a burden to the families.

高額的醫療費是沉重的家庭負擔。

They end up relying on humanitarian agencies,

最終，他們只得仰賴人道援助機構，

which is insufficient and unsustainable,

這些機構資源不足，且不能持續太久，

especially when injuries require lifelong support to the injured.

尤其當傷者倚賴終身支援時。

Ten years after Mohammed's injury,

穆罕默德受傷十年後，

he is still unable to afford proper prosthetic legs.

仍然負擔不起換裝合適的義肢的錢。

He's very cautious with his steps,

他小心行進，

as a couple of falls over the years

因過去數年間的幾次當眾跌倒，

brought him embarrassment among his friends.

使得他在朋友間非常困窘。

He joked that since he doesn't have legs,

他開玩笑說，因為沒有腿，

some days he tries to walk on his hands.

有些時候他試圖用手走路。

One of the worst yet invisible impacts of the weapon

最糟糕卻又無形的武器後遺症之一， 是留在心裡的創傷。

is the psychological scars it leaves.

In one of Mohammed's early medical reports,

一份穆罕默德早期 醫療報告的診斷記載著他有

he was diagnosed with signs of PTSD.

「創傷後壓力症候群 」的跡象。

He suffered from anxiety, poor appetite, sleep disturbance

他焦慮、食慾不振、有睡眠障礙，

and showed signs of anger.

並出現憤怒的跡象。

The reality is Mohammed never received proper help to fully recover.

現實的情況是穆罕默德從未得到 能夠讓他完全復原的適切幫助。

His current obsession is to leave Lebanon at any cost --

他目前執著於不惜一切代價 要離開黎巴嫩，

even if it meant embarking on a hazardous journey

即使這意味著開始一段危險的旅程，

along with refugees drifting towards Europe today through the Mediterranean.

如同今日經由地中海 漂流至歐洲的難民一般。

Knowing how risky such a journey would be,

知道旅程的危險程度，

he said, "If I were to die on the way,

他說：「即使我在路上死了 也沒關係。」

it doesn't matter."

To Mohammed, he is dead here, anyway.

穆罕默德認為， 反正他在這裡形同已死。

Cluster bombs are a world problem,

榴霰彈是個世界性的問題，

as this munition keeps destroying and hurting whole communities

因這炸彈持續摧毀和傷害整個社會，

for generations to come.

禍延後代子孫。

In an online interview with the director of the Mines Advisory Group,

某次線上訪談非營利的 排雷諮詢組織的領導，

Jamie Franklin,

傑米•富蘭克林，

he said,

他說：

"The US forces dropped over two million tons of munitions over Laos.

「美軍曾在寮國投下 超過兩百萬噸的炸藥。

If they couldn't find their targets in Vietnam,

如果找不到要攻擊的越南目標，

there were free-drop areas in Laos where planes would drop their loads

他們會先把所載的炸彈 丟在位於寮國的拋棄區內，

before going back to base,

飛機才返回基地，

because it's dangerous to land with loaded planes."

因為飛機載著炸彈降落極為危險。」

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross,

根據國際紅十字委員會，

in Laos alone -- one of the poorest countries in the world --

僅在世界最貧困的國家之一的寮國，

nine to 27 million unexploded submunitions remain.

就留有九百萬至 兩千七百萬枚的未爆彈。

Some 11,000 people have been killed or injured since 1973.

自1973年以來，約有 一萬一千人被炸死或炸傷。

This lethal weapon has been used by over 20 states during armed conflicts

這種致命的武器被使用於 超過二十個武裝衝突的地區，

in over 35 countries,

在烏克蘭、伊拉克和蘇丹等 35個以上的國家裡被使用。

such as Ukraine, Iraq and Sudan.

So far, 119 states have joined an international treaty

到目前為止，有119個國家 簽署國際條約

banning cluster bombs,

禁止榴霰彈，

which is officially called the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

正式名稱是《榴霰彈公約》。

But some of the biggest producers of cluster munitions --

但一些最大的榴霰彈生產商，

namely, the United States, Russia and China --

即：美國、俄羅斯，和中國，

remain outside of this lifesaving treaty

仍把這拯救生命的公約排除在外，

and continue to produce them,

繼續製造榴霰彈，

reserve the right to produce them in the future,

保留對榴霰彈未來的生產權，

keep those harmful weapons in their stockpiles

庫存著這些有害的武器，

and even possibly use them in the future.

且很可能將來還會使用它們。

Cluster bombs have reportedly been used most recently

據報導，最近榴霰彈被用於

in the ongoing conflicts in Yemen and Syria.

持續進行的葉門和敘利亞衝突中。

According to research on the worldwide investments

根據位於荷蘭的非營利、 非政府組織PAX的一項研究，

in cluster munitions producers

by Pax, a Dutch-based NGO,

financial institutions invested billions of US dollars

金融機構投資數十億美元

into companies that make cluster munitions.

在全世界的榴霰彈生產商上。

The majority of these institutions are based in countries

其中大多數金融機構的總部

that have not yet signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

位於尚未簽署《榴霰彈公約》的國家內。

Getting back to Mohammed,

回到穆罕默德，

one of the few jobs he was able to find was picking lemons.

他能夠找到的少數工作之一 是採摘檸檬。

When I ask him if it's safe to work in the field he said,

我問他在田地裡工作是否安全，

"I'm not sure."

他回答：「我不確定。」

Research shows that cluster munitions often contaminate areas

研究顯示，在榴霰彈殘留的地區，

where agriculture is the main source of income.

通常以農業為其主要的收入來源。

According to Handicap International's research,

根據「國際殘疾協會」的研究，

98 percent of those killed or injured by cluster munitions are civilians.

百分之九十八的 榴霰彈死傷者是平民；

Eighty-four percent of casualties are males.

百分之八十四是男性。

In countries where these people have no choice

在一些別無其他選擇， 只能在田野裡工作的國家，

but to work in those fields,

they simply do it

人們只能冒險工作。

and risk it.

Mohammed is the only male to three sisters.

和三個姐妹在一起， 穆罕默德作為家中唯一的男人，

Culturally, he's expected to provide for his family,

在習俗期許下， 他應該負擔家人的生計，

but he simply can't.

但他根本無法辦到。

He tried to have so many different jobs,

他試過許多不同的工作，

but he couldn't keep any due to his physical disability

但沒一個能夠長久，

主因是他身體的殘疾，以及 身處於對殘疾人不友善的環境中。

and the less-than-friendly environment to people with disabilities,

to say the least.

It hurts him a lot when he goes out looking for a job,

對他的巨大打擊和傷害 是他去找工作時被拒絕，

and he's turned away

而用一點點的憐憫小錢 打發他走。

with a small amount of money paid to him out of pity.

He said, "I'm not here to beg for money,

他說：「我不是在乞討，

I just want to earn it."

我只是想靠自己賺錢。」

Mohammed today is 21 years old.

穆罕默德現年二十一歲。

He's illiterate,

是個文盲，

and he communicates with voice messages.

靠語音訊息溝通。

Here is one of his messages.

這是他的一段語音。

(Audio) Mohammed: (Speaking in Arabic)

（穆罕默德的阿拉伯語音頻）

Laura Boushnak: He said, "My dream is to run,

（蘿拉•包士拿克：） 他說：「我的夢，是奔跑。

and I'm pretty sure once I start running,

我萬分肯定，一旦起跑，

I would never stop."

就永遠不會停下腳步。」

Thank you.

謝謝。

(Applause)

（掌聲）