Why I study the most dangerous animal on earth -- mosquitoes | Fredros Okumu

74,281 views ใƒป 2018-02-20

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Blair Kim ๊ฒ€ํ† : TJ Kim
00:12
I guess because I'm from Tanzania
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
00:14
I have a responsibility to welcome all of you once again.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ํ™˜์˜ํ•  ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
Thank you for coming.
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์™€ ์ฃผ์…”์„œ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:19
So, first of all, before we start,
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ €
00:21
how many of you in the audience
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ค‘ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜
00:22
have been in the past a victim of this bug here?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹นํ•ด ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
00:28
We apologize on behalf of all the mosquito catchers.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ฑ„์ง‘์„ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€์‹ ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:33
Ladies and gentlemen,
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์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ™๋…€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„
00:34
imagine getting seven infectious mosquito bites every day.
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์ „์—ผ์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ผ๊ณฑ๋ฒˆ ์”ฉ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”.
00:39
That's 2,555 infectious bites every year.
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์ผ๋…„์ด๋ฉด 2,555๋ฒˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:44
When I was in college, I moved to the Kilombero River valley
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์ผ ๋•Œ, ํ‚ฌ๋กฌ๋ฒ ๋กœ ๊ฐ• ์œ ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:48
in the southeastern part of Tanzania.
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ํƒ„์ž๋‹ˆ์•„ ๋‚จ๋™๋ถ€์ฃ .
00:50
This is historically one of the most malarious zones
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋‹น์‹œ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€
00:53
in the world at that time.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:55
Life here was difficult.
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์ด๊ณณ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ํž˜๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:58
In its later stages
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ฉด
01:00
malaria manifested with extreme seizures locally known as degedege.
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ํ˜„์ง€์—์„œ๋Š” '๋ฐ๊ฒŒ๋ฐ๊ฒŒ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทน์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ž‘์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:05
It's killed both women and men, adults and children,
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์—ฌ์ž์™€ ๋‚จ์ž, ์–ด๋ฅธ๊ณผ ์•„์ด ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์—†์ด
01:08
without mercy.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์ฃ .
01:09
My home institution, Ifakara Health Institute,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ์ดํŒŒ๋ผ์นด ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์€
01:12
began in this valley in the 1950s
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1950๋…„๋Œ€์— ์ฐฝ์„ค๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
to address priority health needs for the local communities.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ทจ์ง€์˜€์ฃ .
01:17
In fact, the name Ifakara refers to a place you go to die,
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'์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ'๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋งž์ดํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
which is a reflection of what life used to be here
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์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ณต ์˜๋ฃŒ ํ™œ๋™์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ „,
01:24
in the days before organized public health care.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์ฃ .
01:28
When I first moved here,
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์ฒ˜์Œ ์ด๊ณณ์— ์™€์„œ
01:29
my primary role was to estimate
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์ €์˜ ์ฃผ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š”
01:31
how much malaria transmission was going on across the villages
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์„ ๊ฐ„์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
01:35
and which mosquitoes were transmitting the disease.
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ „์—ผ์„ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
So my colleague and myself came
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
01:41
30 kilometers south of Ifakara town across the river.
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ์—์„œ ๋‚จ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ 30km ์ •๋„ ๊ฐ•์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์งˆ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Every evening we went into the villages with flashlights and siphons.
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์ €๋…๋งˆ๋‹ค ์†์ „๋“ฑ๊ณผ ํก์ž…๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„์„ ๋‹ค๋…”์ฃ .
01:49
We rolled up our trousers,
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๋‹ค๋“ค ๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฑท์–ด์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ,
01:51
and waited for mosquitoes that were coming to bite us
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๋ฌผ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:54
so we could collect them
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์žก์•„์„œ
01:56
to check if they were carrying malaria.
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ณด๊ท  ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์˜€์ฃ .
(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:58
(Laughter)
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01:59
My colleague and myself selected a household,
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์™€ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ
02:01
and we started inside and outside, swapping positions every half hour.
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30๋ถ„ ๊ต๋Œ€๋กœ ์ง‘ ์•ˆํŒŽ์„ ์‚ดํ”ผ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
And we did this for 12 hours every night for 24 consecutive nights.
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๋งค์ผ ๋ฐค 12์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ 24์ผ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
02:11
We slept for four hours every morning
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์•„์นจ์— 4์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฏค ๋ˆˆ์„ ๋ถ™์ด๊ณ 
02:13
and worked the rest of the day,
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:15
sorting mosquitoes, identifying them and chopping off their heads
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์žก์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ์„œ
02:18
so they could be analyzed in the lab
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์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
to check if they were carrying malaria parasites
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ํกํ˜ˆ๊ด€์— ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ธฐ์ƒ์ถฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€
02:22
in their blood mouthparts.
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ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:23
This way we were able to not only know how much malaria was going on here
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ฐœ๋ณ‘ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:27
but also which mosquitoes were carrying this malaria.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐํ˜€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:30
We were also able to know
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๋˜ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:32
whether malaria was mostly inside houses or outside houses.
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:35
Today, ladies and gentlemen, I still catch mosquitoes for a living.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ €๋Š” ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:39
But I do this mostly to improve people's lives and well-being.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
02:44
This has been called by some people the most dangerous animal on earth --
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
which unfortunately is true.
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ฃ .
02:50
But what do we really know about mosquitoes?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:54
It turns out we actually know very little.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:58
Consider the fact that at the moment our best practice against malaria
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ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ . ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์„ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด
03:02
are bednets -- insecticide treated bednets.
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๋ฐฉ์ถฉ๋ง์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„์š”, ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:05
We know now that across Africa
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์ด์ œ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์ „์—ญ์—
03:06
you have widespread resistance to insecticides.
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์ด ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:09
And these are the same insecticides,
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์ด ๋ฐฉ์ถฉ๋ง์— ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
03:11
the pyrethroid class, that are put on these bednets.
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ํ”ผ๋ ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ๊ณ„ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
We know now that these bednets protect you from bites
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๋ฐฉ์ถฉ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ,
03:17
but only minimally kill the mosquitoes that they should.
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๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
03:21
What it means is that we've got to do more to be able to get to zero.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
And that's part of our duty.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์ž„๋ฌด ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
At Ifakara Health Institute
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์—์„œ๋Š”
03:30
we focus very much on the biology of the mosquito,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
and we try to do this so we can identify new opportunities.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด์ฃ .
03:37
A new approach.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด์š”.
03:38
New ways to try and get new options
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ๋„์™€ ๋ฐฉ์‹
๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณ‘ํ–‰์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
03:41
that we can use together with things such as bednets
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹๋“ค ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:43
to be able to get to zero.
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03:45
And I'm going to share with you a few examples
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๋ช‡ ๋ช‡ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
of the things that my colleagues and myself do.
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:50
Take this, for example.
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋กœ
03:52
Mosquitoes breed in small pools of water.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ž‘์€ ์›…๋ฉ์ด์—์„œ ๋ฒˆ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
Not all of them are easy to find --
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์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์ฃ .
03:58
they can be scattered across villages,
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๋งˆ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ €๊ธฐ ํฉ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:00
they can be as small as hoofprints.
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๋ฐœ๊ตฝ ์ž๊ตญ๋งŒํผ ์ž‘๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
They can be behind your house or far from your house.
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๋’ค๋œฐ์—, ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:06
And so, if you wanted to control mosquito larvae,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ, ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์œ ์ถฉ์„ ์—†์• ๋ คํ•ด๋„
04:09
it can actually be quite difficult to get them.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
What my colleagues and I have decided to do
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๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
04:15
is to think about what if we used mosquitoes themselves
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๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์ธ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
to carry the insecticides from a place of our choice
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ
04:21
to their own breeding habitats
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
so that whichever eggs they lay there shall not survive.
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์–ด๋–ค ์œ ์ถฉ๋„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
04:28
This is Dickson Lwetoijera.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋”•์Šจ ๋ ˆํ† ์ด์ œ๋Ÿฌ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
This is my colleague who runs this show at Ifakara.
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ์—์„œ ์ด ์ผ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:32
And he has demonstrated cleverly that you can actually get mosquitoes
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž…์ฆํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„
ํ‰์†Œ์— ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋น ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ์œ ์ธํ•ด์„œ
04:36
to come to the place where they normally come to get blood
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04:38
to pick up a dose of sterilants or insecticide,
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์ ๋‹น๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ด๊ท ์ œ ํ˜น์€ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
04:42
carry this back to their own breeding habitat
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„œ์‹์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
and kill all their progeny.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์”จ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
04:48
And we have demonstrated that you can do this
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
04:50
and crush populations very, very rapidly.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‹จ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž…์ฆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:53
This is beautiful.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜์ฃ .
04:56
This is our mosquito city.
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์ด๊ณณ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋„์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
It is the largest mosquito farm
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋†์žฅ์ด์ฃ .
๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:01
available in the world for malaria research.
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05:04
Here we have large-scale self-sustaining colonies of malaria mosquitoes
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์ด๊ณณ์— ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค์šฐ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด
05:09
that we rear in these facilities.
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์ž์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Of course, they are disease-free.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋ณด๊ท ์ƒํƒœ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:12
But what these systems allow us to do
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
05:14
is to introduce new tools and test them immediately,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
very quickly,
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์•„์ฃผ ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์ง€์ฃ .
05:19
and see if we can crush these populations or control them in some way.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
And my colleagues have demonstrated
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ž…์ฆํ•œ ๋˜ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”,
05:24
that if you just put two or three positions
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๋‹จ ๋‘ ์„ธ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋„
05:27
where mosquitoes can go pick up these lethal substances,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•ด ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
05:29
we can crush these colonies in just three months.
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๋‹จ 3๋‹ฌ ์•ˆ์— ๊ทธ ๊ตฐ๋ฝ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
That's autodissemination, as we call it.
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” '์ž๋™ ์ „ํŒŒ'๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์ฃ .
05:36
But what if we could use
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๋งŒ์ผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
05:38
the mosquitoes' sexual behavior
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ์‹ ํ™œ๋™๊นŒ์ง€
ํ†ต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
05:42
to also control them?
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05:43
So, first of all I would like to tell you
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๋จผ์ € ์•Œ๋ ค๋“œ๋ฆด๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:45
that actually mosquitoes mate in what we call swarms.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ๋–ผ๋กœ ์ง์ง“๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
Male mosquitoes usually congregate
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ 
05:51
in clusters around the horizon, usually after sunset.
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๋ณดํ†ต ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋ฉด, ์ง€ํ‰์„  ์ฃผ์œ„์— ๋‚ ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ฃ .
05:55
The males go there for a dance,
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์ˆ˜์ปท๋“ค์€ ์ถค์„ ์ถ”๊ณ 
05:57
the females fly into that dance
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์•”์ปท๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์†์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ ์•„ ๋“ค์–ด
05:59
and select a male mosquito of their choice,
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๋ง˜์— ๋“œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ปท์„ ๊ณ ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:02
usually the best-looking male in their view.
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๋‚˜๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜์ƒ๊ธด ๋†ˆ์ด๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:04
They clump together and fall down onto the floor.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์ง€์–ด ๋•…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚™ํ•˜ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
06:07
If you watch this, it's beautiful.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:08
It's a fantastic phenomenon.
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ธฐ๋ง‰ํžŒ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:11
This is where our mosquito-catching work gets really interesting.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ฑ„์ง‘์„ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:15
What we have seen, when we go swarm hunting in the villages,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋–ผ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:18
is that these swarm locations tend to be at exactly the same location
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์ด๋“ค์ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:22
every day, every week, every month,
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๋งค์ผ, ๋งค์ฃผ, ๋งค๋‹ฌ
06:25
year in, year out.
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ํ•ด๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•œ๊ฒฐ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:26
They start at exactly the same time of the evening,
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์ €๋… ๋ฌด๋ ต ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋˜‘ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—
06:29
and they are at exactly the same locations.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ฐ™์€ ์žฅ์†Œ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
What does this tell us?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
06:33
It means that if we can map all these locations across villages,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ด ์œ„์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด ๋‘๋ฉด
06:36
we could actually
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๊ตฐ์„
06:38
crush these populations by just a single blow.
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๋‹จ๋ฒˆ์— ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:41
Kind of, you know, bomb-spray them or nuke them out.
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์œต๋‹จํญ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ตํญํƒ„์„ ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
06:45
And that is what we try to do with young men and women
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ Š์€์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํž˜์„ํ•ฉ์ณ
06:48
across the villages.
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:49
We organize these crews, teach them how to identify the swarms,
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ํŒ€์„ ์กฐ์งํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋–ผ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ 
06:53
and spray them out.
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์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ต์œกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
My colleagues and I believe we have a new window
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์ด์ œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๋ฉด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:57
to get mosquitoes out of the valley.
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์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ชฐ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
07:01
But perhaps the fact that mosquitoes eat blood, human blood,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋นจ์•„๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ํŠนํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ฅผ,
07:05
is the reason they are the most dangerous animal on earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
But think about it this way --
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
07:11
mosquitoes actually smell you.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋ฅผ ๋งก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
And they have developed
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„
07:16
incredible sensory organs.
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๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผœ ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
They can smell from as far sometimes as 100 meters away.
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100๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ๋–จ์–ด์ง„ ๊ณณ์˜ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋„ ๋งก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:24
And when they get closer,
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
07:25
they can even tell the difference between two family members.
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ํ•œ ์‹๊ตฌ์ธ ๋‘ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ์ง€๋„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:28
They know who you are based on what you produce
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ•๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:30
from your breath, skin, sweat and body odor.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž…๊น€, ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ๋•€, ์ฒด์ทจ ๋“ฑ ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์ฃ .
07:34
What we have done at Ifakara
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ์—์„œ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์€
07:35
is to identify what it is in your skin, your body, your sweat or your breath
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€, ์ฒด์ทจ, ๋•€, ์ž…๊น€ ๋“ฑ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€
07:39
that these mosquitoes like.
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์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:41
Once we identified these substances, we created a concoction,
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์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ์ข…์˜ ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์„ ํ˜ผํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ
07:44
kind of a mixture, a blend of synthetic substances
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์ถœ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:47
that are reminiscent of what you produce from your body.
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07:50
And we made a synthetic blend
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ , ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ˜ผํ•ฉ์ œ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
07:52
that was attracting three to five times more mosquitoes than a human being.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๋‹ค 3๋ฐฐ์—์„œ 5๋ฐฐ ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
What can you do with this?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:58
You put in a trap, lure a lot of mosquitoes and you kill them, right?
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๋ซ์— ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์œ ์ธํ•ด์„œ ์ฃฝ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ด€์ฐฐ์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And of course, you can also use it for surveillance.
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08:04
At Ifakara
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์›์—์„œ๋Š”
08:06
we wish to expand our knowledge on the biology of the mosquito;
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ ํ™œ๋™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ๋” ๋„“ํž ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:11
to control many other diseases, including, of course, the malaria,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
08:14
but also those other diseases that mosquitoes transmit
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „์—ผ๋˜๋Š”
08:16
like dengue, Chikungunya and Zika virus.
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๋Ž…๊ธฐ, ์น˜์ฟค๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ์•ผ, ์ง€์นด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๋“ฑ์ด์ฃ .
08:19
And this is why my colleagues, for example --
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด, ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
08:21
we have looked at the fact
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์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ ์ชฝ์„ ๋ฌธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์—
08:23
that some mosquitoes like to bite you on the leg region.
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์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:26
And we've now created these mosquito repellent sandals
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ซ’๋Š” ์ƒŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
08:30
that tourists and locals can wear when they're coming.
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๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ง€์—ญ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์‹ ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:33
And you don't get bitten --
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ
08:34
this gives you 'round the clock protection
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์˜จ ์ข…์ผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
until the time you go under your bednet.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ์žฅ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:39
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
08:41
My love-hate relationship with mosquitoes continues.
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์ €์˜ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์™€์˜ ์• ์ฆ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
08:44
And it's going to go a long way, I can see.
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๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฐˆํ…Œ์ง€๋งŒ,
08:47
But that's OK.
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๋ญ, ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:48
WHO has set a goal of 2030 to eliminate malaria from 35 countries.
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” 2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 35๊ฐœ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธํ•  ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
The African Union has set a goal
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์—ฐํ•ฉ ๋˜ํ•œ
08:55
of 2030 to eliminate malaria from the continent.
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2030๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์ „ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์—์„œ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์—†์•จ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ •ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
08:58
At Ifakara we are firmly behind these goals.
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์ดํŒŒ์นด๋ผ ๋ณด๊ฑด์›๋„ ๊ตณ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:01
And we've put together a cohort of young scientists,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ Š์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ์ž„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
male and female,
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๋‚จ๋…€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
09:06
who are champions,
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์‹ ๋…์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ 
09:07
who are interested in coming together to make this vision come true.
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์ด ๋น„์ „์„ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ฉ์‹ฌํ•ด ์ผํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋ผ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:11
They do what they can
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์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
09:13
to make it work.
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์ฃ .
09:16
And we are supporting them.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
We are here to make sure that these dreams come true.
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๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด ๊ฟˆ์„ ์‹คํ˜„์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
Ladies and gentlemen,
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์‹ ์‚ฌ ์ˆ™๋…€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„
09:23
even if it doesn't happen in our lifetime,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋”๋ผ๋„
09:27
even if it doesn't happen
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋œจ๊ธฐ ์ „์—
09:29
before you and me go away,
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์ด ๊ฟˆ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋„
09:31
I believe that your child and my child
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ์ œ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€
09:34
shall inherit a world free of malaria transmitting mosquitoes
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋„, ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋„ ์—†๋Š”
09:37
and free of malaria.
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์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
Thank you very much, ladies and gentlemen.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„.
09:41
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
09:45
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:46
Kelo Kubu: OK, Fredros.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ํ”„๋ ˆ๋“œ๋กœ์Šค.
09:48
Let's talk about CRISPR for a bit.
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์ž ์‹œ 'ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ'์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
09:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:52
It's taken the world by storm,
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์˜จ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋“ค์ฉ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ ,
09:54
it promises to do amazing things.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์ผ๋“ค์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:58
What do you think of scientists using CRISPR to kill off mosquitoes?
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ•๋ฉธ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋‚˜์š”?
10:03
Fredros Okumu: To answer this question, let's start from what the problem is.
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๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์—, ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”์ง€๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์ฃ .
10:08
First of all, we're talking about a disease that still kills --
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์šฐ์„ , ์ง€๊ธˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋…ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
according to the latest figures we have from WHO --
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์กฐ์‚ฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด
10:14
429,000 people.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ 429,000๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฃฝ๊ณ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Most of these are African children.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
10:19
Of course, we've made progress,
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์ข‹์•„์ง€๊ณ ๋Š” ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:21
there are countries that have achieved
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๋ช‡ ๋ช‡ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ๋Š”
10:23
up to 50-60 percent reduction in malaria burden.
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50~60% ์ด์ƒ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ฅ ์ด ์ค„์—ˆ์ฃ .
10:26
But we still have to do more to get to zero.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์—†์• ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:29
There is already proof of principle
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์ด๋ฏธ ์›๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฆ๋ช…์€ ๋ผ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:31
that gene-editing techniques, such as CRISPR,
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
can be used effectively
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก
10:37
to transform mosquitoes so that either they do not transmit malaria --
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ๋ณ€ํ˜•์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:41
we call this population alteration --
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ฐœ์ฒด ๋ณ€์ด๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
or that they no longer exist,
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ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์ฒด๋“ค์ด ๋”์ด์ƒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”
10:46
population suppression.
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๊ฐœ์ฒด ์–ต์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ .
10:48
This is already proven in the lab.
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์—์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฆ๋ช…์ด ๋๊ณ 
10:50
There is also modeling work
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๊ฒฌ๋ณธ ๋˜ํ•œ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
that has demonstrated that even if you were to release
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ž‘๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
10:55
just a small number of these genetically modified mosquitoes,
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ๋งŒ ํ’€์–ด ๋†“๋”๋ผ๋„
10:58
that you can actually achieve elimination very, very quickly.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์•ˆ์— ๋ชจ๊ธฐ ํ‡ด์น˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:01
So, CRISPR and tools like this offer us some real opportunities --
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ, ๋˜ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
real-life opportunities to have high-impact interventions
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์•„์ฃผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ค์ƒํ™œ์— ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
11:09
that we can use in addition to what we have now
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ‘๋ชฉํ•ด์„œ
11:12
to eventually go to zero.
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๊ถ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฉธ์ข…์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์“ฐ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
This is important.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
11:15
Now, of course people always ask us --
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:18
which is a common question,
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๊ณตํ†ต๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”.
11:20
I guess you're going to ask this as well --
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์—ญ์‹œ ๊ฐ™์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜์‹ค๊ฑฐ๋ผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:22
"What happens if you eliminate mosquitoes?"
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โ€œ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉธ์ข…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ๊นŒ์š”?โ€
11:24
KK: I won't ask then, you answer.
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๋ฌป์ง€ ์•Š์„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด์ฃผ์‹œ์ฃ .
11:26
FO: OK. In respect to this, I would just like to remind my colleagues
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ฃ . ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ๋จผ์ € ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€,
11:30
that we have 3,500 mosquito species in this world.
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3,500์ข…์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์— ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:34
Maybe more than that.
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๊ทธ ์ด์ƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋„ค์š”.
11:35
About 400 of these are Anophelenes,
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์ด ์ค‘ ์•ฝ 400์ข…์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ์ด๊ณ 
11:38
and only about 70 of them have any capacity to transmit malaria.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ 70์ข… ์ •๋„๋งŒ์ด ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ์ „์—ผ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:41
In Africa, we're having to deal with three or four of these as the major guys.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ค‘ ์„ธ ๋„ค ์ข…์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
They carry most -- like 99 percent of all the malaria we have.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„์˜ 99ํผ์„ผํŠธ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด์ฃ .
11:49
If we were to go out with gene editing like CRISPR,
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๋ง๋ผ๋ฆฌ์•„๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด, ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šคํผ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž ํŽธ์ง‘ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ,
11:52
if we were to go out with gene drives to control malaria,
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์œ ์ „์ž ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
11:55
we would be going after only one or two.
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ๊ฒจ๋ƒฅํ•˜๋Š” ์…ˆ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:57
I don't see a diversity problem with that.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
But that's personal view.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด์ฃ .
12:01
I think it's OK.
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๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
And remember, by the way,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ผญ ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์€
12:03
all these years we've been trying to eliminate these mosquitoes effectively
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‡ด์น˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋ฐ”์นœ ์ˆ˜ ๋…„์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ .
12:07
by spraying them -- our colleagues in America have sprayed with --
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์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค์„ ์ „๋ฉธ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ์ •๋ง ํผ๋ถ“๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
really bomb-spraying these insects out of the villages.
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12:14
In Africa we do a lot of household spraying.
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ •๋งˆ๋‹ค ์‚ด์ถฉ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ดํฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:17
All these are aimed solely at killing the mosquitoes.
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๋ชจ๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ ๊ณจ๋ผ์„œ ์ฃฝ์ด๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
So there's really no problem if we had a new tool.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์ฃ .
12:22
But having said that, I have to say
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์—, ์ด ๋ง๋„ ๊ผญ ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
we also have to be very, very responsible here.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋ง‰์ค‘ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:26
So there's the regulatory side, and we have to partner with our regulators
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๊ทœ์ œ๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋… ๊ธฐ๊ด€๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์„œ
12:30
and make sure that everything that we do is done correctly,
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์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅด๊ณ 
12:33
is done responsibly
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์ฑ…์ž„๊ฐ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
12:34
and that we also have to do independent risk assessments,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋…๋ฆฝ์  ์œ„ํ—˜๋„ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
to just make sure
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ
12:38
that all these processes do not fall into the wrong hands.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ์•…์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์—†๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
12:42
Thank you very much.
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๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
KK: Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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