请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。
翻译人员:
校对人员: Yolanda Zhang
00:12
When was I was 21 years old,
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我21岁的时候
有很多物理作业
00:15
I had all this physics homework.
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00:17
Physics homework requires taking breaks,
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做物理作业的时候需要休息
00:20
and Wikipedia was relatively new,
so I took a lot of breaks there.
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当时维基百科刚刚兴起
所以我经常在那儿浏览 放松
00:24
I kept going back to the same articles,
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我总是看同一篇文章
00:26
reading them again and again,
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反反复复地看
00:28
on glaciers, Antarctica and Greenland.
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关于冰川 南极洲和格陵兰岛的
00:33
How cool would it be to visit these places
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如果能去那些地方该有多酷啊
00:35
and what would it take to do so?
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需要做什么准备呢
00:38
Well, here we are
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让我们来看看
00:39
on a repurposed Air Force cargo plane
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在一辆被改造的空军客机上
00:41
operated by NASA
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客机由NASA操作
00:43
flying over the Greenland ice sheet.
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从格陵兰岛的冰原上方飞过
00:46
There's a lot to see here,
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你可以看到很多东西
00:48
but there's more that is hidden,
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但是更多的是看不到的
00:49
waiting to be uncovered.
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等待被发掘
00:52
What the Wikipedia articles didn't tell me
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维基百科没有告诉我的是
00:54
is that there's liquid water
hidden inside the ice sheet,
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在冰原下面有隐藏的液态水
00:58
because we didn't know that yet.
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因为当时没有人知道
01:02
I did learn on Wikipedia
that the Greenland ice sheet is huge,
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维基百科只告诉我
格陵兰岛的冰原面积极大
01:05
the size of Mexico,
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和墨西哥的大小差不多
01:06
and its ice from top to bottom
is two miles thick.
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它的整个冰层足有2英里厚
01:10
But it's not just static.
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但它并非静止不动
01:12
The ice flows like a river
downhill towards the ocean.
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冰块就像河水一样沿着山体流向海中
01:17
As it flows around bends,
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当它流经弯道的时候
01:19
it deforms and cracks.
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冰块会变形然后破裂
01:21
I get to study these amazing ice dynamics,
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我开始接触到这种惊人的冰学动态,
01:24
which are located in one of the most
remote physical environments
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它位于地球上现存的最荒僻的
01:27
remaining on earth.
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自然环境中
01:29
To work in glaciology right now
is like getting in on the ground floor
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要立刻投入冰川学的工作
就像在20世纪末抢先创建 脸书 一样
01:33
at Facebook in the 2000s.
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01:35
(Laughter)
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(笑)
01:37
Our capability to fly airplanes
and satellites over the ice sheets
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我们在冰原上方驾驶飞机
以及已有卫星的能力
01:40
is revolutionizing glaciology.
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正引发着冰川学的变革
01:42
It's just starting to do for science
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它对于科学的作用
01:44
what the smartphone
has done for social media.
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就像智能手机对于社交媒体一样重要
01:47
The satellites are reporting
a wealth of observations
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卫星报告的大量观测
01:50
that are revealing new hidden facts
about the ice sheets continuously.
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都持续地发掘着冰原下的秘密
01:55
For instance, we have observations
of the size of the Greenland ice sheet
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例如 我们有格陵兰岛冰原
大小的观测数据
01:59
every month going back to 2002.
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从2002年至今的每个月都有
02:02
You can look towards the bottom
of the screen here
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你们可以看到屏幕的下方
02:04
to see the month and the year go forward.
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观察随着年月的增加带来的数据变化
02:06
You can see that some areas
of the ice sheet melt
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你们可以看到在某些区域冰原融化
02:09
or lose ice in the summer.
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或是在夏天的时候彻底消融
02:11
Other areas experience snowfall
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其他的区域经历着降雪
02:13
or gain ice back in the winter.
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或是在冬天的时候重新结冰
02:16
This seasonal cycle, though, is eclipsed
by an overall rate of mass loss
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然而这种季节周期性的变化
与总体质量的流失相比不值一提
02:21
that would have stunned
a glaciologist 50 years ago.
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这会使50年前的冰川学家目瞪口呆
02:25
We never thought that an ice sheet could
lose mass into the ocean this quickly.
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我们从未想过
冰原流失的速度会如此之快
02:31
Since these measurements began in 2002,
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因为这些测量从2002年开始
02:33
the ice sheet has lost so much ice
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冰原已经有大量的冰流失
02:36
that if that water were piled up
on our smallest continent,
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如果那些融化的水积聚在澳大利亚这
这块世界上最小的大陆上
02:39
it would drown Australia knee-deep.
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将会有膝盖那么深
02:42
How is this possible?
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这怎么可能呢
02:45
Well, under the ice lies the bedrock.
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事实上 在冰的下面是基岩
02:48
We used radar to image the hills,
valleys, mountains and depressions
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我们用雷达描绘山丘 峡谷
山脉和洼地的图像
02:53
that the ice flows over.
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那些冰块川流过的地方
02:54
Hidden under the ice sheet are channels
the size of the Grand Canyon
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在冰原下是和美国大峡谷
一般大的海峡
02:58
that funnel ice and water
off of Greenland and into the ocean.
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成漏斗形 将格陵兰岛上的
冰和水导入海洋中
03:04
The reason that radar
can reveal the bedrock
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雷达可以展现基岩的原因
03:06
is that ice is entirely
transparent to radar.
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在于对于雷达而言 冰是完全透明的
03:09
You can do an experiment.
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你们可以做一个实验
03:11
Go home and put
an ice cube in the microwave.
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回家把冰块放在微波炉中
03:14
It won't melt,
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它不会融化
03:16
because microwaves, or radar,
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因为微波或者雷达
03:18
pass straight through the ice
without interacting.
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直接穿过冰块而不会对其发生作用
03:22
If you want to melt your ice cube,
you have to get it wet,
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如果你想使冰块融化
应该先把它变湿
03:25
because water heats up easily
in the microwave.
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因为水在微波中容易升温
03:29
That's the whole principle
the microwave oven is designed around.
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那是微波炉的设计原理
03:32
Radar can see water.
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雷达看得见水
03:35
And radar has revealed
a vast pool of liquid water
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雷达显示了极大量的液态水
03:38
hidden under my colleague Olivia,
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隐藏在我同事Olivia的脚下
03:40
seven stories beneath her feet.
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大概有七层楼高
03:43
Here, she's used a pump
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她正在用一个泵
03:44
to bring some of that water
back to the ice sheet's surface.
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将部分这些水运回冰原的表面
03:47
Just six years ago, we had no idea
this glacier aquifer existed.
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六年前 我们并不知道
这个冰川下方含水层的存在
03:53
The aquifer formed
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含水层形成于
03:55
when snow melts in the summer sun
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雪在夏日下融化
03:57
and trickles downward.
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然后慢慢地向下流
03:59
It puddles up in huge pools.
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它在巨大的水坑中搅动
04:02
From there, the snow acts as an igloo,
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从那儿开始 雪就像冰屋一样
04:05
insulating this water
from the cold and the wind above.
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将水与上方的寒冷和风隔绝开
04:09
So the water can stay
hidden in the ice sheet
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所以水得以隐藏在冰原之下
04:11
in liquid form year after year.
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以液态年复一年地存在着
04:14
The question is, what happens next?
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问题是 接下来会发生什么呢
04:17
Does the water stay there forever?
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那些水会永远待在那儿吗
04:19
It could.
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这是可能的
04:20
Or does it find a way out
to reach the global ocean?
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或者它能找到一种
流入全球海洋的方法吗
04:24
One possible way
for the water to reach the bedrock
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水要流到基岩并且
从那儿流入海洋的
04:27
and from there the ocean
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一种可行方法
04:29
is a crevasse, or a crack in the ice.
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是找到一个决口 或是冰里面的缝隙
04:32
When cracks fill with water,
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当裂缝中充满了水
04:34
the weight of the water
forces them deeper and deeper.
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水的重量使它们不断向下开裂
04:37
This is how fracking works
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这是液态破碎法的工作原理
04:39
to extract natural gas
from deep within the earth.
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使地球深处的天然气流出
04:42
Pressurized fluids fracture rocks.
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增压的流体使岩石破碎
04:44
All it takes is a crack to get started.
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这一切只需要从一个裂缝开始
04:47
Well, we recently discovered
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我们最近发现
04:50
that there are cracks available
in the Greenland ice sheet
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在格陵兰岛的冰原就有这样的裂缝
04:54
near this glacier aquifer.
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在冰川含水层附近
04:56
You can fly over
most of the Greenland ice sheet
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你可以飞过格陵兰岛的大部分冰原
04:58
and see nothing,
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但你什么都看不到
04:59
no cracks, no features on the surface,
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没有裂缝 表面也没有任何征兆
05:02
but as this helicopter
flies towards the coast,
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但是当这架直升机飞向海岸
05:06
the path that water would take
on its quest to flow downhill,
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沿着水流下山的路径
05:09
one crack appears,
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一个裂缝出现了
05:11
then another and another.
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接着一个又一个
05:14
Are these cracks filled with liquid water?
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这些裂缝中都充满了液态水吗
05:17
And if so, how deep
do they take that water?
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如果是的话 那些水有多深呢
05:20
Can they take it to the bedrock
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它们深到基岩了吗
05:21
and the ocean?
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或者是海洋
05:23
To answer these questions,
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为了回答这些问题
05:24
we need something
beyond remote sensing data.
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我们需要一些遥感数据以外的信息
05:28
We need numeric models.
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我们需要数学模型
05:31
I write numeric models
that run on supercomputers.
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我编写了一个在超型计算机上
运行的数学模型
05:34
A numeric model
is simply a set of equations
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一个数学模型只是一组方程式
05:36
that works together to describe something.
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它们一起运作时可以描述一些东西
05:39
It can be as simple
as the next number in a sequence --
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它可能和序列中下一个数字一样简单
05:42
one, three, five, seven --
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1 3 5 7
05:45
or it can be a more complex
set of equations
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或者也可以是更复杂的方程组
05:47
that predict the future
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基于现在
05:49
based on known conditions in the present.
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已知的条件预测未来
05:51
In our case, what are
the equations for how ice cracks?
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在我们的案例中描述
冰裂的方程式是什么呢
05:56
Well, engineers already have
a very good understanding
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工程师已经熟知
05:59
of how aluminum, steel and plastics
fracture under stress.
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关于铝 钢和塑料在压力下如何断裂
06:04
It's an important problem in our society.
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这对于我们的社会生活十分重要
06:07
And it turns out
that the engineering equations
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事实证明 工程师关于材料如何断裂的
06:10
for how materials fracture
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数模方程
06:11
are not that different
from my physics homework.
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和我的物理作业没有什么不同
06:14
So I borrowed them, adapted them for ice,
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所以我借鉴了它们 并运用到冰中
06:17
and then I had a numeric model
for how a crevasse can fracture
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于是我建立了一个关于
当裂缝充满了来自含水层的水
06:20
when filled with water from the aquifer.
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会如何断裂的数学模型
06:24
This is the power of math.
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这是数学的力量
06:25
It can help us understand
real processes in our world.
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它能帮我们了解这个世界中
一个个真实的过程
06:29
I'll show you now
the results of my numeric model,
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我现在要向你们展示
我的数模计算结果
06:32
but first I should point out
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但是首先我要指出
06:34
that the crevasse is about
a thousand times narrower than it is deep,
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这些决口的宽度
比它们的深度小1000倍
06:38
so in the main panel here,
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所以在这个主面板上
06:39
we've zoomed in to better see the details.
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我们放大了它以便更好地观察细节
06:41
You can look to the smaller
panel on the right
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你们可以参考右边那个更小的数据条
06:43
to see the true scale
for how tall and skinny the crevasse is.
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来估算这些狭长裂缝的真实尺寸比例
06:48
As the aquifer water
flows into the crevasse,
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因为含水层的水流入了裂缝
06:51
some of it refreezes
in the negative 15 degree Celsius ice.
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其中一部分在零下15摄氏度结冰了
06:55
That's about as cold
as your kitchen freezer.
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和厨房冰箱的冷冻层一样冷
06:57
But this loss can be overcome
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但是这部分的缺失是可以克服的
06:59
if the flow rate in from
the glacier aquifer is high enough.
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如果来自含水层的流量足够大的话
07:03
In our case, it is,
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在我们的案例中情况就是这样的
07:05
and the aquifer water drives the crevasse
all the way to the base of the ice sheet
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含水层的水使裂缝裂到冰原的底部
07:09
a thousand meters below.
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海拔 负1000米
07:12
From there, it has a clear path
to reach the ocean.
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在那儿 有一条很清晰的
通往海洋的路径
07:16
So the aquifer water is a part
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所以含水层的水部分影响了
07:18
of the three millimeters
per year of sea level rise
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每年海平面3毫米的上升
07:22
that we experience as a global society.
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这正是我们全球社会所经历的
07:26
But there's more:
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但是还有别的问题
07:27
the aquifer water
might be punching above its weight.
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含水层的流量可能不足
07:31
The ice flows in complex ways.
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冰以复杂的方式流动
07:35
In some places, the ice flows very fast.
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在有的地方冰流动很快
07:37
There tends to be water
at the base of the ice sheet here.
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它们可能在冰原的底部变成水
07:41
In other places, not so fast.
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在其他地方则没有这么快
07:43
Usually, there's not water
present at the base there.
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通常情况下在底部没有水的出现
07:46
Now that we know the aquifer water
is getting to the base of the ice sheet,
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既然我们知道了
含水层的水会到达冰原底部
07:50
the next question is:
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那么下一个问题是
07:52
Is it making the ice itself
flow faster into the ocean?
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它会加快冰流入海洋的速度吗
07:58
We're trying to uncover these mysteries
hidden inside the Greenland ice sheet
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我们尝试着去解开
藏在格陵兰岛冰原下的秘密
08:01
so that we can better plan
for the sea level rise it holds.
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以便更好地规划解决
它所造成的海平面上升问题
08:06
The amount of ice
that Greenland has lost since 2002
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从2002年起格陵兰岛流失的冰量
08:09
is just a small fraction
of what that ice sheet holds.
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只是那片冰原体积的一小部分
08:14
Ice sheets are immense, powerful machines
that operate on long timescales.
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冰原是巨型 强大
可以长时间工作的调节器
08:19
In the next 80 years, global sea levels
will rise at least 20 centimeters,
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在未来的80年
全球海平面至少会上升20cm
08:24
perhaps as much as one meter,
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甚至可能是1米
08:26
and maybe more.
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也有可能更多
08:28
Our understanding
of future sea level rise is good,
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我们对于未来海平面的了解是好的
08:31
but our projections have a wide range.
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但是我们的预测太宽泛了
08:34
It's our role as glaciologists
and scientists
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我们作为冰川学家和
科学家的责任就是
08:37
to narrow these uncertainties.
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减少这些不确定性
08:40
How much sea level rise is coming,
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海平面会上涨多少
08:43
and how fast will it get here?
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上涨多快
08:46
We need to know how much and how fast,
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我们需要知道它的变化幅度和速度
08:50
so the world and its communities can
plan for the sea level rise that's coming.
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这样社会各界才能做好准备
应对未来的海平面上升
08:55
Thank you.
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谢谢
08:56
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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