The new political story that could change everything | George Monbiot

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Kristina Radosavljević

Do you feel trapped

Osećate li se zarobljeno

in a broken economic model?

u propalom ekonomskom modelu?

A model that's trashing the living world

U modelu koji uništava živi svet

and threatens the lives of our descendants?

i ugrožava živote naših potomaka?

A model that excludes billions of people

U modelu koji isključuje milijarde ljudi

while making a handful unimaginably rich?

dok šačicu ljudi pretvara u nezamislive bogataše?

That sorts us into winners and losers,

Koji nas svrstava u pobednike i gubitnike,

and then blames the losers for their misfortune?

a potom krivi gubitnike za njihovu nesreću?

Welcome to neoliberalism,

Dobro došli u neoliberalizam,

the zombie doctrine that never seems to die,

zombi doktrinu koja izgleda nikako da umre,

however comprehensively it is discredited.

koliko god da je sveobuhvatno osporena.

Now you might have imagined that the financial crisis of 2008

Možda ste pretpostavili da će finansijska kriza 2008. godine

would have led to the collapse of neoliberalism.

dovesti do kolapsa neoliberalizma.

After all, it exposed its central features,

Naposletku, razotkrila je njegove glavne osobine,

which were deregulating business and finance,

koje su deregulisale poslovanja i finansije,

tearing down public protections,

rušile javne zaštite,

throwing us into extreme competition with each other,

ubacivale ljude u ekstremno međusobno takmičenje,

as, well, just a little bit flawed.

kao, pa, malčice falične.

And intellectually, it did collapse.

Intelektualno se jeste srušio.

But still, it dominates our lives.

Ali i dalje dominira našim životima.

Why?

Zašto?

Well, I believe the answer is that we have not yet produced

Pa, verujem da je odgovor da još uvek nismo stvorili

a new story with which to replace it.

novu priču kojom bismo ga zamenili.

Stories are the means by which we navigate the world.

Priče predstavljaju način po kome se rukovodimo u svetu.

They allow us to interpret its complex and contradictory signals.

Omogućuju nam da protumačimo njegove složene i oprečne signale.

When we want to make sense of something,

Kada želimo da nečemu pridamo smisao,

the sense we seek is not scientific sense

smisao koji tražimo nije naučni smisao,

but narrative fidelity.

već doslednost priče.

Does what we are hearing reflect the way

Da li ono što čujemo odražava način

that we expect humans and the world to behave?

na koji očekujemo da se ponašaju ljudi i ceo svet?

Does it hang together?

Da li se sve to uklapa?

Does it progress

Da li se tu napreduje

as a story should progress?

kako priča treba da napreduje?

Now, we are creatures of narrative,

Mi smo bića vezana za priču,

and a string of facts and figures, however important facts and figures are --

i niz činjenica i brojki, koliko god da su bitne -

and, you know, I'm an empiricist, I believe in facts and figures --

a, znate, ja sam empiričar, verujem u činjenice i brojke -

but those facts and figures have no power to displace a persuasive story.

ali te činjenice i brojke nemaju moć da potisnu ubedljivu priču.

The only thing that can replace a story

Jedino što može da zameni priču

is a story.

je priča.

You cannot take away someone's story

Ne možete oduzeti nekome priču

without giving them a new one.

a da mu ne pružite novu.

And it's not just stories in general that we are attuned to,

Nismo mi navikli samo na priče uopšteno,

but particular narrative structures.

već na posebne strukture narativa.

There are a number of basic plots that we use again and again,

Postoji nekoliko osnovnih zapleta koje koristimo iznova i iznova,

and in politics there is one basic plot

a u politici postoji jedan osnovni zaplet

which turns out to be tremendously powerful,

koji se ispostavio kao izuzetno moćan,

and I call this "the restoration story."

i to nazivam „pričom o obnovi“.

It goes as follows.

Ide ovako.

Disorder afflicts the land,

Rasulo pogodi zemlju,

caused by powerful and nefarious forces

uzrokovano snažnim i zlim silama

working against the interests of humanity.

koje rade protiv interesa čovečanstva.

But the hero will revolt against this disorder,

Ali heroj će se pobuniti protiv ovog rasula,

fight those powerful forces,

boriti se protiv tih moćnih sila,

against the odds overthrow them

svrgnuti ih uprkos svim izgledima

and restore harmony to the land.

i vratiti sklad u zemlju.

You've heard this story before.

Čuli ste već tu priču.

It's the Bible story.

To je biblijska priča.

It's the "Harry Potter" story.

To je priča „Harija Potera“.

It's the "Lord of the Rings" story.

To je priča „Gospodara prstenova“.

It's the "Narnia" story.

To je priča „Narnije“.

But it's also the story

Ali to je takođe priča

that has accompanied almost every political and religious transformation

koja je pratila skoro svaku političku i religijsku transformaciju

going back millennia.

milenijumima unazad.

In fact, we could go as far as to say

U stvari, možemo čak reći

that without a powerful new restoration story,

da se bez moćne nove priče o obnovi

a political and religious transformation

politička i verska transformacija

might not be able to happen.

možda ne može ni dogoditi.

It's that important.

Toliko je važna.

After laissez-faire economics triggered the Great Depression,

Nakon što je ekonomija „lese fer“ pokrenula Veliku depresiju,

John Maynard Keynes sat down to write a new economics,

Džon Mejnard Kejns je seo da napiše novu ekonomiju,

and what he did was to tell a restoration story,

i to tako što je ispričao priču o obnovi

and it went something like this.

koja je išla ovako nekako.

Disorder afflicts the land!

Rasulo pogodi zemlju!

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces of the economic elite,

Uzrokovano snažnim i zloglasnim silama ekonomske elite

which have captured the world's wealth.

koje su zaplenile svetsko bogatstvo.

But the hero of the story,

Ali heroj ove priče,

the enabling state, supported by working class and middle class people,

pomagačka država, uz podršku ljudi iz radničke i srednje klase,

will contest that disorder,

suprotstaviće se tom neredu,

will fight those powerful forces by redistributing wealth,

boriće se protiv tih moćih sila preraspodelom bogatstva,

and through spending public money on public goods

i trošenjem javnog novca na javna dobra

will generate income and jobs,

stvoriće prihod i poslove,

restoring harmony to the land.

čime će vratiti sklad u zemlju.

Now like all good restoration stories,

Kao i sve dobre priče o obnovi,

this one resonated across the political spectrum.

i ova je odjeknula širom političkog spektra.

Democrats and Republicans, labor and conservatives,

Demokrate i republikanci, radnici i konzervativci,

left and right all became, broadly, Keynesian.

levica i desnica - svi su postali, uopšteno, kejnzijanci.

Then, when Keynesianism ran into trouble

Potom, kada je kejnzijanizam upao u probleme

in the 1970s,

1970-ih,

the neoliberals, people like Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman,

neoliberali, ljudi poput Fridriha Hajeka i Miltona Fridmana,

came forward with their new restoration story,

istupili su sa novom pričom o obnovi,

and it went something like this.

a ona je išla ovako nekako.

You'll never guess what's coming.

Nikada nećete pogoditi šta sledi.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Disorder afflicts the land!

Rasulo pogodi zemlju!

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces

Uzrokovano snažnim i zlim silama

of the overmighty state,

nadmoćne države

whose collectivizing tendencies crush freedom and individualism

čije kolektivističke tendencije ruše slobodu, individualizam

and opportunity.

i mogućnosti.

But the hero of the story, the entrepreneur,

Ali heroj ove priče, preduzetnik,

will fight those powerful forces,

boriće se protiv ovih moćnih sila,

roll back the state,

preokrenuti stanje

and through creating wealth and opportunity,

i kroz stvaranje bogatstva i mogućnosti

restore harmony to the land.

vratiti sklad u zemlju.

And that story also resonated across the political spectrum.

I ta priča je odjeknula širom političkog spektra.

Republicans and Democrats, conservatives and labor,

Republikanci i demokrati, konzervativci i radnici,

they all became, broadly, neoliberal.

svi su postali, široko gledano, neoliberali.

Opposite stories

Suprotstavljene priče

with an identical narrative structure.

sa istovetnom strukturom narativa.

Then, in 2008,

Zatim se, 2008. godine,

the neoliberal story fell apart,

neoliberalna priča raspala,

and its opponents came forward with ...

a njeni protivnici su istupili...

nothing.

ni sa čim.

No new restoration story!

Nije bilo nove priče o obnovi!

The best they had to offer was a watered-down neoliberalism

Najbolje što su imali da ponude bio je razblaženi neoliberalizam

or a microwaved Keynesianism.

ili podgrejani kejnzijanizam.

And that is why we're stuck.

I zato smo u škripcu.

Without that new story,

Bez te nove priče,

we are stuck with the old failed story

zaglavljeni smo u staroj propaloj priči

that keeps on failing.

koja nastavlja da propada.

Despair is the state we fall into

Očajanje je stanje u koje upadamo

when our imagination fails.

kada nas mašta izneveri.

When we have no story that explains the present

Kada nemamo priču koja objašnjava sadašnjost

and describes the future,

i opisuje budućnost,

hope evaporates.

nada nestaje.

Political failure is at heart

Politički neuspeh je u osnovi

a failure of imagination.

neuspeh zamišljanja.

Without a restoration story

Bez priče o obnovi

that can tell us where we need to go,

koja nam može reći kuda treba da idemo,

nothing is going to change,

ništa se neće menjati,

but with such a restoration story,

ali sa takvom pričom o obnovi,

almost everything can change.

skoro sve se može promeniti.

The story we need to tell

Priča koju moramo da ispričamo

is a story which will appeal to as wide a range of people as possible,

je priča koja će se dopasti što je moguće većem broju ljudi,

crossing political fault lines.

tako da prevazilazi političke podele.

It should resonate with deep needs and desires.

Trebalo bi da se poklopi sa dubokim potrebama i željama.

It should be simple and intelligible,

Trebalo bi da bude jednostavna i razumljiva,

and it should be grounded in reality.

i da bude utemeljena u stvarnosti.

Now, I admit that all of this sounds like a bit of a tall order.

Sada, priznajem da sve to zvuči kao pomalo težak zadatak.

But I believe that in Western nations,

Ali smatram da u zapadnim zemljama

there is actually a story like this

postoji takva priča

waiting to be told.

koja čeka da se ispriča.

Over the past few years,

Tokom proteklih nekoliko godina,

there's been a fascinating convergence of findings

došlo je do fascinantne konvergencije nalaza

in several different sciences,

u nekoliko različitih nauka,

in psychology and anthropology and neuroscience and evolutionary biology,

u psihologiji, antropologiji, neuronaukama i evolucionoj biologiji,

and they all tell us something pretty amazing:

i svi nam oni govore nešto prilično zapanjujuće:

that human beings have got this massive capacity for altruism.

da ljudska bića imaju ogroman kapacitet za altruizam.

Sure, we all have a bit of selfishness and greed inside us,

Naravno, svi mi imamo malo sebičnosti i pohlepe u sebi,

but in most people, those are not our dominant values.

ali kod većine ljudi to nisu dominantne vrednosti.

And we also turn out to be the supreme cooperators.

Takođe se ispostavilo da smo vrhunski saradnici.

We survived the African savannas,

Preživeli smo afričke savane

despite being weaker and slower than our predators and most of our prey,

uprkos tome što smo bili slabiji i sporiji od naših predatora i većine našeg plena,

by an amazing ability to engage in mutual aid,

neverovatnom sposobnošću da delujemo u cilju međusobnog pružanja pomoći,

and that urge to cooperate has been hardwired into our minds

i taj poriv za saradnjom utisnut je u naš um

through natural selection.

kroz prirodnu selekciju.

These are the central, crucial facts about humankind:

Ovo su glavne, ključne činjenice o ljudskom rodu:

our amazing altruism and cooperation.

naš neverovatni altruizam i saradnja.

But something has gone horribly wrong.

Ali nešto je baš krenulo po zlu.

Disorder afflicts the land.

Rasulo pogodi zemlju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Our good nature has been thwarted by several forces,

Našoj dobroj prirodi suprotstavilo se nekoliko sila,

but I think the most powerful of them is the dominant political narrative

ali mislim da je najsnažnija sila dominantni politički narativ

of our times,

našeg vremena,

which tells us that we should live in extreme individualism

a koji nam govori da svi treba da živimo u ekstremnom individualizmu

and competition with each other.

i međusobnom nadmetanju.

It pushes us to fight each other, to fear and mistrust each other.

On nas tera da se borimo jedni protiv drugih,

da se plašimo i ne verujemo jedni drugima.

It atomizes society.

On razbija društvo na sitne delove.

It weakens the social bonds that make our lives worth living.

Ono slabi socijalne veze zbog kojih vredi živeti.

And into that vacuum

I u tom vakuumu

grow these violent, intolerant forces.

razvijaju se te nasilne, netolerantne sile.

We are a society of altruists,

Mi smo društvo altruista,

but we are governed by psychopaths.

ali nama vladaju psihopate.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

But it doesn't have to be like this.

Ali ne mora biti tako.

It really doesn't,

Zaista ne mora,

because we have this incredible capacity for togetherness and belonging,

zato što imamo neverovatnu sposobnost zajedništva i pripadnosti,

and by invoking that capacity,

i pobuđivanjem tog kapaciteta

we can recover those amazing components of our humanity:

možemo da oporavimo te neverovatne komponente naše ljudskosti:

our altruism and cooperation.

naš altruizam i saradnju.

Where there is atomization, we can build a thriving civic life

Tamo gde postoji rasparčavanje, možemo izgraditi uspešan građanski život

with a rich participatory culture.

sa bogatom kulturom učestvovanja.

Where we find ourselves crushed between market and state,

Na mestu na kome smo slomljeni između tržišta i države,

we can build an economics that respects both people and planet.

možemo da izgradimo ekonomiju koja poštuje i ljude i planetu.

And we can create this economics around that great neglected sphere,

I možemo stvoriti tu ekonomiju oko velike zanemarene oblasti,

the commons.

zajedničkog vlasništva.

The commons is neither market nor state, capitalism nor communism,

Zajedničko vlasništvo nije ni tržište ni država,

nije kapitalizam niti komunizam,

but it consists of three main elements:

već se sastoji od tri glavna elementa:

a particular resource;

određenog resursa,

a particular community that manages that resource;

određene zajednice koja upravlja tim resursem,

and the rules and negotiations the community develops to manage it.

i pravila i dogovora koje zajednica stvara da bi njime upravljala.

Think of community broadband or community energy cooperatives

Pomislite na zajednice širokog opsega, energetske zadruge u zajednici

or the shared land for growing fruit and vegetables

ili zajedničko zemljište za uzgajanje voća i povrća

that in Britain we call allotments.

koje u Britaniji zovemo dodeljenim parcelama.

A common can't be sold, it can't be given away,

Zajedničko vlasništvo se ne može prodati, ne može se pokloniti,

and its benefits are shared equally among the members of the community.

a njegove dobiti se podjednako dele među članovima zajednice.

Where we have been ignored and exploited,

Tamo gde smo ignorisani i iskorišćavani,

we can revive our politics.

možemo oživeti našu politiku.

We can recover democracy from the people who have captured it.

Možemo oporaviti demokratiju od ljudi koji su je zarobili.

We can use new rules and methods of elections

Možemo koristiti nova pravila i metode izbora

to ensure that financial power never trumps democratic power again.

da bismo se postarali da finansijska moć nikad više ne nadjača demokratsku moć.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Representative democracy should be tempered by participatory democracy

Reprezentativnu demokratiju treba ublažiti participativnom demokratijom

so that we can refine our political choices,

tako da možemo da pročistimo svoje političke izbore,

and that choice should be exercised as much as possible at the local level.

a te izbore treba što je više moguće sprovoditi na lokalnom nivou.

If something can be decided locally, it shouldn't be determined nationally.

Ako se o nečemu može odlučiti lokalno,

to ne treba određivati na nacionalnom nivou.

And I call all this the politics of belonging.

Sve ovo nazivam politikom pripadnosti.

Now, I think this has got the potential to appeal

Mislim da ovo ima potencijal da privuče

across quite a wide range of people,

prilično širok opseg ljudi,

and the reason for this is that among the very few values

a razlog tome je što u vrlo malo vrednosti

that both left and right share

koje dele levica i desnica

are belonging and community.

spadaju pripadanje i zajednica.

And we might mean slightly different things by them,

Možda pod njima podrazumevamo donekle drugačije stvari,

but at least we start with some language in common.

ali makar počinjemo nekim zajedničkim jezikom.

In fact, you can see a lot of politics as being a search for belonging.

Zapravo, veliki deo politike možete videti kao traženje pripadnosti.

Even fascists seek community,

Čak i fašisti teže ka zajednici,

albeit a frighteningly homogenous community

doduše, zastrašujuće homogenoj zajednici

where everyone looks the same and wears the same uniform

u kojoj svi izgledaju isto, nose iste uniforme

and chants the same slogans.

i pevaju iste slogane.

What we need to create is a community based on bridging networks,

Moramo stvoriti zajednicu zasnovanu na mrežama premošćivanja,

not bonding networks.

ne na mrežama povezivanja.

Now a bonding network brings together people from a homogenous group,

Mreža koja povezuje okuplja ljude iz homogene grupe,

whereas a bridging network brings together people from different groups.

dok mreža koja premošćava okuplja ljude iz različitih grupa.

And my belief is that if we create

Moje uverenje je da, ako stvorimo

sufficiently rich and vibrant bridging communities,

dovoljno bogate i životne zajednice koje premošćavaju,

we can thwart the urge for people to burrow into the security

možemo se suprotstaviti potrebi ljudi da se ukopaju u sigurnost

of a homogenous bonding community

homogene zajednice koja povezuje,

defending themselves against the other.

i da se brane od drugih.

So in summary,

Dakle, ukratko,

our new story could go something like this.

naša nova priča bi mogla da ide ovako nekako.

Disorder afflicts the land!

Rasulo pogodi zemlju!

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces

Uzrokovano snažnim i zlim silama

of people who say there's no such thing as society,

ljudi koji kažu da društvo ne postoji,

who tell us that our highest purpose in life

koji nam govore da je najveći smisao u životu

is to fight like stray dogs over a dustbin.

da se borimo poput pasa lutalica oko kante za smeće.

But the heroes of the story, us,

Ali heroji priče, mi,

we'll revolt against this disorder.

pobuniće se protiv ovog nereda.

We will fight those nefarious forces by building rich, engaging,

Borićemo se protiv tih opakih sila izgradnjom bogatih, angažovanih,

inclusive and generous communities,

inkluzivnih i darežljivih zajednica,

and, in doing so,

i na taj način

we will restore harmony to the land.

ćemo vratiti sklad u zemlju.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Now whether or not you feel this is the right story,

Bilo da smatrate da je ovo prava priča ili ne,

I hope you'll agree that we need one.

nadam se da se slažete da nam je neka priča potrebna.

We need a new restoration story,

Treba nam nova priča o obnovi

which is going to guide us out of the mess we're in,

koja će nas izvesti iz haosa u kome smo,

which tells us why we're in the mess and tells us how to get out of that mess.

koja nam objašnjava zašto smo u haosu i koja nam govori kako izaći iz njega.

And that story, if we tell it right,

A ta priča, ako je ispričamo kako treba,

will infect the minds of people across the political spectrum.

zaraziće umove ljudi širom političkog spektra.

Our task is to tell the story that lights the path to a better world.

Naš zadatak je da ispričamo priču koja osvetljava put ka boljem svetu.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)