Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes | Fredros Okumu

74,330 views ・ 2018-02-20

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Translator: Doris Mangalu Reviewer: Nelson Simfukwe
00:12
I guess because I'm from Tanzania
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Nahisi sababu nimetoka Tanzania
00:14
I have a responsibility to welcome all of you once again.
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nina wajibu wa kuwakaribisha wote kwa mara nyingine.
00:18
Thank you for coming.
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Asanteni kwa kuja.
00:19
So, first of all, before we start,
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Kwanza kabisa, kabla hatujaanza,
00:21
how many of you in the audience
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wangapi wenu kwenye hadhira
00:22
have been in the past a victim of this bug here?
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wamekuwa kipindi cha nyuma waathirika wa mdudu huyu hapa?
00:28
We apologize on behalf of all the mosquito catchers.
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Tunaomba msamaha kwa niaba ya wakamata mbu wote.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
00:33
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Mabibi na mabwana,
00:34
imagine getting seven infectious mosquito bites every day.
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fikiria kuumwa na mbu saba wenye maambukizi kila siku.
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.
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Hizo ni umo 2,555 yenye maambukizi kila mwaka.
00:44
When I was in college, I moved to the Kilombero River valley
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Nilipokua chuo, nilihamia bonde la mto la Kilombero
00:48
in the southeastern part of Tanzania.
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eneo la kusini-mashariki la Tanzania.
00:50
This is historically one of the most malarious zones
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Hii kihistoria ni moja ya kanda zenye malaria zaidi
00:53
in the world at that time.
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kwenye dunia kwa muda huo.
00:55
Life here was difficult.
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Maisha hapo yalikuwa magumu.
00:58
In its later stages
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Kwenye hatua zake za baadae
01:00
malaria manifested with extreme seizures locally known as degedege.
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malaria ilibainika na kifafa kilichokithiri kilichoitwa degedege.
01:05
It's killed both women and men, adults and children,
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Kimeua wote wanawake kwa wanaume, wakubwa na wadogo,
01:08
without mercy.
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bila huruma.
01:09
My home institution, Ifakara Health Institute,
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Taasisi yangu ya nyumbani, Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara
01:12
began in this valley in the 1950s
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ilianza kwenye hili bonde miaka ya 1950
01:14
to address priority health needs for the local communities.
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kuzungumzia mahitaji ya afya yenye kipaumbele kwa jamii ya ndani.
01:17
In fact, the name Ifakara refers to a place you go to die,
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Ki kweli, jina Ifakara lina maanisha sehemu unaenda kufa,
01:22
which is a reflection of what life used to be here
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ambayo inaonyesha jinsi maisha yalivyokua hapa
01:24
in the days before organized public health care.
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kwenye siku kabla ya kupanga huduma za afya ya umma.
01:28
When I first moved here,
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Mwanzoni nilipohamia hapa,
01:29
my primary role was to estimate
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jukumu la msingi lilikua kukadiria
01:31
how much malaria transmission was going on across the villages
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ni kiasi cha maambukizi ya malaria yanayoendelea katika vijiji
01:35
and which mosquitoes were transmitting the disease.
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na ni mbu gani waliokuwa wakisambaza ugonjwa.
01:38
So my colleague and myself came
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Hivyo mimi na mwenzangu tukaenda
01:41
30 kilometers south of Ifakara town across the river.
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kilomita 30 kusini mwa mji wa Ifakara kupitia mto.
01:44
Every evening we went into the villages with flashlights and siphons.
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Kila jioni tulienda kwenye vijiji na tochi na mabomba.
01:49
We rolled up our trousers,
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Tulikunja suruali zetu,
01:51
and waited for mosquitoes that were coming to bite us
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na kungojea mbu ambao walikuja kutung'ata
01:54
so we could collect them
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ili tuweze kuwakusanya
01:56
to check if they were carrying malaria.
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kuwaangalia kama wamebeba malaria.
01:58
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
01:59
My colleague and myself selected a household,
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Mimi na mwenzangu tulichagua kaya,
02:01
and we started inside and outside, swapping positions every half hour.
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na tukaanza ndani na nje, tukibadilishana nafasi kila nusu saa.
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours every night for 24 consecutive nights.
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Na tulifanya hivi kwa masaa 12 kila usiku kwa usiku 24 mfululizo.
02:11
We slept for four hours every morning
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Tulilala kwa masaa manne kila asubuhi
02:13
and worked the rest of the day,
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na kufanya kazi siku nzima,
02:15
sorting mosquitoes, identifying them and chopping off their heads
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kuchambua mbu, kuwatambua na kukata vichwa vyao
02:18
so they could be analyzed in the lab
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ili waweze kuchanganua maabara
02:19
to check if they were carrying malaria parasites
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kuangalia kama wanabeba vimelea vya malaria
02:22
in their blood mouthparts.
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kwenye damu ya midomo yao.
02:23
This way we were able to not only know how much malaria was going on here
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Hii njia tunaweza kutokujua tu kiasi gani cha malaria kinaendelea hapa
02:27
but also which mosquitoes were carrying this malaria.
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lakini pia mbu gani walibeba hii malaria.
02:30
We were also able to know
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Tumeweza pia kujua
02:32
whether malaria was mostly inside houses or outside houses.
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kama malaria ilikua nyingi nje au ndani ya nyumba.
02:35
Today, ladies and gentlemen, I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
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Leo, mabibi na mabwana, bado ninakamata mbu kama kazi.
02:39
But I do this mostly to improve people's lives and well-being.
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Lakini nafanya hivi mara nyingi kuboresha maisha ya watu na hali njema.
02:44
This has been called by some people the most dangerous animal on earth --
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Hii imeitwa na baadhi ya watu kua mnyama wa hatari zaidi duniani --
02:48
which unfortunately is true.
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ambayo kwa bahati mbaya ni kweli.
02:50
But what do we really know about mosquitoes?
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Lakini ni nini tunachojua hasa kuhusu mbu?
02:54
It turns out we actually know very little.
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Inaonekana kwa kweli tunajua kidogo sana.
02:58
Consider the fact that at the moment our best practice against malaria
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Zingatia ukweli kua wakati huu njia yetu bora dhidi ya malaria
03:02
are bednets -- insecticide treated bednets.
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ni vyandarua -- vyandarua vyenye dawa ya wadudu.
03:05
We know now that across Africa
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Tunajua kua katika Afrika
03:06
you have widespread resistance to insecticides.
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una upinzani ulioenea kwa dawa ya wadudu.
03:09
And these are the same insecticides,
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Na hizi ndizo zilezile dawa za wadudu
03:11
the pyrethroid class, that are put on these bednets.
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za darasa la pyrethroid, zilizo kwenye vyandarua.
03:14
We know now that these bednets protect you from bites
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Tunajua kua hivi vyandarua vinakulinda using'atwe
03:17
but only minimally kill the mosquitoes that they should.
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lakini vinaua kidogo tu mbu wanaotakiwa.
03:21
What it means is that we've got to do more to be able to get to zero.
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Kinachomaanisha ni kua tunatakiwa kufanya zaidi kuweza kufikia sifuri.
03:25
And that's part of our duty.
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Na hio ni sehemu ya kazi yetu.
03:28
At Ifakara Health Institute
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Kwenye Taasisi ya Afya Ifakara
03:30
we focus very much on the biology of the mosquito,
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tunalenga sana kwenye biolojia ya mbu,
03:33
and we try to do this so we can identify new opportunities.
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na tunajaribu kufanya hivi ili kutambua nafasi mpya.
03:37
A new approach.
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Mtazamo mpya.
03:38
New ways to try and get new options
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Njia mpya kujaribu kupata suluhisho mpya
03:41
that we can use together with things such as bednets
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ambazo tunaweza kutumia pamoja na vitu kama vyandarua
03:43
to be able to get to zero.
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kuweza kufikia sifuri.
03:45
And I'm going to share with you a few examples
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Nitaenda kuwashirikisha mifano michache
03:47
of the things that my colleagues and myself do.
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ya vitu ambavyo wenzangu na mimi tunafanya.
03:50
Take this, for example.
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Chukua hii, kwa mfano.
03:52
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.
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Mbu huzaliana kwenye mabwawa madogo ya maji.
03:56
Not all of them are easy to find --
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Sio wote ni rahisi kupatikana --
03:58
they can be scattered across villages,
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wanaweza kutawanyika katika vijiji,
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints.
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wanaweza kua ndogo kama alama za kwato.
04:03
They can be behind your house or far from your house.
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Zinaweza kua nyuma ya nyumba yako au mbali na nyumba yako.
04:06
And so, if you wanted to control mosquito larvae,
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Na hivyo, kama unataka kuthibiti mabuu ya mbu,
04:09
it can actually be quite difficult to get them.
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kwa kweli inaweza kua ngumu kabisa kuzipata.
04:12
What my colleagues and I have decided to do
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Wenzangu na mimi tulichoamua kufanya
04:15
is to think about what if we used mosquitoes themselves
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ni kufikiri je tukitumia mbu wenyewe
04:18
to carry the insecticides from a place of our choice
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kubeba dawa ya wadudu kutoka sehemu ya chaguo letu
04:21
to their own breeding habitats
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mpaka kwenye mazingira yao ya kuzaliana
04:23
so that whichever eggs they lay there shall not survive.
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ili mayai yoyote watakayotaga pale yasiishi.
04:28
This is Dickson Lwetoijera.
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Huyu ni Dickson Lwetoijera.
04:30
This is my colleague who runs this show at Ifakara.
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Huyu ni mwenzangu anaeendesha tamasha hili Ifakara.
04:32
And he has demonstrated cleverly that you can actually get mosquitoes
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Na ameonyesha kwa ustadi kua unaweza kwa kweli kupata mbu
04:36
to come to the place where they normally come to get blood
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kuja kwenye eneo ambalo kawaida wanapata damu
04:38
to pick up a dose of sterilants or insecticide,
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kuchagua kiasi cha dawa za kusafisha au dawa ya wadudu,
04:42
carry this back to their own breeding habitat
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kuzirudisha kwenye mazingira yao ya kuzaliana
04:45
and kill all their progeny.
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na kuua kizazi chao wenyewe.
04:48
And we have demonstrated that you can do this
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Na tumeonyesha kua unaweza kufanya hivi
04:50
and crush populations very, very rapidly.
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na kuponda wakazi kwa haraka sana sana.
04:53
This is beautiful.
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Hii ni nzuri.
04:56
This is our mosquito city.
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Hili ni jiji letu la mbu.
04:58
It is the largest mosquito farm
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Ni shamba kubwa la mbu kuliko yote
05:01
available in the world for malaria research.
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linalopatikana duniani kwa tafiti za malaria.
05:04
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining colonies of malaria mosquitoes
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Hapa tuna kiasi kikubwa cha jamii inayojiendesha yenyewe ya mbu wa malaria
05:09
that we rear in these facilities.
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ambao tunakuza kwenye hivi vituo.
05:10
Of course, they are disease-free.
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Bila shaka, hawa hawana magonjwa.
05:12
But what these systems allow us to do
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Hii mifumo inachoturuhusu kufanya
05:14
is to introduce new tools and test them immediately,
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ni kuanzisha zana mpya na kuzijaribu mara moja,
05:18
very quickly,
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haraka sana,
05:19
and see if we can crush these populations or control them in some way.
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na kuona kama tutaponda haya makazi au kuzidhibiti kwa njia nyingine.
05:23
And my colleagues have demonstrated
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Wenzangu wote wameonyesha
05:24
that if you just put two or three positions
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kua ukiweka tu nafasi mbili au tatu
05:27
where mosquitoes can go pick up these lethal substances,
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ambazo mbu wanaweza kwenda kuokota hivi vitu vya hatari,
05:29
we can crush these colonies in just three months.
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tutaponda hizi jamii ndani ya miezi mitatu tu.
05:33
That's autodissemination, as we call it.
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Hio tunaita, usambazaji wa kujitegemea.
05:36
But what if we could use
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Lakini inakuaje tukitumia
05:38
the mosquitoes' sexual behavior
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tabia za ngono za mbu
05:42
to also control them?
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na kuzitawala?
05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
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Hivyo, kwanza kabisa ningependa kuwaambia
05:45
that actually mosquitoes mate in what we call swarms.
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kua ki ukweli mbu wanajamiiana kwenye tunachoita makundi.
05:49
Male mosquitoes usually congregate
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Mbu dume kawaida wanakusanyika
05:51
in clusters around the horizon, usually after sunset.
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kwenye makundi karibu na upeo wa macho, kawaida baada ya jua kuzama.
05:55
The males go there for a dance,
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Madume wanaenda pale kucheza dansi,
05:57
the females fly into that dance
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majike wanaelekea kwenye hio dansi
05:59
and select a male mosquito of their choice,
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na kuchagua mbu wa kiume wa chaguo lao,
06:02
usually the best-looking male in their view.
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kawaida dume linalovutia kwa mtazamo wao.
06:04
They clump together and fall down onto the floor.
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Wanashikana pamoja na kuamguka chini kwenye sakafu.
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful.
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Ukitazama hii, ni nzuri sana.
06:08
It's a fantastic phenomenon.
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Ni jambo la ajabu.
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching work gets really interesting.
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Hapa ndipo kazi yetu ya ukamataji mbu unakua wa kuvutia mno.
06:15
What we have seen, when we go swarm hunting in the villages,
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Tulichokiona, tunapoenda kuwinda makundi vijijini,
06:18
is that these swarm locations tend to be at exactly the same location
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ni kwamba haya maeneo ya vikundi huwa yanakua kwenye eneo lilelile kabisa
06:22
every day, every week, every month,
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kila siku, kila wiki, kila mwezi,
06:25
year in, year out.
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kwa mwaka mzima.
06:26
They start at exactly the same time of the evening,
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Wanaanza kabisa mda ule ule jioni,
06:29
and they are at exactly the same locations.
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na wanakua kabisa kwenye maeneo yale yale.
06:32
What does this tell us?
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Hii inatuambia nini?
06:33
It means that if we can map all these locations across villages,
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Ina maanisha kama tukiwa na ramani ya maeneo yote haya katika vijiji,
06:36
we could actually
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tunaweza kabisa
06:38
crush these populations by just a single blow.
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kuponda haya makazi kwa pigo moja tu.
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them or nuke them out.
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Kama vile, kuwawekea bomu la dawa au kuwatoa na nyuklia.
06:45
And that is what we try to do with young men and women
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Na ndio tunachotaka kufanya na vijana wakike na wakiume
06:48
across the villages.
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katika vijiji.
06:49
We organize these crews, teach them how to identify the swarms,
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Tunaandaa hawa wafanyakazi, kuwafundisha jinsi ya kutambua makundi,
06:53
and spray them out.
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na kuwapulizia nje.
06:54
My colleagues and I believe we have a new window
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Wenzangu na mimi tunaamini tuna mwangaza mpya
06:57
to get mosquitoes out of the valley.
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ya kutoa mbu nje ya bonde.
07:01
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes eat blood, human blood,
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Lakini pengine ukweli kua mbu wanakula damu, damu ya binadamu,
07:05
is the reason they are the most dangerous animal on earth.
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ndio sababu ni mnyama wa hatari sana duniani.
07:09
But think about it this way --
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Lakini fikiria hio hivi --
07:11
mosquitoes actually smell you.
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mbu ki kweli wanakunusa.
07:14
And they have developed
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Na wamekuza
07:16
incredible sensory organs.
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viungo vya hisia vya ajabu.
07:19
They can smell from as far sometimes as 100 meters away.
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Wanaweza kunusa kwa umbali mara nyingine wa mita 100.
07:24
And when they get closer,
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Na wanaposogea karibu,
07:25
they can even tell the difference between two family members.
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wanaweza hata kuona tofauti kati ya watu wa familia mbili.
07:28
They know who you are based on what you produce
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Wanajua wewe ni nani kadri na unachozalisha
07:30
from your breath, skin, sweat and body odor.
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kutoka kwenye pumzi, ngozi, jasho na harufu ya mwili.
07:34
What we have done at Ifakara
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Tulichokifanya Ifakara
07:35
is to identify what it is in your skin, your body, your sweat or your breath
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ni kutambua kilicho kwenye ngozi yako, mwili wako, jasho lako au pumzi
07:39
that these mosquitoes like.
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ambazo hawa mbu wanapenda.
07:41
Once we identified these substances, we created a concoction,
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Mara moja baada ya kutambua hivi vitu, tuliunda mchanganyiko,
07:44
kind of a mixture, a blend of synthetic substances
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kama mkorogo, mchangamano wa vitu vilivyotengenezwa
07:47
that are reminiscent of what you produce from your body.
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ambavyo vina kumbukumbu ya unachozalisha mwilini mwako.
07:50
And we made a synthetic blend
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Na tunatengeneza mchangamano wa kutengenezwa
07:52
that was attracting three to five times more mosquitoes than a human being.
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ambayo ilivutia mbu watatu mpaka watano zaidi ya binadamu.
07:57
What can you do with this?
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Utafanya nini na hili?
07:58
You put in a trap, lure a lot of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
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Unaweka kwenye mtego, shawishi mbu wengi na kuwaua, ndio?
08:02
And of course, you can also use it for surveillance.
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Na bila shaka, unaweza pia ukatumia kwa ufuatiliaji.
08:04
At Ifakara
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Katika Ifakara
08:06
we wish to expand our knowledge on the biology of the mosquito;
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tunataka kupanua maarifa yetu kwenye biolojia ya mbu;
08:11
to control many other diseases, including, of course, the malaria,
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kudhibiti magonjwa mengi zaidi, ikiwemo, bila shaka, malaria,
08:14
but also those other diseases that mosquitoes transmit
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lakini pia magonjwa mengine yanayosambazwa na mbu
08:16
like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.
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kama dengue, Chikungunya na kirusi cha Zika.
08:19
And this is why my colleagues, for example --
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Na hii ndio maana wenzangu, kwa mfano --
08:21
we have looked at the fact
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tumeangalia kwenye ukweli
08:23
that some mosquitoes like to bite you on the leg region.
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kua baadhi ya mbu wanapenda kukung'ata eneo la mguu.
08:26
And we've now created these mosquito repellent sandals
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Na sasa tumeunda hivi viatu vya kuzuia mbu
08:30
that tourists and locals can wear when they're coming.
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ambavyo watalii na wenyeji wanaweza kuvaa wanapokuja.
08:33
And you don't get bitten --
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Na hauwezi kung'atwa --
08:34
this gives you 'round the clock protection
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hii inakupa ulinzi masaa yote
08:36
until the time you go under your bednet.
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mpaka mda unaingia kwenye chandarua chako.
08:39
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
08:41
My love-hate relationship with mosquitoes continues.
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Uhusiano wangu wa upendo na chuki na mbu unaendelea.
08:43
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
08:44
And it's going to go a long way, I can see.
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Na utaendelea kwa mda mrefu, ninaona.
08:47
But that's OK.
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Lakini ni sawa.
08:48
WHO has set a goal of 2030 to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
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WHO imeweka lengo la 2030 kuondoa malaria kwenye nchi 35.
08:53
The African Union has set a goal
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Muungano wa Afrika umeweka lengo
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate malaria from the continent.
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la 2030 kuondoa malaria kwenye bara.
08:58
At Ifakara we are firmly behind these goals.
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Ifakara tupo imara nyuma ya haya malengo.
09:01
And we've put together a cohort of young scientists,
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Na tumeweka pamoja utafiti wa kundi wa wanasayansi vijana,
09:04
male and female,
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wanaume na wanawake,
09:06
who are champions,
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ambao ni mabingwa,
09:07
who are interested in coming together to make this vision come true.
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ambao wana nia wa kuja pamoja kufanya hili ono kua kweli.
09:11
They do what they can
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Wanafanya wanachoweza
09:13
to make it work.
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ili ifanye kazi.
09:16
And we are supporting them.
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Na tunawaunga mkono.
09:18
We are here to make sure that these dreams come true.
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Tuko hapa kuhakikisha kua hizi ndoto zinakua kweli.
09:21
Ladies and gentlemen,
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Mabibi na mabwana,
09:23
even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,
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hata kama isipotokea kwenye maisha yetu,
09:27
even if it doesn't happen
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hata kama isipotokea
09:29
before you and me go away,
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kabla wewe na mimi hatujaondoka,
09:31
I believe that your child and my child
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ninaamini kua mtoto wako na mtoto wangu
09:34
shall inherit a world free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
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watarithi dunia iliyohuru na mbu waenezao malaria
09:37
and free of malaria.
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na huru na malaria.
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
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Asanteni sana, mabibi na mabwana.
09:41
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
09:45
Thank you.
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Asante.
09:46
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.
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Kelo Kubu: Sawa, Fredros.
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.
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Tuongelee kuhusu CRISPR kidogo.
09:50
(Laughter)
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(Kicheko)
09:52
It's taken the world by storm,
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Imechukua dunia kwa tufani,
09:54
it promises to do amazing things.
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imeahidi kufanya vitu vya kushangaza.
09:58
What do you think of scientists using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
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Unafikiria nini juu ya wanasayansi wanaotumia CRISPR kuua mbu?
10:03
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question, let's start from what the problem is.
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Fredros Okumu: Kujibu swali hili, tuanze kwenye nini ndio tatizo.
10:08
First of all, we're talking about a disease that still kills --
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Kwanza kabisa, tunaongelea kuhusu ugonjwa ambao bado unaua --
10:12
according to the latest figures we have from WHO --
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kadri ya takwimu za karibuni tulizonazo kutoka WHO --
10:14
429,000 people.
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watu 429,000.
10:16
Most of these are African children.
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Wengi wao ni watoto wa Afrika.
10:19
Of course, we've made progress,
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Bila shaka, tumefanya maendeleo.
10:21
there are countries that have achieved
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kuna nchi zilizofanikiwa
10:23
up to 50-60 percent reduction in malaria burden.
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mpaka asilima 50-60 imepungua ya mzigo wa malaria.
10:26
But we still have to do more to get to zero.
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Lakini tunahitaji kufanya zaidi kufikia sifuri.
10:29
There is already proof of principle
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Tayari kuna ushahidi wa kanuni
10:31
that gene-editing techniques, such as CRISPR,
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kua mbinu za kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,
10:34
can be used effectively
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zinaweza kutumika kiufanisi
10:37
to transform mosquitoes so that either they do not transmit malaria --
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kubadilisha mbu ili aidha wasisambaze malaria --
10:41
we call this population alteration --
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tunaita hii mabadiliko ya wakazi --
10:43
or that they no longer exist,
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au wasiendelee kuwepo,
10:46
population suppression.
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ukandamizaji wa wakazi.
10:48
This is already proven in the lab.
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Hii tayari imethibitishwa kwenye maabara.
10:50
There is also modeling work
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Kuna kazi pia ya muundo
10:52
that has demonstrated that even if you were to release
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ambayo imeonyesha kua hata kama ungetoa
10:55
just a small number of these genetically modified mosquitoes,
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idadi ndogo tu ya hawa mbu waliobadilishwa vinasaba,
10:58
that you can actually achieve elimination very, very quickly.
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kua ungetimiza ki ukweli kuondoa kwa haraka sana.
11:01
So, CRISPR and tools like this offer us some real opportunities --
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Hivyo, CRISPR na zana kama hizi zinatoa nafasi za ukweli --
11:05
real-life opportunities to have high-impact interventions
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nafasi za maisha halisi kuwa na misaada yenye athari za juu
11:09
that we can use in addition to what we have now
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ambayo tunaweza kutumia tukiongezea na tulichonacho sasa
11:12
to eventually go to zero.
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ili hatimae kufikia sifuri.
11:14
This is important.
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Hii ni muhimu.
11:15
Now, of course people always ask us --
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Sasa, bila shaka watu wanatuuliza sisi --
11:18
which is a common question,
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ambalo ni swali la kawaida,
11:20
I guess you're going to ask this as well --
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nakisia utauliza hili pia --
11:22
"What happens if you eliminate mosquitoes?"
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"Nini kitatokea kama utaondoa mbu?"
11:24
KK: I won't ask then, you answer.
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KK: Basi sitouliza, wewe jibu.
11:26
FO: OK. In respect to this, I would just like to remind my colleagues
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FO: Sawa. Kwa hali ya hili, ningependa tu kukumbusha wenzangu
11:30
that we have 3,500 mosquito species in this world.
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kua tuna aina ya mbu 3,500 hapa duniani.
11:34
Maybe more than that.
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Labda ata zaidi ya hao.
11:35
About 400 of these are Anophelenes,
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Karibia 400 wa hawa ni Anophelene
11:38
and only about 70 of them have any capacity to transmit malaria.
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na karibia 70 tu wa hao wanauwezo wowote wa kusambaza malaria.
11:41
In Africa, we're having to deal with three or four of these as the major guys.
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Afrika, tunakua tunapambana na tatu au nne ya hawa kama jamaa wakuu.
11:45
They carry most -- like 99 percent of all the malaria we have.
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Wanabeba zaidi -- kama asilimia 99 ya malaria tuliyonayo.
11:49
If we were to go out with gene editing like CRISPR,
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Kama tungetakiwa kutoka na kuhariri kinasaba kama CRISPR,
11:52
if we were to go out with gene drives to control malaria,
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kama tungetakiwa kutoka na mwendesho wa kinasaba kuthibiti malaria,
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
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tungekua tunaenda kwa moja au mbili tu.
11:57
I don't see a diversity problem with that.
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Sioni tatizo la utofauti na hilo.
11:59
But that's personal view.
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Lakini huo ni mtazamo binafsi.
12:01
I think it's OK.
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Nafikiri ni sawa.
12:02
And remember, by the way,
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Na kumbuka, japo kuwa,
12:03
all these years we've been trying to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
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miaka yoye hii tumekua tukijaribu kuondoa hawa mbu kwa ufanisi
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues in America have sprayed with --
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kwa kuwafukiza -- wenzetu wa Marekani wamewafukiza na --
12:11
really bomb-spraying these insects out of the villages.
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kweli kuwapa hawa wadudu bomu la dawa kuwatoa vijijini.
12:14
In Africa we do a lot of household spraying.
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Afrika tunafanya mengi kwenye kufukiza nyumbani.
12:17
All these are aimed solely at killing the mosquitoes.
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Zote hizi zinalenga tu kwenye kuua mbu.
12:20
So there's really no problem if we had a new tool.
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Hivyo hakuna kweli tatizo kama tukiwa na zana mpya.
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
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Ila na kusema hivyo, lazima niseme
12:24
we also have to be very, very responsible here.
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sisi pia tunatakiwa tuwajibike, sana hapa.
12:26
So there's the regulatory side, and we have to partner with our regulators
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Hivyo kuna upande wa udhibiti, na tunatakiwa kuungana na waagizaji
12:30
and make sure that everything that we do is done correctly,
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na kuhakikisha kua kila kitu tunachofanya kinakua sahihi,
12:33
is done responsibly
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kinafanywa kwa kuwajibika
12:34
and that we also have to do independent risk assessments,
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na kua tunatakiwa pia kutathmini hatari za kujitegemea
12:37
to just make sure
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na kuhakikisha tu
12:38
that all these processes do not fall into the wrong hands.
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kua michakato yote hii haiangukii kwenye mikono mibaya.
12:42
Thank you very much.
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Asante sana.
12:43
KK: Thank you.
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KK: Asante.
12:44
(Applause)
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(Makofi)
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