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翻译人员: Angelia King
校对人员: Tony Yet
我想谈谈我的调查
00:16
I want to talk about my investigations
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00:18
into what technology means in our lives --
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在我们生活中,技术是什么,
00:23
not just our immediate life,
but in the cosmic sense,
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它不仅仅是我们眼前的生活,还有宇宙层面上,
00:26
in the kind of long history of the world
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从漫长的历史世界
00:29
and our place in the world.
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到我们人类在世界上所处的地位,
00:32
What is this stuff?
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这技术到底意味什么?
00:34
What is the significance?
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有什么意义?
00:35
And so, I want to kind of
go through my little story
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好,我来谈谈
我所发现的小故事。
00:39
of what I found out.
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00:40
One of the first things
I started to investigate
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我首先要谈的是我着手研究过的
技术这个词的由来
00:43
was the history of the name of technology.
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00:46
In the United States,
there is a State of the Union address
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在美国,从1790年起,每位总统都要发表一个国情咨文
的报告。
00:49
given by every president since 1790.
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每一份国情咨文
00:52
And each one of those is kind of
summing up the most important things
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总结了美国当时发生的
最重要的事情
00:57
for the United States at that time.
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00:58
If you search for the word "technology,"
it was not used until 1952.
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如果你搜索“技术”这个词
你会发现,一直到1952年,“技术”这个词才被使用。
01:04
So, technology was sort of absent
from everybody's thinking until 1952,
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所以技术这个概念一直到到1952年,也就是我出生的那一年,
才在人们脑海中出现。
01:08
which happened to be the year of my birth.
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显然,技术
01:10
And obviously, technology
had existed before then,
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之前就已经存在,只是我们没有意识到它的存在。
01:13
but we weren't aware of it.
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01:14
And so it was sort of an awakening
of this force in our life.
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因此在1952年前后
我们生活中这种技术力量开始觉醒。
01:19
I actually did research to find out
the first use of the word "technology."
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实际上我研究了解到第一次
使用“技术”
01:23
It was in 1829,
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是在1829年。
01:25
and it was invented by a guy
who was starting a curriculum --
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一个安排课程表,
01:28
a course, bringing together all the kinds
of arts and crafts, and industry --
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课程的人发明了它,用来把工艺美术和工业整合到
一起。
01:33
and he called it "Technology."
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他称它为技术。
01:35
And that's the very first use of the word.
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这是第一次使用这个单词。
01:37
So what is this stuff
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那么,
01:39
that we're all consumed by
and bothered by?
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我们都为之所占有,被为之惴惴不安的
这东西到底是什么?
01:45
Alan Kay calls it, "Technology
is anything that was invented
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阿兰·凯伊说:“技术是当你出生后
才被发明的东西。”
01:48
after you were born."
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01:49
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
01:50
Which is sort of the idea we normally
have about what technology is:
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我们通常也是这么想的
01:54
it's all that new stuff.
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技术就是新的东西
01:56
It's not roads, or penicillin,
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不是指道路,或者盘尼西林,
01:58
or factory tires; it's the new stuff.
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或者轮胎厂。技术是指新东西。
02:02
My friend Danny Hillis
says kind of a similar one,
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我朋友丹尼希利斯说过类似的话,
他说:“技术,就是一些还不能很好的使用的玩意。”
02:05
he says, "Technology is anything
that doesn't work yet."
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02:07
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
02:08
Which is, again,
a sense that it's all new.
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这又再次证明技术是指新的东西。
但是我们知道它不仅仅是新东西,
02:11
But we know that it's just not new.
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02:12
It actually goes way back,
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它也可以追溯到过去。我要建议的是
02:14
and what I want to suggest is,
it goes a long way back.
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技术有一段很长的历史演变。
02:18
So, another way to think
about technology, what it means,
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那么,换种方式来思考技术,它意味着什么,
02:20
is to imagine a world without technology.
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想象一个没有技术的世界。
如果我们去除当今世界的每个独特的技术,
02:23
If we were to eliminate every single bit
of technology in the world today --
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我是指所有技术,
02:26
and I mean everything,
from blades to scrapers to cloth --
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从刀片到刮刀再到织物,
02:31
we, as a species,
would not live very long.
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作为一个物种,我们就不会活很长时间。
02:34
We would die by the billions,
and very quickly:
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数十亿人会很快地死掉。
02:37
the wolves would get us,
we would be defenseless,
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狼群会吃我们,以致于我们无法防身。
02:40
we would be unable to grow
enough food or find enough food.
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我们将无法生产足够的粮食,或者找不到足够的食物。
02:43
Even the hunter-gatherers
used some elementary tools.
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甚至是猎人打猎也使用一些基本工具。
02:47
So, they had minimal technology,
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尽管他们用最少的技术,
02:49
but they had some technology.
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但他们已经有了一些技术。
02:51
And if we study
those hunter-gatherer tribes
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如果我们研究这些狩猎采集部落
02:54
and the Neanderthal,
which are very similar to early man,
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和非常类似于早期人类的尼安德特人,
02:58
we find out a very curious thing
about this world without technology,
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我们会发现没有技术的世界一个非常新奇的事情,
03:01
and this is a kind of a curve
of their average age.
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这就是他们的平均年龄曲线。
03:04
There are no Neanderthal fossils
that are older than 40 years old
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我们迄今发现没有一块尼安德特人化石
显示他们寿命超过40岁
03:08
that we've ever found,
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这些狩猎采集部落大多数人平均年龄
03:10
and the average age of most of these
hunter-gatherer tribes is 20 to 30.
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是20-30岁。
03:14
There are very few young infants,
because they die -- high mortality rate --
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因为非常高死亡率,所以非常少的婴幼儿
存活,也有很少的老年人存活。
03:19
and there's very few old people.
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这是你们旧金山周边人们的平均年龄资料。
03:21
So the profile is sort of for your average
San Francisco neighborhood:
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03:24
a lot of young people.
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有很多年轻人。
03:26
And if you go there, you say,
"Hey, everybody's really healthy."
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如果你去旧金山那里,你说,“嘿,大家都很健康吧。”
嗯,那是因为他们都很年轻。
03:29
Well, that's because they're all young.
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狩猎采集部落和早期人的同样问题
03:31
Same thing with the hunter-gatherer
tribes and early man:
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是他们活不到30岁。
03:34
you didn't live beyond the age of 30.
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03:35
So it was a world without grandparents.
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因此,那是一个没有祖父母的世界。
03:37
And grandparents are very important,
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祖父母也是非常重要的,
因为他们是文化演变和信息的传承者。
03:40
because they are the transmitter
of cultural evolution and information.
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03:43
Imagine a world where basically
everybody was 20 to 30 years old.
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想象一个世界,基本上每个人都在20岁至30岁,
03:46
How much learning can you do?
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你可以学到什么东西?
03:48
You can't do very much
learning in your own life,
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在你仅有的生命中,你不可能学到很多东西,
03:50
it's so short,
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它太短了。
03:52
and there's nobody to pass on
what you do learn.
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没有人可以传授给你所要学的东西。
03:54
So that's one aspect.
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这只是一个方面。
03:57
It was a very short life.
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生命太短暂。但同时
03:58
But at the same time, anthropologists know
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人类学家知道
04:01
that most hunter-gatherer
tribes of the world,
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世界上多数狩猎采集部落
04:04
with that very little technology,
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使用很少的技术,其实他们并没有花
04:05
actually did not spend a very long time
gathering the food they needed:
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很长的时间采集他们所需要的食物。
04:09
three to six hours a day.
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一天3至6小时狩猎采集。
04:11
Some anthropologists call that
the original affluent society,
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一些人类学家称之为原始富足社会。
因为他们基本上有工作小时,类似于银行家小时。
04:15
because they had
bankers' hours, basically.
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04:17
So it was possible to get enough food.
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就有可能获得足够的粮食。
04:20
But when the scarcity came,
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但当食物不足时,
04:22
when the highs and lows
and the droughts came,
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收成不稳定和干旱来临时,
人们就进入饥饿时期。
04:25
then people went into starvation.
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04:27
And that's why they didn't live very long.
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这也是他们活不长久的原因。
04:29
So what technology brought,
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因此技术都带来什么,
通过这样很简单的工具,像这里的石器,
04:32
through the very simple tools
like these stone tools here --
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04:36
even something as small as this --
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甚至一些小到这样的工具,
04:38
the early bands of humans were actually
able to eliminate to extinction
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伴随人类的早期动物,
当它们1万年前第一次出现在北美洲,
04:43
about 250 megafauna animals
in North America
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大约250种巨型动物群
事实上它们都被淘汰和灭绝了。
04:49
when they first arrived 10,000 years ago.
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04:51
So, long before the industrial age,
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所以,早在工业时代
04:53
we've been affecting
the planet on a global scale
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我们虽然那时用的技术很少
04:56
with just a small amount of technology.
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但人类就已经在全球范围内影响地球
04:58
The other thing that the early man
invented was fire.
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另一件事情是早期人类发明了火。
火是用来清除丛林,并再次
05:02
And fire was used to clear out, and again,
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影响生态草地和整个大陆,
05:04
affected the ecology of grass
and whole continents,
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05:07
and was used in cooking.
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并用于做饭。
05:10
It enabled us to actually
eat all kinds of things.
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它使我们可以吃各种东西。
05:12
It was, in a certain sense,
in a McLuhan sense,
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在某种意义上,从麦克卢汉意义上,它是
一个外在的胃。
05:15
an external stomach,
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05:17
in the sense that it was cooking food
that we could not eat otherwise.
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在这个意义上讲,只有用火烹调食物,否则我们不能吃。
05:20
And if we didn't have fire,
we actually could not live.
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如果我们没有火,我们根本无法生存。
05:23
Our bodies have adapted
to these new diets.
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我们身体已经适应了这些新的饮食习惯。
05:26
Our bodies have changed
in the last 10,000 years.
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过去1万年,我们的身体已经改变了。
05:29
So, with that little bit of technology,
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所以,应用很少的技术,
05:32
humans went from a small band
of 10,000 or so --
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人类就从大约1万少数人发展起来,
05:34
the same number
as Neanderthals everywhere --
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同等于那时遍布各地的尼安特人的数量,
我们发明了语言,突然人口爆炸了,
05:37
and we suddenly exploded.
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05:38
With the invention of language
around 50,000 years ago,
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大约5万年前,
05:40
the number of humans exploded,
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人口数量呈爆炸式发展,
05:42
and very quickly became
the dominant species on the planet.
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非常快地就变成了这地球上的主宰者。
05:45
And they migrated
into the rest of the world
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以每年2公里速度,仅仅数万年
05:48
at two kilometers per year
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05:49
until, within several tens
of thousands of years,
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人类就迁移到世界各地
05:52
we occupied every single
watershed on the planet
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懂得少量技术以后
05:54
and became the most dominant species,
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我们人类就占领这地球上每一个分水岭地
05:56
with a very small amount of technology.
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变成那里的最主要的物种
甚至在那个时候,8000年至1万年以前
05:59
And even at that time,
with the introduction of agriculture,
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伴随农业的发展
06:02
8,000, 10,000 years ago,
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06:03
we started to see climate change.
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我们就开始有气候变化。
06:05
So climate change is not a new thing;
what's new is just the degree of it.
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所以气候变化不是一个新鲜事物。
新鲜的是气候变化的程度。甚至
06:09
Even during the agricultural age,
there was climate change.
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在农业时代就有了气候变化。
06:12
So already, small amounts of technology
were transforming the world.
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因此,少量的技术已经
在改变着世界。
06:16
And what this means, and where I'm going,
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这意味着,我所指的是
06:18
is that technology has become
the most powerful force in the world.
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技术已经变成世界上最强大的力量。
06:22
All the things we see today
that are changing our lives,
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我们今天所看到的所有
改变我们生活的事情,我们都可以追溯
06:25
we can always trace back
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06:26
to the introduction
of some new technology.
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归结为一些新技术的发明。
06:28
So it's a force,
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所以这是一种力量
06:30
that is the most powerful force
that has been unleashed on this planet,
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它是这地球上已经被释放的最最强大的力量
06:34
and in such a degree,
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强大到使我相信
06:36
that I think it's become who we are.
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技术变成我们人类自己
06:42
In fact, our humanity and everything
that we think about ourselves,
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事实上,我们的人性,和一切关于我们自己的想法思考
06:45
is something we've invented.
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都是我们后来发明的
06:47
So we've invented ourselves.
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所以,我们发明了我们自身。被我们驯服的所有动物当中,
06:48
Of all the animals
that we've domesticated,
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最重要的一个
06:50
the most important animal has been us.
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就是我们自身。对吧?
06:54
So humanity is our greatest invention,
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所以,人性是我们最伟大的发明。
06:57
but of course, we're not done yet.
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当然了,我们还没有完全做好。
06:59
We're still inventing,
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我们还在发明。这就是我们可以做的技术。
07:00
and this is what technology
is allowing us to do;
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继续再发掘人的潜力去重新发明。
07:03
it's continually to reinvent ourselves.
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07:05
It's a very, very strong force.
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这是超强大的力量。
07:07
I call this entire thing --
us humans as our technology,
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我们人类作为技术本身,这就是头等大事,
07:10
everything that we've made,
gadgets in our lives --
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我们创造的每一件事,日常生活每个工具,
07:13
we call that the technium.
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我们称之为技术元素。这就是技术世界。
07:14
That's this world.
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我现在对技术的定义是
07:16
My working definition of technology is:
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人类创造的任何有用的东西。
07:18
anything useful that a human mind makes.
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07:20
It's not just hammers
and gadgets, like laptops.
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不仅仅指锤子,或者像笔记本的工具。
但也指规律,法则。当然对我们人类来说,城市是种方法使事情变得
07:23
But it's also law.
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07:24
And, of course, cities are ways
to make things more useful to us.
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更加有用。
07:29
While this is something
that comes from our mind,
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此时,我脑海中冒出的想法,
技术也深深扎根于
07:32
it also has its roots
deeply into the cosmos.
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宇宙空间。
07:36
It goes back.
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追溯技术,它的起源和最初的根源
07:37
The origins and roots of technology
go back to the Big Bang,
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要回到大爆炸,
07:40
in this way, in that they are part
of this self-organizing thread
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因此,技术的起源是
一个自组织的网,
它开始于大爆炸,
07:45
that starts at the Big Bang
and goes through galaxies and stars,
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再穿过星系和恒星
07:49
into life, into us.
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进入到我们的生活。
07:51
And the three major phases
of the early universe
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早期宇宙的三个主要阶段
07:53
was energy, when the dominant
force was energy;
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是能量,那时主导力量是能量。
然后主导力量变化,随着能量冷却,它变成物质。
07:56
then the dominant force,
as it cooled, became matter;
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40亿年前,随着生命物质的发展,
07:59
and then, with the invention
of life four billion years ago,
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08:02
the dominant force in our neighborhood
became information.
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在我们周边主导力量变为信息。
这就是生活。信息处理就是
08:05
That's what life is:
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08:06
an information process
that was restructuring
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重新构建与重新排序的过程
08:08
and making new order.
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所以,爱因斯坦发现的这些能量物质
08:10
So, energy and matter,
Einstein showed were equivalent,
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是可以相等转化的,现在新的
08:13
and now new sciences of quantum computing
show that entropy and information
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量子计算的科学显示熵/平均信息量
与信息,物质和能量
08:19
and matter and energy
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08:20
are all interrelated.
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都是相互关联的,所以它是一个长期连续体。
08:22
So it's one long continuum.
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08:24
You put energy
into the right kind of system,
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当你把能量放到合适的体系中,
08:27
and out comes wasted heat, entropy,
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而产生了废热熵,
08:30
and extropy, which is order.
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和废除物,这就是规律
08:33
It's the increased order.
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而且规律还在变化。
08:34
Where does this order come from?
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那么,这规则是从哪来的?它的根源早就有了。
08:36
Its roots go way back.
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08:37
We actually don't know.
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我们竟然还不知道。
08:39
But we do know
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但是我们知道整个宇宙的自我组织趋势
08:40
that the self-organization trend
throughout the universe is long,
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是很长远的,
08:44
and it began with things like galaxies;
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它起源于像星系的东西。
它们保持了数十亿年的规则。
08:47
they maintained their order
for billions of years.
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08:49
Stars are basically
nuclear fission machines
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星星们基本上是数十亿年自我组织
08:53
that self-organize and self-sustain
themselves for billions of years:
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自我维持自己的核裂变化
08:56
order against the extropy of the world.
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这违背了世界普世的秩序。
08:58
And flowers and plants
are the same thing, extended,
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花卉和植物是同样的东西,在发展延伸。
09:03
and technology is basically
an extension of life.
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4747
技术基本上是一个生命的延续。
我们在所有这些事情里发现一个趋势是
09:09
One trend that we notice
in all those things
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09:12
is that the amount of energy
per gram per second
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每克每秒在这流动变化的能量
实际上是增加的。
09:15
that flows through this
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1283
09:16
is actually increasing.
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1291
09:17
The amount of energy is increasing
through this little sequence.
199
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4579
能量通过这个小顺序在增加。
09:22
And the amount of energy per gram
per second that flows through life
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每克每秒在生命中流动变化的能量
09:26
is actually greater than a star --
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实际上比一个星星能量要大得多,
09:28
because of the star's long lifespan,
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因为星星的长寿命,
09:31
the energy density in life
is actually higher than a star.
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生命中的能量密度实际上要高于星星的能量密度。
09:34
And the energy density
that we see in the greatest amount
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我们所见到的最大的,
09:37
anywhere in the universe
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1206
在宇宙中的任何地方所看到的能量密度实际上是储存在个人芯片。
09:38
is actually in a PC chip.
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09:40
There is more energy flowing
through, per gram per second,
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3150
它是每克每秒产生的能量
09:43
than anything that we have
any other experience with.
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都比我们接触任何其他事物的能量要多得多
09:46
And so, what I would suggest
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1629
所以我的建议是如果你想知道
09:48
is that if you want to see
where technology is going,
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2941
技术将怎么发展,我们还在这轨迹变化上,
09:51
we continue that trajectory,
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1632
09:52
and we say, "Well, it's going
to become more energy-dense,
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2853
我们晓得什么将变成更多能源密度,
09:55
that's where it's going."
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1217
这就是技术发展趋势。因此我所做的是
09:57
And so what I've done is,
I've taken the same kinds of things
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我已经研究了同样的事情
看生命进化的其他方面
10:00
and looked at other aspects
of evolutionary life and say,
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3266
和总结,
10:03
"What are the general trends
in evolutionary life?"
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2606
什么是生命进化的总趋势。
10:05
And there are things moving
towards greater complexity,
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2722
一些事情朝着
更加复杂化,更加多样化,
10:08
moving towards greater diversity,
moving towards greater specialization,
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608684
3927
更加专业化,
10:12
sentience, ubiquity,
and most important, evolvability.
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612635
4242
更具有感知性,更加普遍存在和最重要的,更具有进化发展性。
10:16
Those very same things
are also present in technology.
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3523
正是这些事情是当今发展的技术,
10:20
That's where technology is going.
221
620448
1849
也是技术发展的潮流。
10:22
In fact, technology
is accelerating all the aspects of life.
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4443
事实上,在生活的各个方面
技术的发展都变得越来越快
10:27
And we can see that happening;
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我们会看到这种变化。正如在生活中存在的多样性,
10:29
just as there's diversity in life,
there's more diversity in things we make.
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4151
我们可以创造更多多样性的事情。
10:33
Things in life start off
being general cells,
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2150
生命中事物开始是一般细胞,
10:35
and they become specialized:
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1381
它们变得专业化。你有组织细胞。
10:36
you have tissue cells,
muscle, brain cells.
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2137
你有肌肉,脑细胞。同样的道理
10:39
The same thing happens
with, say, a hammer,
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2030
就如最初一般的锤子
10:41
which is general at first
and becomes more specific.
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641126
2485
它变得更加具体化。
10:43
So I would like to say
that while there are six kingdoms of life,
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3096
所以我想说,现在有6个生命王国,
10:46
we can think of technology
basically as a seventh kingdom of life.
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3581
我们可以认为技术基本上
是第7个生命王国。
10:50
It's a branching off from the human form.
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这是一个有别于人类形式的分支。
10:52
But technology has its own agenda,
like anything, like life itself.
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3896
但技术有它自己的议程
就像其他事,就像生命本身。
10:56
For instance, right now,
three-quarters of the energy that we use
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3142
比如现在,我们使用的四分之三能源
10:59
is actually used to feed
the technium itself.
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2132
实际上是用来供应技术元素自身。
11:01
In transportation, it's not to move us;
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1892
在交通运输,它不是移动我们,而是移动
11:03
it's to move the stuff we make or buy.
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1869
我们生产的和想买的东西。
11:05
I use the word "want." Technology wants.
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665766
1977
我使用这个词“想要”描述。技术想要什么。
11:07
This is a robot that wants to plug
itself in to get more power.
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667767
3002
机器人想使它自己得到更多能量。
11:10
Your cat wants more food.
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670793
2579
你的猫想要更多的食物。
一个没有任何意识的细菌
11:13
A bacterium, which has
no consciousness at all,
241
673396
2563
11:15
wants to move towards light.
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675983
1628
想要移到光亮地方。
11:17
It has an urge,
and technology has an urge.
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677635
2688
这往往是驱策,技术有着驱策力。
11:20
At the same time,
it wants to give us things,
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2144
同时,技术想要创造出事物。
11:22
and what it gives us
is basically progress.
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682515
2554
技术带给我们的基本上是改进。
11:25
You can take all kinds of curves,
and they're all pointing up.
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685093
3072
你可以看看这些曲线图表,他们都是向上发展变化的。
如果我们扣去技术的成本
11:28
There's really no dispute about progress,
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688189
2422
11:30
if we discount the cost of that.
248
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2976
这确实是毫无争议的进步
11:33
And that's the thing
that bothers most people,
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2191
困扰大多数人的事情是
11:35
is that progress is really real,
but we wonder and question:
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695850
3864
技术的确是真的进步了,
但我们会吃惊和质疑我们为此所付出的环境代价。
11:39
What are the environmental costs of it?
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699738
1873
11:41
I did a survey of the number
of species of artifacts in my house,
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701635
3827
我做了一个在我家的人造物品种类数量的调查,
11:45
and there's 6,000.
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705486
1158
共有6千件。其他人的数量加起来有1万件。
11:46
Other people have come up with 10,000.
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2069
11:48
When King Henry of England died,
255
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2440
当英国亨利国王死时,
11:51
he had 18,000 things in his house,
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711225
2054
他家有1万8千件东西。
11:53
but that was the entire
wealth of England, so ...
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3477
那就是整个英国的全部财富。
11:56
(Laughter)
258
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1210
尽管有了整个英国的全部财富,
11:58
And with that entire wealth of England,
259
718038
2506
12:00
King Henry could not buy any antibiotics,
260
720568
2926
亨利国王不可以买任何抗生素。
12:03
he could not buy refrigeration,
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1550
他买不到电冰箱。他买不到数以千里的旅游。
12:05
he could not buy
a trip of a thousand miles,
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725092
2133
但是这个在印度的人力黄包车夫
12:07
whereas this rickshaw wallah in India
could save up and buy antibiotics
263
727249
4464
可以积攒钱和买抗生素。
12:11
and he could buy refrigeration.
264
731737
1743
他也可以购得电冰箱。
12:13
He could buy things that King Henry,
in all his wealth, could never buy.
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733504
3471
他可以买到亨利国王用他全部财富也买不到的东西。
12:16
That's what progress is about.
266
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1667
这就是技术进步的例子。
12:18
So, technology is selfish;
technology is generous.
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2921
当然,技术是自私的,技术是慷慨的。
12:21
That conflict, that tension,
will be with us forever:
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741635
3196
这种冲突和紧张会伴随我们永远。
12:24
sometimes it wants to do
what it wants to do,
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744855
2198
有时技术就想做它想做的事情。
有时技术为了我们大家做些事情。
12:27
and sometimes it's going
to do things for us.
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2120
我们搞不清我们应该怎样思考一项新技术。
12:29
We have confusion
about what we should think
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2067
12:31
about a new technology.
272
751312
1299
12:32
Right now the default position
when a new technology comes along,
273
752635
3830
当新技术来临
现在人们的默认方法是
12:36
is people talk about
the precautionary principle,
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2325
讨论有什么预警的原理
12:38
which is very common in Europe,
275
758838
1886
这在欧洲非常普遍。
12:40
which says, basically, "Don't do anything.
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2047
简单说就是:“不要去做任何事。”当你遇到一个新
12:42
When you meet a new technology, stop,
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762819
2614
技术,请停止,
12:45
until it can be proven
that it does no harm."
278
765457
2529
直到它被证明是没有害处的。
我认为这的确行不通。
12:48
I think that really leads nowhere.
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2245
12:50
But a better way is
what I call the proactionary principle,
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770279
3001
但我觉得更好的办法是,我称它为先行动原则。
它是指你参与从事技术。
12:53
which is, you engage with technology.
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773304
2406
12:55
You try it out.
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775734
1378
你可以试试看。
12:57
You obviously do what the precautionary
principle suggests,
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777136
4216
你明显做不干预原则建议的做法,
13:01
you try to anticipate it,
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781376
1245
你也可以试试先行动原则,当但你试过先行动原则后,
13:02
but after anticipating it,
285
782645
1427
你会经常使用它,
13:04
you constantly asses it,
286
784096
1515
13:05
not just once, but eternally.
287
785635
1563
不仅仅一次,而是永远使用。
13:07
And when it diverts from what you want,
288
787222
3177
但当技术偏离于你想要的技术时,
13:10
we prioritize risk,
we evaluate not just the new stuff,
289
790423
3161
我们优化风险,我们不只是评估
新东西,还有老东西。
13:13
but the old stuff.
290
793608
1159
13:14
We fix it; but most importantly,
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1870
我们解决问题,但最重要的是我们重组技术。
13:16
we relocate it.
292
796685
1157
13:17
And what I mean by that is,
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797866
1824
我这指的是
13:19
we find a new job for it.
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799714
1708
我们给技术找到新的任务工作。
13:21
Nuclear energy, fission,
is a really bad idea for bombs.
295
801446
4010
用于军事目的的核能,核裂变
是一个坏主意
13:25
But it may be a pretty good idea
relocated into sustainable nuclear energy
296
805480
5395
当是这技术可能是一个绝好的点子,只要我们重新
应用它到可持续发展核能源
13:30
for electricity, instead of burning coal.
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810899
2318
用来生电而代替火力生电。
13:33
When we have a bad idea,
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813241
1715
当我们有一个坏主意,对这坏主意的反应
13:34
the response to a bad idea
299
814980
1564
13:36
is not no ideas,
it's not to stop thinking.
300
816568
3320
不是这主意,也不是要停下来思考。
13:39
The response to a bad idea --
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819912
2153
而是对此反应
就像这个钨灯泡的例子,
13:42
like, say, a tungsten lightbulb --
302
822089
2128
13:44
is a better idea.
303
824241
2239
它会变成一个好主意,对吧?
13:46
So, better ideas
is really always the response
304
826973
3480
所以,好主意通常是
13:50
to technology we don't like;
305
830477
1365
那些我们不喜欢的技术
13:51
it's basically better technology.
306
831866
2087
事实上它们的确是比较好的技术。
13:54
And actually, in a certain sense,
technology is a kind of a method
307
834459
3820
事实上,在某种意义上,技术
是一种集合最好点子的方法,
13:58
for generating better ideas,
308
838303
1555
13:59
if you can think about it that way.
309
839882
1729
如果你可以向那样思考的话。
14:01
So, maybe spraying DDT
on crops is a really bad idea.
310
841635
3095
所以,也许对农作物喷洒滴滴涕是一个非常糟糕的主意。
14:04
But DDT sprayed on local homes --
311
844754
2857
但是滴滴涕喷洒到当地家庭,
14:07
there's nothing better
to eliminate malaria,
312
847635
2976
此外,昆虫滴滴涕浸渍蚊帐
14:10
besides insect DDT-impregnated
mosquito nets.
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3738
是最好消除疟疾的方法
14:14
But that's a really good idea;
that's a good job for technology.
314
854397
3331
这的确是一个好主意。技术做得非常好例子。
14:17
So our job as humans
is to parent our mind children,
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857752
3859
所以我们人类的工作是
正确的担当好技术的父母
14:21
to find them good friends,
316
861635
1444
给他们找到好朋友,
14:23
to find them a good job.
317
863103
1392
以及合适的工作
14:24
And so, every technology
is sort of a creative force
318
864519
2808
那么,每一种技术都是创造力
14:27
looking for the right job.
319
867351
2020
只需要找到合适的角色。
14:29
That's actually my son, right here.
320
869395
2091
这实际上是我的儿子,就在这儿。
14:31
(Laughter)
321
871510
1323
(笑声)
14:32
There are no bad technologies,
322
872857
2492
没有坏的技术。
14:35
just as there are no bad children.
323
875373
1696
正如没有坏孩子一样。
14:37
We don't say children are neutral;
children are positive.
324
877093
2882
我们不会说孩子是中性的,或者孩子是阳性的。
14:39
We just have to find them the right place.
325
879999
2327
我们只是要找到他们的合适位置。
14:42
And so, what technology gives us
over the long term --
326
882350
3954
所以,技术带给我们的,
从长期
14:46
over this sort of extended evolution
from the beginning of time,
327
886328
3641
以延伸进化演变来看
14:49
through the invention
of the plants and animals,
328
889993
3618
到植物和动物进化,
14:53
and the evolution of life,
the evolution of brains --
329
893635
2976
生命的进化,大脑的进化,
14:56
what that is constantly giving us
is increasing differences:
330
896635
3911
技术常常带给我们的,
是不断变化的差异。
15:00
It's increasing diversity,
it's increasing options,
331
900570
2455
技术多样性的增加,选择性面广,
不同选择,机会,
15:03
it's increasing choices, opportunities,
possibilities and freedoms.
332
903049
3978
可能性和自由的的增加。
这些就是我们一直得到的技术。
15:07
That's what we get
from technology all the time.
333
907051
2924
15:09
That's why people leave villages
and go into cities --
334
909999
2816
这也是为什么人类离开村庄,
奔向城市,因为人们经常受到
15:12
because they are always gravitating
towards increased choices
335
912839
3649
各种选择和可能发生的事情的吸引。
15:16
and possibilities.
336
916512
1237
15:17
And we are aware of the price;
337
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2629
我们也要意识到代价。
15:20
we pay a price for that,
but we're aware of it,
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我们会付出一些代价,我们已经意识到这一点,通常
15:22
and generally, we will pay the price
for increased freedoms,
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我们将为此付出更多的自由,
选择和机会的代价。
15:25
choices and opportunities.
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15:27
Even technology wants clean water.
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尽管技术想要干净的水。
15:30
Is technology diametrically
opposed to nature?
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技术和自然是截然相反的
吗?
15:34
Because technology
is an extension of life,
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因为技术是生命的延伸,
15:37
it's in parallel and aligned
with the same things
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它是与生命想要的同样事情平行的
并协同一致
15:40
that life wants.
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15:42
So that I think technology loves biology,
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所以我认为技术热爱生物生命体,
15:44
if we allow it to.
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如果我们也认同这一点。
15:46
Great movement
starting billions of years ago
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数十亿年前开始的伟大技术变化,
15:50
is moving through us
and it continues to go,
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正在我们身边运动,并继续发展。
15:52
and our choice, so to speak,
in technology,
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换句话说,在技术上,我们的选择
是我们人类
15:56
is really to align ourselves
with this force
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随着这种比我们自己强大得多的力量协调一致。
15:58
much greater than ourselves.
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15:59
So, technology is more
than just the stuff in your pocket;
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所以,技术不仅仅是在你的口袋里的东西,
16:02
it's more than just gadgets,
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更多小工具,人们发明的东西,
16:04
it's more than just things
that people invent.
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而它实际上是一个很长远故事,
16:06
It's actually part of a very long
story -- a great story --
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一个数十亿年前就开始的伟大故事的一部分,
16:10
that began billions of years ago.
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16:11
It's moving through us,
this self-organization,
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这种自我组织技术正朝我们走来。
我们正在扩大并加速技术发展。
16:14
and we're extending and accelerating it,
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而且我们可以协调一致发明技术和应用它
16:16
and we can be part of it by aligning
the technology that we make with it.
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成为它的一部分
16:19
And I really appreciate
your attention today.
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非常感激你们今天的关注。谢谢
16:22
Thank you.
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16:23
(Applause)
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(鼓掌)
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