Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes | Fredros Okumu

Translator: Doris Mangalu Reviewer: Nelson Simfukwe

I guess because I'm from Tanzania

Nahisi sababu nimetoka Tanzania

I have a responsibility to welcome all of you once again.

nina wajibu wa kuwakaribisha wote kwa mara nyingine.

Thank you for coming.

Asanteni kwa kuja.

So, first of all, before we start,

Kwanza kabisa, kabla hatujaanza,

how many of you in the audience

wangapi wenu kwenye hadhira

have been in the past a victim of this bug here?

wamekuwa kipindi cha nyuma waathirika wa mdudu huyu hapa?

We apologize on behalf of all the mosquito catchers.

Tunaomba msamaha kwa niaba ya wakamata mbu wote.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

Ladies and gentlemen,

Mabibi na mabwana,

imagine getting seven infectious mosquito bites every day.

fikiria kuumwa na mbu saba wenye maambukizi kila siku.

That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.

Hizo ni umo 2,555 yenye maambukizi kila mwaka.

When I was in college, I moved to the Kilombero River valley

Nilipokua chuo, nilihamia bonde la mto la Kilombero

in the southeastern part of Tanzania.

eneo la kusini-mashariki la Tanzania.

This is historically one of the most malarious zones

Hii kihistoria ni moja ya kanda zenye malaria zaidi

in the world at that time.

kwenye dunia kwa muda huo.

Life here was difficult.

Maisha hapo yalikuwa magumu.

In its later stages

Kwenye hatua zake za baadae

malaria manifested with extreme seizures locally known as degedege.

malaria ilibainika na kifafa kilichokithiri kilichoitwa degedege.

It's killed both women and men, adults and children,

Kimeua wote wanawake kwa wanaume, wakubwa na wadogo,

without mercy.

bila huruma.

My home institution, Ifakara Health Institute,

Taasisi yangu ya nyumbani, Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara

began in this valley in the 1950s

ilianza kwenye hili bonde miaka ya 1950

to address priority health needs for the local communities.

kuzungumzia mahitaji ya afya yenye kipaumbele kwa jamii ya ndani.

In fact, the name Ifakara refers to a place you go to die,

Ki kweli, jina Ifakara lina maanisha sehemu unaenda kufa,

which is a reflection of what life used to be here

ambayo inaonyesha jinsi maisha yalivyokua hapa

in the days before organized public health care.

kwenye siku kabla ya kupanga huduma za afya ya umma.

When I first moved here,

Mwanzoni nilipohamia hapa,

my primary role was to estimate

jukumu la msingi lilikua kukadiria

how much malaria transmission was going on across the villages

ni kiasi cha maambukizi ya malaria yanayoendelea katika vijiji

and which mosquitoes were transmitting the disease.

na ni mbu gani waliokuwa wakisambaza ugonjwa.

So my colleague and myself came

Hivyo mimi na mwenzangu tukaenda

30 kilometers south of Ifakara town across the river.

kilomita 30 kusini mwa mji wa Ifakara kupitia mto.

Every evening we went into the villages with flashlights and siphons.

Kila jioni tulienda kwenye vijiji na tochi na mabomba.

We rolled up our trousers,

Tulikunja suruali zetu,

and waited for mosquitoes that were coming to bite us

na kungojea mbu ambao walikuja kutung'ata

so we could collect them

ili tuweze kuwakusanya

to check if they were carrying malaria.

kuwaangalia kama wamebeba malaria.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

My colleague and myself selected a household,

Mimi na mwenzangu tulichagua kaya,

and we started inside and outside, swapping positions every half hour.

na tukaanza ndani na nje, tukibadilishana nafasi kila nusu saa.

And we did this for 12 hours every night for 24 consecutive nights.

Na tulifanya hivi kwa masaa 12 kila usiku kwa usiku 24 mfululizo.

We slept for four hours every morning

Tulilala kwa masaa manne kila asubuhi

and worked the rest of the day,

na kufanya kazi siku nzima,

sorting mosquitoes, identifying them and chopping off their heads

kuchambua mbu, kuwatambua na kukata vichwa vyao

so they could be analyzed in the lab

ili waweze kuchanganua maabara

to check if they were carrying malaria parasites

kuangalia kama wanabeba vimelea vya malaria

in their blood mouthparts.

kwenye damu ya midomo yao.

This way we were able to not only know how much malaria was going on here

Hii njia tunaweza kutokujua tu kiasi gani cha malaria kinaendelea hapa

but also which mosquitoes were carrying this malaria.

lakini pia mbu gani walibeba hii malaria.

We were also able to know

Tumeweza pia kujua

whether malaria was mostly inside houses or outside houses.

kama malaria ilikua nyingi nje au ndani ya nyumba.

Today, ladies and gentlemen, I still catch mosquitoes for a living.

Leo, mabibi na mabwana, bado ninakamata mbu kama kazi.

But I do this mostly to improve people's lives and well-being.

Lakini nafanya hivi mara nyingi kuboresha maisha ya watu na hali njema.

This has been called by some people the most dangerous animal on earth --

Hii imeitwa na baadhi ya watu kua mnyama wa hatari zaidi duniani --

which unfortunately is true.

ambayo kwa bahati mbaya ni kweli.

But what do we really know about mosquitoes?

Lakini ni nini tunachojua hasa kuhusu mbu?

It turns out we actually know very little.

Inaonekana kwa kweli tunajua kidogo sana.

Consider the fact that at the moment our best practice against malaria

Zingatia ukweli kua wakati huu njia yetu bora dhidi ya malaria

are bednets -- insecticide treated bednets.

ni vyandarua -- vyandarua vyenye dawa ya wadudu.

We know now that across Africa

Tunajua kua katika Afrika

you have widespread resistance to insecticides.

una upinzani ulioenea kwa dawa ya wadudu.

And these are the same insecticides,

Na hizi ndizo zilezile dawa za wadudu

the pyrethroid class, that are put on these bednets.

za darasa la pyrethroid, zilizo kwenye vyandarua.

We know now that these bednets protect you from bites

Tunajua kua hivi vyandarua vinakulinda using'atwe

but only minimally kill the mosquitoes that they should.

lakini vinaua kidogo tu mbu wanaotakiwa.

What it means is that we've got to do more to be able to get to zero.

Kinachomaanisha ni kua tunatakiwa kufanya zaidi kuweza kufikia sifuri.

And that's part of our duty.

Na hio ni sehemu ya kazi yetu.

At Ifakara Health Institute

Kwenye Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara

we focus very much on the biology of the mosquito,

tunalenga sana kwenye biolojia ya mbu,

and we try to do this so we can identify new opportunities.

na tunajaribu kufanya hivi ili kutambua nafasi mpya.

A new approach.

Mtazamo mpya.

New ways to try and get new options

Njia mpya kujaribu kupata suluhisho mpya

that we can use together with things such as bednets

ambazo tunaweza kutumia pamoja na vitu kama vyandarua

to be able to get to zero.

kuweza kufikia sifuri.

And I'm going to share with you a few examples

Nitaenda kuwashirikisha mifano michache

of the things that my colleagues and myself do.

ya vitu ambavyo wenzangu na mimi tunafanya.

Take this, for example.

Chukua hii, kwa mfano.

Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.

Mbu huzaliana kwenye mabwawa madogo ya maji.

Not all of them are easy to find --

Sio wote ni rahisi kupatikana --

they can be scattered across villages,

wanaweza kutawanyika katika vijiji,

they can be as small as hoofprints.

wanaweza kua ndogo kama alama za kwato.

They can be behind your house or far from your house.

Zinaweza kua nyuma ya nyumba yako au mbali na nyumba yako.

And so, if you wanted to control mosquito larvae,

Na hivyo, kama unataka kuthibiti mabuu ya mbu,

it can actually be quite difficult to get them.

kwa kweli inaweza kua ngumu kabisa kuzipata.

What my colleagues and I have decided to do

Wenzangu na mimi tulichoamua kufanya

is to think about what if we used mosquitoes themselves

ni kufikiri je tukitumia mbu wenyewe

to carry the insecticides from a place of our choice

kubeba dawa ya wadudu kutoka sehemu ya chaguo letu

to their own breeding habitats

mpaka kwenye mazingira yao ya kuzaliana

so that whichever eggs they lay there shall not survive.

ili mayai yoyote watakayotaga pale yasiishi.

This is Dickson Lwetoijera.

Huyu ni Dickson Lwetoijera.

This is my colleague who runs this show at Ifakara.

Huyu ni mwenzangu anaeendesha tamasha hili Ifakara.

And he has demonstrated cleverly that you can actually get mosquitoes

Na ameonyesha kwa ustadi kua unaweza kwa kweli kupata mbu

to come to the place where they normally come to get blood

kuja kwenye eneo ambalo kawaida wanapata damu

to pick up a dose of sterilants or insecticide,

kuchagua kiasi cha dawa za kusafisha au dawa ya wadudu,

carry this back to their own breeding habitat

kuzirudisha kwenye mazingira yao ya kuzaliana

and kill all their progeny.

na kuua kizazi chao wenyewe.

And we have demonstrated that you can do this

Na tumeonyesha kua unaweza kufanya hivi

and crush populations very, very rapidly.

na kuponda wakazi kwa haraka sana sana.

This is beautiful.

Hii ni nzuri.

This is our mosquito city.

Hili ni jiji letu la mbu.

It is the largest mosquito farm

Ni shamba kubwa la mbu kuliko yote

available in the world for malaria research.

linalopatikana duniani kwa tafiti za malaria.

Here we have large-scale self-sustaining colonies of malaria mosquitoes

Hapa tuna kiasi kikubwa cha jamii inayojiendesha yenyewe ya mbu wa malaria

that we rear in these facilities.

ambao tunakuza kwenye hivi vituo.

Of course, they are disease-free.

Bila shaka, hawa hawana magonjwa.

But what these systems allow us to do

Hii mifumo inachoturuhusu kufanya

is to introduce new tools and test them immediately,

ni kuanzisha zana mpya na kuzijaribu mara moja,

very quickly,

haraka sana,

and see if we can crush these populations or control them in some way.

na kuona kama tutaponda haya makazi au kuzidhibiti kwa njia nyingine.

And my colleagues have demonstrated

Wenzangu wote wameonyesha

that if you just put two or three positions

kua ukiweka tu nafasi mbili au tatu

where mosquitoes can go pick up these lethal substances,

ambazo mbu wanaweza kwenda kuokota hivi vitu vya hatari,

we can crush these colonies in just three months.

tutaponda hizi jamii ndani ya miezi mitatu tu.

That's autodissemination, as we call it.

Hio tunaita, usambazaji wa kujitegemea.

But what if we could use

Lakini inakuaje tukitumia

the mosquitoes' sexual behavior

tabia za ngono za mbu

to also control them?

na kuzitawala?

So, first of all I would like to tell you

Hivyo, kwanza kabisa ningependa kuwaambia

that actually mosquitoes mate in what we call swarms.

kua ki ukweli mbu wanajamiiana kwenye tunachoita makundi.

Male mosquitoes usually congregate

Mbu dume kawaida wanakusanyika

in clusters around the horizon, usually after sunset.

kwenye makundi karibu na upeo wa macho, kawaida baada ya jua kuzama.

The males go there for a dance,

Madume wanaenda pale kucheza dansi,

the females fly into that dance

majike wanaelekea kwenye hio dansi

and select a male mosquito of their choice,

na kuchagua mbu wa kiume wa chaguo lao,

usually the best-looking male in their view.

kawaida dume linalovutia kwa mtazamo wao.

They clump together and fall down onto the floor.

Wanashikana pamoja na kuamguka chini kwenye sakafu.

If you watch this, it's beautiful.

Ukitazama hii, ni nzuri sana.

It's a fantastic phenomenon.

Ni jambo la ajabu.

This is where our mosquito-catching work gets really interesting.

Hapa ndipo kazi yetu ya ukamataji mbu unakua wa kuvutia mno.

What we have seen, when we go swarm hunting in the villages,

Tulichokiona, tunapoenda kuwinda makundi vijijini,

is that these swarm locations tend to be at exactly the same location

ni kwamba haya maeneo ya vikundi huwa yanakua kwenye eneo lilelile kabisa

every day, every week, every month,

kila siku, kila wiki, kila mwezi,

year in, year out.

kwa mwaka mzima.

They start at exactly the same time of the evening,

Wanaanza kabisa mda ule ule jioni,

and they are at exactly the same locations.

na wanakua kabisa kwenye maeneo yale yale.

What does this tell us?

Hii inatuambia nini?

It means that if we can map all these locations across villages,

Ina maanisha kama tukiwa na ramani ya maeneo yote haya katika vijiji,

we could actually

tunaweza kabisa

crush these populations by just a single blow.

kuponda haya makazi kwa pigo moja tu.

Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them or nuke them out.

Kama vile, kuwawekea bomu la dawa au kuwatoa na nyuklia.

And that is what we try to do with young men and women

Na ndio tunachotaka kufanya na vijana wakike na wakiume

across the villages.

katika vijiji.

We organize these crews, teach them how to identify the swarms,

Tunaandaa hawa wafanyakazi, kuwafundisha jinsi ya kutambua makundi,

and spray them out.

na kuwapulizia nje.

My colleagues and I believe we have a new window

Wenzangu na mimi tunaamini tuna mwangaza mpya

to get mosquitoes out of the valley.

ya kutoa mbu nje ya bonde.

But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes eat blood, human blood,

Lakini pengine ukweli kua mbu wanakula damu, damu ya binadamu,

is the reason they are the most dangerous animal on earth.

ndio sababu ni mnyama wa hatari sana duniani.

But think about it this way --

Lakini fikiria hio hivi --

mosquitoes actually smell you.

mbu ki kweli wanakunusa.

And they have developed

Na wamekuza

incredible sensory organs.

viungo vya hisia vya ajabu.

They can smell from as far sometimes as 100 meters away.

Wanaweza kunusa kwa umbali mara nyingine wa mita 100.

And when they get closer,

Na wanaposogea karibu,

they can even tell the difference between two family members.

wanaweza hata kuona tofauti kati ya watu wa familia mbili.

They know who you are based on what you produce

Wanajua wewe ni nani kadri na unachozalisha

from your breath, skin, sweat and body odor.

kutoka kwenye pumzi, ngozi, jasho na harufu ya mwili.

What we have done at Ifakara

Tulichokifanya Ifakara

is to identify what it is in your skin, your body, your sweat or your breath

ni kutambua kilicho kwenye ngozi yako, mwili wako, jasho lako au pumzi

that these mosquitoes like.

ambazo hawa mbu wanapenda.

Once we identified these substances, we created a concoction,

Mara moja baada ya kutambua hivi vitu, tuliunda mchanganyiko,

kind of a mixture, a blend of synthetic substances

kama mkorogo, mchangamano wa vitu vilivyotengenezwa

that are reminiscent of what you produce from your body.

ambavyo vina kumbukumbu ya unachozalisha mwilini mwako.

And we made a synthetic blend

Na tunatengeneza mchangamano wa kutengenezwa

that was attracting three to five times more mosquitoes than a human being.

ambayo ilivutia mbu watatu mpaka watano zaidi ya binadamu.

What can you do with this?

Utafanya nini na hili?

You put in a trap, lure a lot of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?

Unaweka kwenye mtego, shawishi mbu wengi na kuwaua, ndio?

And of course, you can also use it for surveillance.

Na bila shaka, unaweza pia ukatumia kwa ufuatiliaji.

At Ifakara

Katika Ifakara

we wish to expand our knowledge on the biology of the mosquito;

tunataka kupanua maarifa yetu kwenye biolojia ya mbu;

to control many other diseases, including, of course, the malaria,

kudhibiti magonjwa mengi zaidi, ikiwemo, bila shaka, malaria,

but also those other diseases that mosquitoes transmit

lakini pia magonjwa mengine yanayosambazwa na mbu

like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.

kama dengue, Chikungunya na kirusi cha Zika.

And this is why my colleagues, for example --

Na hii ndio maana wenzangu, kwa mfano --

we have looked at the fact

tumeangalia kwenye ukweli

that some mosquitoes like to bite you on the leg region.

kua baadhi ya mbu wanapenda kukung'ata eneo la mguu.

And we've now created these mosquito repellent sandals

Na sasa tumeunda hivi viatu vya kuzuia mbu

that tourists and locals can wear when they're coming.

ambavyo watalii na wenyeji wanaweza kuvaa wanapokuja.

And you don't get bitten --

Na hauwezi kung'atwa --

this gives you 'round the clock protection

hii inakupa ulinzi masaa yote

until the time you go under your bednet.

mpaka mda unaingia kwenye chandarua chako.

(Applause)

(Makofi)

My love-hate relationship with mosquitoes continues.

Uhusiano wangu wa upendo na chuki na mbu unaendelea.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

And it's going to go a long way, I can see.

Na utaendelea kwa mda mrefu, ninaona.

But that's OK.

Lakini ni sawa.

WHO has set a goal of 2030 to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.

WHO imeweka lengo la 2030 kuondoa malaria kwenye nchi 35.

The African Union has set a goal

Muungano wa Afrika umeweka lengo

of 2030 to eliminate malaria from the continent.

la 2030 kuondoa malaria kwenye bara.

At Ifakara we are firmly behind these goals.

Ifakara tupo imara nyuma ya haya malengo.

And we've put together a cohort of young scientists,

Na tumeweka pamoja utafiti wa kundi wa wanasayansi vijana,

male and female,

wanaume na wanawake,

who are champions,

ambao ni mabingwa,

who are interested in coming together to make this vision come true.

ambao wana nia wa kuja pamoja kufanya hili ono kua kweli.

They do what they can

Wanafanya wanachoweza

to make it work.

ili ifanye kazi.

And we are supporting them.

Na tunawaunga mkono.

We are here to make sure that these dreams come true.

Tuko hapa kuhakikisha kua hizi ndoto zinakua kweli.

Ladies and gentlemen,

Mabibi na mabwana,

even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,

hata kama isipotokea kwenye maisha yetu,

even if it doesn't happen

hata kama isipotokea

before you and me go away,

kabla wewe na mimi hatujaondoka,

I believe that your child and my child

ninaamini kua mtoto wako na mtoto wangu

shall inherit a world free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes

watarithi dunia iliyohuru na mbu waenezao malaria

and free of malaria.

na huru na malaria.

Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.

Asanteni sana, mabibi na mabwana.

(Applause)

(Makofi)

Thank you.

Asante.

Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.

Kelo Kubu: Sawa, Fredros.

Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.

Tuongelee kuhusu CRISPR kidogo.

(Laughter)

(Kicheko)

It's taken the world by storm,

Imechukua dunia kwa tufani,

it promises to do amazing things.

imeahidi kufanya vitu vya kushangaza.

What do you think of scientists using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?

Unafikiria nini juu ya wanasayansi wanaotumia CRISPR kuua mbu?

Fredros Okumu: To answer this question, let's start from what the problem is.

Fredros Okumu: Kujibu swali hili, tuanze kwenye nini ndio tatizo.

First of all, we're talking about a disease that still kills --

Kwanza kabisa, tunaongelea kuhusu ugonjwa ambao bado unaua --

according to the latest figures we have from WHO --

kadri ya takwimu za karibuni tulizonazo kutoka WHO --

429,000 people.

watu 429,000.

Most of these are African children.

Wengi wao ni watoto wa Afrika.

Of course, we've made progress,

Bila shaka, tumefanya maendeleo.

there are countries that have achieved

kuna nchi zilizofanikiwa

up to 50-60 percent reduction in malaria burden.

mpaka asilima 50-60 imepungua ya mzigo wa malaria.

But we still have to do more to get to zero.

Lakini tunahitaji kufanya zaidi kufikia sifuri.

There is already proof of principle

Tayari kuna ushahidi wa kanuni

that gene-editing techniques, such as CRISPR,

kua mbinu za kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,

can be used effectively

zinaweza kutumika kiufanisi

to transform mosquitoes so that either they do not transmit malaria --

kubadilisha mbu ili aidha wasisambaze malaria --

we call this population alteration --

tunaita hii mabadiliko ya wakazi --

or that they no longer exist,

au wasiendelee kuwepo,

population suppression.

ukandamizaji wa wakazi.

This is already proven in the lab.

Hii tayari imethibitishwa kwenye maabara.

There is also modeling work

Kuna kazi pia ya muundo

that has demonstrated that even if you were to release

ambayo imeonyesha kua hata kama ungetoa

just a small number of these genetically modified mosquitoes,

idadi ndogo tu ya hawa mbu waliobadilishwa vinasaba,

that you can actually achieve elimination very, very quickly.

kua ungetimiza ki ukweli kuondoa kwa haraka sana.

So, CRISPR and tools like this offer us some real opportunities --

Hivyo, CRISPR na zana kama hizi zinatoa nafasi za ukweli --

real-life opportunities to have high-impact interventions

nafasi za maisha halisi kuwa na misaada yenye athari za juu

that we can use in addition to what we have now

ambayo tunaweza kutumia tukiongezea na tulichonacho sasa

to eventually go to zero.

ili hatimae kufikia sifuri.

This is important.

Hii ni muhimu.

Now, of course people always ask us --

Sasa, bila shaka watu wanatuuliza sisi --

which is a common question,

ambalo ni swali la kawaida,

I guess you're going to ask this as well --

nakisia utauliza hili pia --

"What happens if you eliminate mosquitoes?"

"Nini kitatokea kama utaondoa mbu?"

KK: I won't ask then, you answer.

KK: Basi sitouliza, wewe jibu.

FO: OK. In respect to this, I would just like to remind my colleagues

FO: Sawa. Kwa hali ya hili, ningependa tu kukumbusha wenzangu

that we have 3,500 mosquito species in this world.

kua tuna aina ya mbu 3,500 hapa duniani.

Maybe more than that.

Labda ata zaidi ya hao.

About 400 of these are Anophelenes,

Karibia 400 wa hawa ni Anophelene

and only about 70 of them have any capacity to transmit malaria.

na karibia 70 tu wa hao wanauwezo wowote wa kusambaza malaria.

In Africa, we're having to deal with three or four of these as the major guys.

Afrika, tunakua tunapambana na tatu au nne ya hawa kama jamaa wakuu.

They carry most -- like 99 percent of all the malaria we have.

Wanabeba zaidi -- kama asilimia 99 ya malaria tuliyonayo.

If we were to go out with gene editing like CRISPR,

Kama tungetakiwa kutoka na kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,

if we were to go out with gene drives to control malaria,

kama tungetakiwa kutoka na mwendesho wa kinasaba kuthibiti malaria,

we would be going after only one or two.

tungekua tunaenda kwa moja au mbili tu.

I don't see a diversity problem with that.

Sioni tatizo la utofauti na hilo.

But that's personal view.

Lakini huo ni mtazamo binafsi.

I think it's OK.

Nafikiri ni sawa.

And remember, by the way,

Na kumbuka, japo kuwa,

all these years we've been trying to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively

miaka yoye hii tumekua tukijaribu kuondoa hawa mbu kwa ufanisi

by spraying them -- our colleagues in America have sprayed with --

kwa kuwafukiza -- wenzetu wa Marekani wamewafukiza na --

really bomb-spraying these insects out of the villages.

kweli kuwapa hawa wadudu bomu la dawa kuwatoa vijijini.

In Africa we do a lot of household spraying.

Afrika tunafanya mengi kwenye kufukiza nyumbani.

All these are aimed solely at killing the mosquitoes.

Zote hizi zinalenga tu kwenye kuua mbu.

So there's really no problem if we had a new tool.

Hivyo hakuna kweli tatizo kama tukiwa na zana mpya.

But having said that, I have to say

Ila na kusema hivyo, lazima niseme

we also have to be very, very responsible here.

sisi pia tunatakiwa tuwajibike, sana hapa.

So there's the regulatory side, and we have to partner with our regulators

Hivyo kuna upande wa udhibiti, na tunatakiwa kuungana na waagizaji

and make sure that everything that we do is done correctly,

na kuhakikisha kua kila kitu tunachofanya kinakua sahihi,

is done responsibly

kinafanywa kwa kuwajibika

and that we also have to do independent risk assessments,

na kua tunatakiwa pia kutathmini hatari za kujitegemea

to just make sure

na kuhakikisha tu

that all these processes do not fall into the wrong hands.

kua michakato yote hii haiangukii kwenye mikono mibaya.

Thank you very much.

Asante sana.

KK: Thank you.

KK: Asante.

(Applause)

(Makofi)