Kevin Kelly tells technology's epic story

92,999 views ใƒป 2010-02-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Roi Kazzaz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืฉืœื™
00:16
I want to talk about my investigations
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00:18
into what technology means in our lives --
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ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
00:23
not just our immediate life, but in the cosmic sense,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™
00:26
in the kind of long history of the world
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:29
and our place in the world.
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ื•ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
00:32
What is this stuff?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
00:34
What is the significance?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“?
00:35
And so, I want to kind of go through my little story
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ
ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™.
00:39
of what I found out.
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00:40
One of the first things I started to investigate
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ื™ื”
ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
00:43
was the history of the name of technology.
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00:46
In the United States, there is a State of the Union address
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉื ื• ื ืื•ื "ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืื•ืžื”" ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ื
ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ืžืฉื ืช 1790.
00:49
given by every president since 1790.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
00:52
And each one of those is kind of summing up the most important things
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ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ื ื›ืชื‘.
00:57
for the United States at that time.
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00:58
If you search for the word "technology," it was not used until 1952.
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ืื ืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขื“ 1952.
01:04
So, technology was sort of absent from everybody's thinking until 1952,
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ืื– ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื ืขื“ืจืช
ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืขื“ 1952, ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื ืช ื”ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
01:08
which happened to be the year of my birth.
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:10
And obviously, technology had existed before then,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืงื•ื“ื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
01:13
but we weren't aware of it.
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01:14
And so it was sort of an awakening of this force in our life.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
01:19
I actually did research to find out the first use of the word "technology."
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืงืจืชื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
ืฉื‘ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:23
It was in 1829,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ 1829.
01:25
and it was invented by a guy who was starting a curriculum --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
01:28
a course, bringing together all the kinds of arts and crafts, and industry --
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ื‘ืงื•ืจืก ืฉืžืื—ื“ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™
ื”ืืžื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
01:33
and he called it "Technology."
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:35
And that's the very first use of the word.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื”
01:37
So what is this stuff
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”
01:39
that we're all consumed by and bothered by?
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
ื•ืžื•ื˜ืจื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื•?
01:45
Alan Kay calls it, "Technology is anything that was invented
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ืืœืŸ ืงื™ื™ ืื•ืžืจ : "ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื”
ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื“ืชืš "
01:48
after you were born."
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01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:50
Which is sort of the idea we normally have about what technology is:
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื–ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
01:54
it's all that new stuff.
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
01:56
It's not roads, or penicillin,
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ื–ื” ืœื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื• ืคื ืฆื™ืœื™ืŸ
01:58
or factory tires; it's the new stuff.
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ืื• ืฆืžื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืขืœ. ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
02:02
My friend Danny Hillis says kind of a similar one,
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ื—ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื“ื ื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ืก ืื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื•ืžื”
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ :"ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“".
02:05
he says, "Technology is anything that doesn't work yet."
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02:07
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:08
Which is, again, a sense that it's all new.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืœ ื—ื“ืฉ,
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:11
But we know that it's just not new.
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02:12
It actually goes way back,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
02:14
and what I want to suggest is, it goes a long way back.
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ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื–ืžืŸ.
02:18
So, another way to think about technology, what it means,
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ืื–, ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื”,
02:20
is to imagine a world without technology.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื™ื”.
ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื—ืกืœื™ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•,
02:23
If we were to eliminate every single bit of technology in the world today --
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ,
02:26
and I mean everything, from blades to scrapers to cloth --
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ืžืœื”ื‘ ืœืžืจื™ืช ื•ืขื“ ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“,
02:31
we, as a species, would not live very long.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื’ื–ืข ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
02:34
We would die by the billions, and very quickly:
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:37
the wolves would get us, we would be defenseless,
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ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ื™ืื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ื’ื ื”.
02:40
we would be unable to grow enough food or find enough food.
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ืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ื“ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:43
Even the hunter-gatherers used some elementary tools.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
02:47
So, they had minimal technology,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื™ื ื™ืžืœื™ืช
02:49
but they had some technology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ืงืฆืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:51
And if we study those hunter-gatherer tribes
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:54
and the Neanderthal, which are very similar to early man,
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ื•ืืช ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืื“ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ,
02:58
we find out a very curious thing about this world without technology,
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ื ื’ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกืงืจืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:01
and this is a kind of a curve of their average age.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืงื•ืžืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœื”ื.
03:04
There are no Neanderthal fossils that are older than 40 years old
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืœ 40
ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื
03:08
that we've ever found,
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘
03:10
and the average age of most of these hunter-gatherer tribes is 20 to 30.
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ 30.
03:14
There are very few young infants, because they die -- high mortality rate --
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ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช
ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืชื• ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ื–ืงื ื™ื.
03:19
and there's very few old people.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ื‘ืกืŸ-ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื•.
03:21
So the profile is sort of for your average San Francisco neighborhood:
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03:24
a lot of young people.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื‘ืจ'ื” ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื
03:26
And if you go there, you say, "Hey, everybody's really healthy."
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ื•ืื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืฉื, ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื™, ื›ื•ืœื ืคื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื."
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
03:29
Well, that's because they're all young.
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ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ
03:31
Same thing with the hunter-gatherer tribes and early man:
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ืืชื” ืœื ื—ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื™ืœ 30
03:34
you didn't live beyond the age of 30.
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03:35
So it was a world without grandparents.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืœืœื ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช.
03:37
And grandparents are very important,
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ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“,
ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
03:40
because they are the transmitter of cultural evolution and information.
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03:43
Imagine a world where basically everybody was 20 to 30 years old.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ 20 ืขื“ 30
03:46
How much learning can you do?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ
03:48
You can't do very much learning in your own life,
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืš,
03:50
it's so short,
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ื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฆืจื™ื
03:52
and there's nobody to pass on what you do learn.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืœืžื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคืงืช ืœืžื“ืช
03:54
So that's one aspect.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“
03:57
It was a very short life.
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
03:58
But at the same time, anthropologists know
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ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™
04:01
that most hunter-gatherer tribes of the world,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื - ืžืœืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:04
with that very little technology,
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ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื•
04:05
actually did not spend a very long time gathering the food they needed:
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื”ื
04:09
three to six hours a day.
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3 ืขื“ 6 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
04:11
Some anthropologists call that the original affluent society,
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ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ื‘ื ืง (ืื•ืชื ืฉืขื•ืช).
04:15
because they had bankers' hours, basically.
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04:17
So it was possible to get enough food.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื–ื•ืŸ
04:20
But when the scarcity came,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื—ืกื•ืจ
04:22
when the highs and lows and the droughts came,
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ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื,
ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจืขื‘.
04:25
then people went into starvation.
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04:27
And that's why they didn't live very long.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ืœื ื—ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
04:29
So what technology brought,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื”
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืœื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืœื•,
04:32
through the very simple tools like these stone tools here --
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04:36
even something as small as this --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืžื• ื–ื”,
04:38
the early bands of humans were actually able to eliminate to extinction
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ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื
ืœื—ืกืœ, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืฉืžื“ื”,
04:43
about 250 megafauna animals in North America
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ื‘ืขืจืš 250 ื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช
ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื™ื.
04:49
when they first arrived 10,000 years ago.
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04:51
So, long before the industrial age,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:53
we've been affecting the planet on a global scale
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืฉืคืขื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื•ืœืžื™,
04:56
with just a small amount of technology.
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ืžื–ืขืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
04:58
The other thing that the early man invented was fire.
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืืฉ
ื•ื”ืืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื ืงื•ืช ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื‘
05:02
And fire was used to clear out, and again,
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
05:04
affected the ecology of grass and whole continents,
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05:07
and was used in cooking.
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ื•ื”ืืฉ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
05:10
It enabled us to actually eat all kinds of things.
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ื”ื™ื ืืคืฉืจื” ืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
05:12
It was, in a certain sense, in a McLuhan sense,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื‘ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
05:15
an external stomach,
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05:17
in the sense that it was cooking food that we could not eat otherwise.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืื—ืจืช ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื•.
05:20
And if we didn't have fire, we actually could not live.
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ื•ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืฉ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
05:23
Our bodies have adapted to these new diets.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
05:26
Our bodies have changed in the last 10,000 years.
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ -10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
05:29
So, with that little bit of technology,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ืžืขื˜ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
05:32
humans went from a small band of 10,000 or so --
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ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ 10,000 ื‘ืขืจืš,
05:34
the same number as Neanderthals everywhere --
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ื’ื“ืœ ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืื ื“ืจื˜ืœื™ื ื™ื—ื“.
ื•ืคืชืื•ื ืคืจืฆื ื•, ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคื”
05:37
and we suddenly exploded.
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05:38
With the invention of language around 50,000 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื› 50,000 ืฉื ื™ื
05:40
the number of humans exploded,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืจืฅ.
05:42
and very quickly became the dominant species on the planet.
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ.
05:45
And they migrated into the rest of the world
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื’ืจื• ืœืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ 2 ืง"ืž ืœืฉื ื”,
05:48
at two kilometers per year
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05:49
until, within several tens of thousands of years,
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
05:52
we occupied every single watershed on the planet
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืฉื ื• ื›ืœ ืžืื’ืจ ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
05:54
and became the most dominant species,
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ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜,
05:56
with a very small amount of technology.
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ืขื ืขื–ืจื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื ื‘ื•ืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
05:59
And even at that time, with the introduction of agriculture,
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ืœืคื ื™ 8,000-10,000 ืฉื ื™ื
06:02
8,000, 10,000 years ago,
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06:03
we started to see climate change.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืืงืœื™ื.
06:05
So climate change is not a new thing; what's new is just the degree of it.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ
ืžื” ืฉื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™. ืืคื™ืœื•
06:09
Even during the agricultural age, there was climate change.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ืžื™.
06:12
So already, small amounts of technology were transforming the world.
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ื•ื’ื ืื– ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
06:16
And what this means, and where I'm going,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื•ืœืืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืชืจ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื
06:18
is that technology has become the most powerful force in the world.
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ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
06:22
All the things we see today that are changing our lives,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
ืฉืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื™ืš
06:25
we can always trace back
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06:26
to the introduction of some new technology.
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ืœื”ื›ื ืกืชื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
06:28
So it's a force,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื›ื•ื—, ื–ื” ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:30
that is the most powerful force that has been unleashed on this planet,
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ืฉืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:34
and in such a degree,
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ื•ื‘ื›ื–ื• ืขืฆืžื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
06:36
that I think it's become who we are.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช - ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
06:42
In fact, our humanity and everything that we think about ourselves,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•
06:45
is something we've invented.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžืฆืื ื•.
06:47
So we've invented ourselves.
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ืื–, ื”ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•. ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืชื ื•
06:48
Of all the animals that we've domesticated,
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ื”ื—ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื•ื™ืชื” ื”ื™ื
06:50
the most important animal has been us.
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ืื ื—ื ื•. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
06:54
So humanity is our greatest invention,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
06:57
but of course, we're not done yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื™ื™ืžื ื•
06:59
We're still inventing,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช -
07:00
and this is what technology is allowing us to do;
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
07:03
it's continually to reinvent ourselves.
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07:05
It's a very, very strong force.
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื•ื— ื—ื–ืง ืžืื•ื“
07:07
I call this entire thing -- us humans as our technology,
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ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
07:10
everything that we've made, gadgets in our lives --
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•, ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
07:13
we call that the technium.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ื•ื. ื–ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
07:14
That's this world.
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ื”ื’ื“ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:16
My working definition of technology is:
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืฉื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ื.
07:18
anything useful that a human mind makes.
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07:20
It's not just hammers and gadgets, like laptops.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืคื˜ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื’ืื“'ื’ื˜ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื,
ื’ื ื—ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
07:23
But it's also law.
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07:24
And, of course, cities are ways to make things more useful to us.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
07:29
While this is something that comes from our mind,
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ืืžื ื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•,
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื–ื” ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื
07:32
it also has its roots deeply into the cosmos.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
07:36
It goes back.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ื•ืจื”. ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
07:37
The origins and roots of technology go back to the Big Bang,
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ืขื“ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:40
in this way, in that they are part of this self-organizing thread
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง
ืžืฉืจืฉื•ืจ ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™
ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
07:45
that starts at the Big Bang and goes through galaxies and stars,
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
07:49
into life, into us.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืœืชื•ื›ื ื•.
07:51
And the three major phases of the early universe
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ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืงื•ื
07:53
was energy, when the dominant force was energy;
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ื”ื™ื• ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชืงืจืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื”ืคืš ืœื—ื•ืžืจ
07:56
then the dominant force, as it cooled, became matter;
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ื•ืื– ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื
07:59
and then, with the invention of life four billion years ago,
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08:02
the dominant force in our neighborhood became information.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื“ืข.
ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื–ื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื™ื“ืข
08:05
That's what life is:
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08:06
an information process that was restructuring
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ืฉื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจ ืกื“ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
08:08
and making new order.
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ืื– ื’ื•ืคื™ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื’
08:10
So, energy and matter, Einstein showed were equivalent,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื•ืช ืขืจืš ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
08:13
and now new sciences of quantum computing show that entropy and information
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื™ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
ืžื™ื“ืข, ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:19
and matter and energy
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08:20
are all interrelated.
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื”
08:22
So it's one long continuum.
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08:24
You put energy into the right kind of system,
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ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื™ืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
08:27
and out comes wasted heat, entropy,
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืฆื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื”
08:30
and extropy, which is order.
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ื•ืืงืกื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ืกื“ืจ.
08:33
It's the increased order.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
08:34
Where does this order come from?
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ืื– ืžืื™ืคื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ? ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš
08:36
Its roots go way back.
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08:37
We actually don't know.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:39
But we do know
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืฆืžื™
08:40
that the self-organization trend throughout the universe is long,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืจื•ืš
08:44
and it began with things like galaxies;
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
ื”ื ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื”ืกื“ืจ ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
08:47
they maintained their order for billions of years.
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08:49
Stars are basically nuclear fission machines
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
08:53
that self-organize and self-sustain themselves for billions of years:
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ืฉืžืืจื’ื ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•ืžืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
08:56
order against the extropy of the world.
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ืกื“ืจ ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืืงืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
08:58
And flowers and plants are the same thing, extended,
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ื•ื’ื ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ, ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”.
09:03
and technology is basically an extension of life.
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ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
ืื–, ืื—ืช ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื™
09:09
One trend that we notice in all those things
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09:12
is that the amount of energy per gram per second
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืจื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”
ืฉื–ื•ืจื ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.
09:15
that flows through this
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09:16
is actually increasing.
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09:17
The amount of energy is increasing through this little sequence.
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:22
And the amount of energy per gram per second that flows through life
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ื•ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืจื ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื–ื•ืจืžืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
09:26
is actually greater than a star --
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘,
09:28
because of the star's long lifespan,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘,
09:31
the energy density in life is actually higher than a star.
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
09:34
And the energy density that we see in the greatest amount
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ื•ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
09:37
anywhere in the universe
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ื•ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ื•ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื—ืฉื‘
09:38
is actually in a PC chip.
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09:40
There is more energy flowing through, per gram per second,
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืจื™ืžืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ืจื ืื—ื“
09:43
than anything that we have any other experience with.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ื›ืจื ื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื.
09:46
And so, what I would suggest
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื–ื” ืฉืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื›ื ืœืจืื•ืช
09:48
is that if you want to see where technology is going,
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ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”
09:51
we continue that trajectory,
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09:52
and we say, "Well, it's going to become more energy-dense,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื’ื ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:55
that's where it's going."
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ืœืฉื ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
09:57
And so what I've done is, I've taken the same kinds of things
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ื–ื” ืฉืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ื•ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ืขืœ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
10:00
and looked at other aspects of evolutionary life and say,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื•ืžืจ
10:03
"What are the general trends in evolutionary life?"
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ืžื” ื”ื ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื.
10:05
And there are things moving towards greater complexity,
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื–ื™ื ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ
ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:08
moving towards greater diversity, moving towards greater specialization,
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ื–ื–ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืชืžื—ื•ืช,
10:12
sentience, ubiquity, and most important, evolvability.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ื”ืœืื”
10:16
Those very same things are also present in technology.
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ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
10:20
That's where technology is going.
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ืœืฉื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช
10:22
In fact, technology is accelerating all the aspects of life.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืื™ืฆื”
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
10:27
And we can see that happening;
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”. ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:29
just as there's diversity in life, there's more diversity in things we make.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
10:33
Things in life start off being general cells,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื›ืชืื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื
10:35
and they become specialized:
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ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื. ื™ืฉื ื ืชืื™ ืขื•ืจ
10:36
you have tissue cells, muscle, brain cells.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื, ืชืื™ ืžื•ื—. ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ื’ื ืขื
10:39
The same thing happens with, say, a hammer,
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ื‘ื•ื ื ืืžืจ ืคื˜ื™ืฉ, ืฉื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœืœื™
10:41
which is general at first and becomes more specific.
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ื•ืื– ื ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“
10:43
So I would like to say that while there are six kingdoms of life,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ืืžื ื ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืฉ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
10:46
we can think of technology basically as a seventh kingdom of life.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื›ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:50
It's a branching off from the human form.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
10:52
But technology has its own agenda, like anything, like life itself.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจ ื™ื•ื ืžืฉืœื”
ื›ืžื• ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
10:56
For instance, right now, three-quarters of the energy that we use
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
10:59
is actually used to feed the technium itself.
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ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
11:01
In transportation, it's not to move us;
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ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื” ืœื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืืœื ื–ื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ
11:03
it's to move the stuff we make or buy.
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ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื• ืงื•ื ื™ื.
11:05
I use the word "want." Technology wants.
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ืœื” ืจื•ืฆื”. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื”.
11:07
This is a robot that wants to plug itself in to get more power.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืืฉืจ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื—.
11:10
Your cat wants more food.
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ื”ื—ืชื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืขื•ื“ ืื•ื›ืœ
ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ
11:13
A bacterium, which has no consciousness at all,
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11:15
wants to move towards light.
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ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื–ื•ื– ืœืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ
11:17
It has an urge, and technology has an urge.
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื—ืฃ, ื•ื’ื ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื“ื—ืคื™ื.
11:20
At the same time, it wants to give us things,
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ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:22
and what it gives us is basically progress.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื•ืชื ืช ื–ื• ืงื™ื“ืžื”.
11:25
You can take all kinds of curves, and they're all pointing up.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืขืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืžืขืœื”
ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขืœ ืงื™ื“ืžื”,
11:28
There's really no dispute about progress,
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11:30
if we discount the cost of that.
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ืื ืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
11:33
And that's the thing that bothers most people,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
11:35
is that progress is really real, but we wonder and question:
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ืฉื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืืžืชื™ืช
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
11:39
What are the environmental costs of it?
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11:41
I did a survey of the number of species of artifacts in my house,
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ืกืงืจืชื™ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
11:45
and there's 6,000.
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ื•ื™ืฉ 6,000. ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ 10,000.
11:46
Other people have come up with 10,000.
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11:48
When King Henry of England died,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ืžืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืช
11:51
he had 18,000 things in his house,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื• 18,000 ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•
11:53
but that was the entire wealth of England, so ...
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
11:56
(Laughter)
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ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืืฆืœื•
11:58
And with that entire wealth of England,
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12:00
King Henry could not buy any antibiotics,
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”
12:03
he could not buy refrigeration,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
12:05
he could not buy a trip of a thousand miles,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื ื”ื’ ืจื™ืงืฉื” ืžื”ื•ื“ื•
12:07
whereas this rickshaw wallah in India could save up and buy antibiotics
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™ืงื”.
12:11
and he could buy refrigeration.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
12:13
He could buy things that King Henry, in all his wealth, could never buy.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ืขื ื›ืœ ืขื•ืฉืจื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื ื•ืช,
12:16
That's what progress is about.
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ื–ื• ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื“ืžื”.
12:18
So, technology is selfish; technology is generous.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”
12:21
That conflict, that tension, will be with us forever:
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ื”ืกื›ืกื•ืš ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืชื ื• ืœื ืฆื—.
12:24
sometimes it wants to do what it wants to do,
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ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
12:27
and sometimes it's going to do things for us.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
12:29
We have confusion about what we should think
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12:31
about a new technology.
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12:32
Right now the default position when a new technology comes along,
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ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ
ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื’ื™ืขื”
12:36
is people talk about the precautionary principle,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช
12:38
which is very common in Europe,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื ืคื•ืฅ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
12:40
which says, basically, "Don't do anything.
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืขืฆื ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืืชื” ืคื•ื’ืฉ
12:42
When you meet a new technology, stop,
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” - ืชืขืฆื•ืจ
12:45
until it can be proven that it does no harm."
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ืขื“ ืฉื™ื•ื›ื— ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ื ื–ืง
ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
12:48
I think that really leads nowhere.
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12:50
But a better way is what I call the proactionary principle,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื” ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืคืขืœืชื ื™.
ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžื’ืข ืขื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
12:53
which is, you engage with technology.
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12:55
You try it out.
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ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืืช ื–ื”.
12:57
You obviously do what the precautionary principle suggests,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฆื™ืข,
13:01
you try to anticipate it,
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ืืชื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื”. ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฆืคื™ืช ืื•ืชื”
13:02
but after anticipating it,
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ืืชื” ืžืขืจื™ืš ืื•ืชื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
13:04
you constantly asses it,
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13:05
not just once, but eternally.
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™ ืืœื ืœื ืฆื—
13:07
And when it diverts from what you want,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,
13:10
we prioritize risk, we evaluate not just the new stuff,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ - ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ืจืง
ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืœื ื’ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื
13:13
but the old stuff.
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13:14
We fix it; but most importantly,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื
13:16
we relocate it.
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13:17
And what I mean by that is,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš
13:19
we find a new job for it.
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
13:21
Nuclear energy, fission, is a really bad idea for bombs.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืงื•ืข ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืข
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคืฆืฆื•ืช
13:25
But it may be a pretty good idea relocated into sustainable nuclear energy
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืงื•ื
ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืจืช ืงื™ื™ืžื
13:30
for electricity, instead of burning coal.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืคื—ื.
13:33
When we have a bad idea,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
13:34
the response to a bad idea
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13:36
is not no ideas, it's not to stop thinking.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:39
The response to a bad idea --
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืจืข
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื™ืงื— ื ื•ืจืช ื˜ื•ื ื’ืกื˜ื•ืŸ -(ืœื”ื˜)
13:42
like, say, a tungsten lightbulb --
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13:44
is a better idea.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืื•-ืงื™?
13:46
So, better ideas is really always the response
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ืœื›ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
13:50
to technology we don't like;
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ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
13:51
it's basically better technology.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:54
And actually, in a certain sense, technology is a kind of a method
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:58
for generating better ideas,
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13:59
if you can think about it that way.
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ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื”
14:01
So, maybe spraying DDT on crops is a really bad idea.
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ืจืข
14:04
But DDT sprayed on local homes --
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ืกื•ืก ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ื
14:07
there's nothing better to eliminate malaria,
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ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื–ื” ืœื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ื”ืžืœืจื™ื”
14:10
besides insect DDT-impregnated mosquito nets.
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ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืฉืžื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืœื–ื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื.
14:14
But that's a really good idea; that's a good job for technology.
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ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:17
So our job as humans is to parent our mind children,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ื™ื
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื ื• ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื,
14:21
to find them good friends,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
14:23
to find them a good job.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
14:24
And so, every technology is sort of a creative force
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื™ื•ืฆืจ
14:27
looking for the right job.
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”
14:29
That's actually my son, right here.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ
14:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:32
There are no bad technologies,
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช
14:35
just as there are no bad children.
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ื›ืฉื ืฉืื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืจืขื™ื
14:37
We don't say children are neutral; children are positive.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื
14:39
We just have to find them the right place.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
14:42
And so, what technology gives us over the long term --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืœื ื•
ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ
14:46
over this sort of extended evolution from the beginning of time,
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ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
14:49
through the invention of the plants and animals,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื
14:53
and the evolution of life, the evolution of brains --
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ื•ื“ืจืš ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—
14:56
what that is constantly giving us is increasing differences:
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
15:00
It's increasing diversity, it's increasing options,
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
ื–ื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
15:03
it's increasing choices, opportunities, possibilities and freedoms.
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ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:07
That's what we get from technology all the time.
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15:09
That's why people leave villages and go into cities --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื
ื•ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
15:12
because they are always gravitating towards increased choices
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ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:16
and possibilities.
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15:17
And we are aware of the price;
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
15:20
we pay a price for that, but we're aware of it,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื• ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
15:22
and generally, we will pay the price for increased freedoms,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ
ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
15:25
choices and opportunities.
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15:27
Even technology wants clean water.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื
15:30
Is technology diametrically opposed to nature?
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ื”ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช
ืืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ?
15:34
Because technology is an extension of life,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
15:37
it's in parallel and aligned with the same things
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ื–ื” ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืžื™ื•ืฉืจ ืขื ืื•ืชื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
15:40
that life wants.
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15:42
So that I think technology loves biology,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
15:44
if we allow it to.
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื” ืืช ื–ื”
15:46
Great movement starting billions of years ago
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
15:50
is moving through us and it continues to go,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
15:52
and our choice, so to speak, in technology,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ
15:56
is really to align ourselves with this force
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ืขื ื›ื•ื— ืฉื—ื–ืง ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื™ืชื ื•
15:58
much greater than ourselves.
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15:59
So, technology is more than just the stuff in your pocket;
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ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืฉืœืš.
16:02
it's more than just gadgets,
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื.
16:04
it's more than just things that people invent.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืืจื•ืš
16:06
It's actually part of a very long story -- a great story --
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ืคืœื ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื
16:10
that began billions of years ago.
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16:11
It's moving through us, this self-organization,
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ืฉื ืข ื“ืจื›ื ื• ื‘ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืชื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื•ืžืื™ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื•
16:14
and we're extending and accelerating it,
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ื•ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืืžื” ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
16:16
and we can be part of it by aligning the technology that we make with it.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื”.
16:19
And I really appreciate your attention today.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:22
Thank you.
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16:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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