The new political story that could change everything | George Monbiot

Prevoditelj: Martina Peraic Recezent: Djurdjica Ercegovac

Do you feel trapped

Osjećate li se zarobljenima

in a broken economic model?

u urušenom ekonomskom modelu?

A model that's trashing the living world

Modelu koji uništava živi svijet

and threatens the lives of our descendants?

i prijeti životima naših potomaka?

A model that excludes billions of people

Modelu koji isključuje milijarde ljudi,

while making a handful unimaginably rich?

istodobno čineći šačicu nezamislivo bogatima?

That sorts us into winners and losers,

Koji nas svrstava u pobjednike i gubitnike,

and then blames the losers for their misfortune?

a zatim krivi gubitnike za njihovu nesreću?

Welcome to neoliberalism,

Dobrodošli u neoliberalizam,

the zombie doctrine that never seems to die,

zombijevsko učenje koje nikako da izumre,

however comprehensively it is discredited.

koliko god detaljno bilo raskrinkavano.

Now you might have imagined that the financial crisis of 2008

Možda ste zamišljali kako će financijska kriza 2008. godine

would have led to the collapse of neoliberalism.

dovesti do kraha neoliberalizma.

After all, it exposed its central features,

Konačno, pokazao je kako su njegove glavne osobine,

which were deregulating business and finance,

a to su deregulacija biznisa i financiranja,

tearing down public protections,

odstranjivanje javnih zaštita,

throwing us into extreme competition with each other,

tjeranje ljudi u ekstremno međusobno natjecanje,

as, well, just a little bit flawed.

pa, recimo, malo manjkave.

And intellectually, it did collapse.

Intelektualno se doista jest srušio.

But still, it dominates our lives.

Ali i dalje upravlja našim životima.

Why?

Zašto?

Well, I believe the answer is that we have not yet produced

Mislim da je odgovor da još nismo proizveli

a new story with which to replace it.

novu priču kojom bismo ga zamijenili.

Stories are the means by which we navigate the world.

Priče su sredstva kojima se krećemo kroz svijet.

They allow us to interpret its complex and contradictory signals.

One nam omogućuju da tumačimo kompleksne i kontradiktorne znakove.

Ako želimo naći smisao nečega,

When we want to make sense of something,

the sense we seek is not scientific sense

smisao koji tražimo nije znanstveni smisao,

but narrative fidelity.

nego vjerodostojnost priče.

Does what we are hearing reflect the way

Odražava li ono što čujemo način

that we expect humans and the world to behave?

na koji očekujemo da se ljudi i svijet ponašaju?

Does it hang together?

Da li je to dosljedno?

Does it progress

Napreduje li onako

as a story should progress?

kako bi priča trebala napredovati?

Now, we are creatures of narrative,

Mi smo narativna stvorenja,

and a string of facts and figures, however important facts and figures are --

a niz činjenica i brojki, koliko god činjenice i brojke bile važne,

and, you know, I'm an empiricist, I believe in facts and figures --

znate, ja sam empiričar, ja vjerujem u činjenice i brojke,

but those facts and figures have no power to displace a persuasive story.

ali one nemaju moć da nadomjeste uvjerljivu priču.

The only thing that can replace a story

Jedina stvar koja može zamijeniti priču

is a story.

jest priča.

You cannot take away someone's story

Ne možete nekome oduzeti priču

without giving them a new one.

a da mu ne ponudite novu.

And it's not just stories in general that we are attuned to,

A nisu samo priče općenito ono na što smo navikli,

but particular narrative structures.

već i određene narativne strukture.

There are a number of basic plots that we use again and again,

Postoji određen broj osnovnih zapleta koje uvijek iznova koristimo,

and in politics there is one basic plot

a u politici postoji jedan osnovni zaplet

which turns out to be tremendously powerful,

koji se pokazuje iznimno moćnim,

and I call this "the restoration story."

zovem ga "priča o obnovi".

It goes as follows.

Ide ovako.

Disorder afflicts the land,

Nered zahvaća zemlju,

caused by powerful and nefarious forces

uzrokovan moćnim i zlim silama

working against the interests of humanity.

koje rade protiv interesa čovječanstva.

But the hero will revolt against this disorder,

Ali junak će se pobuniti protiv tog nereda,

fight those powerful forces,

boriti se protiv tih moćnih sila,

against the odds overthrow them

pobijediti ih usprkos svemu

and restore harmony to the land.

i obnoviti sklad zemlje.

You've heard this story before.

Čuli ste već tu priču.

It's the Bible story.

To je Biblija.

It's the "Harry Potter" story.

To je Harry Potter.

It's the "Lord of the Rings" story.

To je Gospodar prstenova.

It's the "Narnia" story.

To je Narnija.

But it's also the story

Ali to je također

priča koja je pratila gotovo svaku političku i vjersku transformaciju

that has accompanied almost every political and religious transformation

going back millennia.

već tisućljećima unatrag.

In fact, we could go as far as to say

Zapravo, možemo tvrditi

that without a powerful new restoration story,

da bez moćne nove priče o obnovi,

a political and religious transformation

nijedna politička ili vjerska transformacija

might not be able to happen.

ne bi se možda mogla dogoditi.

It's that important.

Toliko je važna priča.

After laissez-faire economics triggered the Great Depression,

Nakon što je "laissez-faire" ekonomija dovela do Velike depresije,

John Maynard Keynes sat down to write a new economics,

John Maynard Keynes sjeo je i napisao novu ekonomiju,

and what he did was to tell a restoration story,

učinio je to pričajući priču o obnovi,

and it went something like this.

a ona je išla otprilike ovako:

Disorder afflicts the land!

Nered zahvaća zemlju!

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces of the economic elite,

Izazivaju ga moćne i zle sile ekonomske elite,

which have captured the world's wealth.

koje su zarobile bogatstvo svijeta.

But the hero of the story,

Ali junak priče,

the enabling state, supported by working class and middle class people,

sposobna država, koju podržavaju radnička i srednja klasa,

will contest that disorder,

suprotstavit će se tom neredu,

will fight those powerful forces by redistributing wealth,

oduprijet će se tim moćnim silama preraspodjelom bogatstva,

and through spending public money on public goods

a putem trošenja javnog novca na javnu dobrobit

will generate income and jobs,

stvorit će dohodak i radna mjesta,

restoring harmony to the land.

obnavljajući sklad zemlje.

Now like all good restoration stories,

Baš poput svake dobre priče o obnovi,

this one resonated across the political spectrum.

ova je odjeknula širom političkog spektra.

Democrats and Republicans, labor and conservatives,

Demokrati i republikanci, laburisti i konzervativci,

left and right all became, broadly, Keynesian.

lijevi i desni, svi su, u širem smislu, postali Keynesijanci.

Then, when Keynesianism ran into trouble

A onda, kada je Keynesijanizam zapao u probleme

in the 1970s,

1970-ih godina,

the neoliberals, people like Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman,

neoliberalisti, ljudi poput Friedricha Hayeka i Miltona Friedmana,

came forward with their new restoration story,

pojavili su se sa svojom novom pričom o obnovi,

and it went something like this.

a ona je išla otprilike ovako:

You'll never guess what's coming.

- nikada nećete pogoditi što slijedi -

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Disorder afflicts the land!

Nered zahvaća zemlju!

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces

Uzrokuju ga moćne i zle sile

of the overmighty state,

svemoćne države,

whose collectivizing tendencies crush freedom and individualism

čije težnje za kolektivizacijom slamaju slobodu, individualnost

and opportunity.

i prilike.

But the hero of the story, the entrepreneur,

Ali junak priče, poduzetnik,

will fight those powerful forces,

suprotstavit će se tim moćnim silama,

roll back the state,

reducirati državu,

and through creating wealth and opportunity,

i stvaranjem bogatstva i prilika

restore harmony to the land.

vratiti sklad zemlji.

And that story also resonated across the political spectrum.

I ova priča je odjeknula diljem političkog spektra.

Republicans and Democrats, conservatives and labor,

Republikanci i demokrati, konzervativci i laburisti,

they all became, broadly, neoliberal.

svi su postali, u širem smislu, neoliberali.

Opposite stories

Suprotne priče

with an identical narrative structure.

s istom narativnom strukturom.

Then, in 2008,

Zatim, 2008. godine,

the neoliberal story fell apart,

neoliberalna priča se raspala,

and its opponents came forward with ...

a njezini protivnici donijeli su nam...

nothing.

ništa.

No new restoration story!

Nema nove priče o obnovi!

The best they had to offer was a watered-down neoliberalism

Sve što su mogli ponuditi bio je razvodnjeni neoliberalizam

or a microwaved Keynesianism.

ili podgrijani Keynesijanizam.

And that is why we're stuck.

I zato smo zapeli.

Without that new story,

Bez te nove priče,

we are stuck with the old failed story

zapeli smo u staroj propaloj priči

that keeps on failing.

koja i dalje propada.

Despair is the state we fall into

Očaj je stanje u koje padamo

when our imagination fails.

kada naša mašta zakaže.

When we have no story that explains the present

Kada nemamo priču koja objašnjava sadašnjost

and describes the future,

i opisuje budućnost,

hope evaporates.

nada iščezava.

Political failure is at heart

Politički neuspjeh je u suštini

a failure of imagination.

neuspjeh mašte.

Without a restoration story

Bez priče o obnovi,

that can tell us where we need to go,

koja nam može reći kamo trebamo ići,

nothing is going to change,

ništa se neće promijeniti.

but with such a restoration story,

No, s takvom pričom o obnovi

almost everything can change.

gotovo sve se može promijeniti.

The story we need to tell

Priča koju trebamo ispričati

is a story which will appeal to as wide a range of people as possible,

je priča koja će doprijeti do što većeg broja ljudi,

crossing political fault lines.

prelazeći političke razdjelnice.

It should resonate with deep needs and desires.

Ona treba oslikavati naše duboke potrebe i čežnje.

It should be simple and intelligible,

Mora biti jednostavna i razumljiva

and it should be grounded in reality.

i mora biti utemeljena na stvarnosti.

Now, I admit that all of this sounds like a bit of a tall order.

Priznajem da sve ovo zvuči malo previše zahtjevno.

But I believe that in Western nations,

Ali vjerujem da u zapadnim zemljama

there is actually a story like this

zapravo postoji takva priča

waiting to be told.

koja čeka da bude ispričana.

Over the past few years,

Tijekom zadnjih nekoliko godina,

there's been a fascinating convergence of findings

došlo je da zapanjujućeg gomilanja otkrića

in several different sciences,

u nekoliko različitih znanosti,

in psychology and anthropology and neuroscience and evolutionary biology,

u psihologiji i antropologiji, u neuroznanosti i evolucijskoj biologiji,

and they all tell us something pretty amazing:

i sve one nam govore nešto prilično zadivljujuće:

that human beings have got this massive capacity for altruism.

da ljudska bića imaju ogromnu sposobnost za altruizam.

Sure, we all have a bit of selfishness and greed inside us,

Naravno, svi imamo pomalo sebičnosti i pohlepe u sebi,

but in most people, those are not our dominant values.

ali kod većine ljudi to nisu prevladavajuće vrijednosti.

And we also turn out to be the supreme cooperators.

Pokazalo se i da smo izvrsni suradnici.

We survived the African savannas,

Preživjeli smo afričke savane,

despite being weaker and slower than our predators and most of our prey,

unatoč tome što smo bili slabiji i sporiji od predatora i većine našeg plijena,

by an amazing ability to engage in mutual aid,

pomoću iznimne sposobnosti da se upustimo u međusobno pomaganje.

and that urge to cooperate has been hardwired into our minds

A ta potreba za suradnjom ugrađena je u naše umove

through natural selection.

putem prirodne selekcije.

These are the central, crucial facts about humankind:

To su središnje, presudne činjenice o ljudskoj vrsti:

our amazing altruism and cooperation.

naš nevjerojatan altruizam i suradnja.

But something has gone horribly wrong.

Ali nešto je pošlo jako po zlu:

Disorder afflicts the land.

Nered zahvaća zemlju.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Our good nature has been thwarted by several forces,

Naša dobra priroda prigušena je različitim silama,

but I think the most powerful of them is the dominant political narrative

ali mislim da je najjača od njih prevladavajući politički narativ

of our times,

našeg vremena,

which tells us that we should live in extreme individualism

koji nam govori kako bismo trebali živjeti u ekstremnom individualizmu

and competition with each other.

i međusobnom natjecanju.

It pushes us to fight each other, to fear and mistrust each other.

Tjera nas da se borimo jedni protiv drugih, da se bojimo i ne vjerujemo jedni drugima.

It atomizes society.

Rascjepkava naše društvo.

It weakens the social bonds that make our lives worth living.

Oslabljuje društvene veze koje čine naš život vrijednim življenja.

And into that vacuum

A u tom vakuumu

grow these violent, intolerant forces.

rastu te nasilne, netrpeljive sile.

We are a society of altruists,

Mi jesmo društvo altruista,

but we are governed by psychopaths.

ali nama upravljaju psihopati.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

But it doesn't have to be like this.

Ali ne mora biti tako.

It really doesn't,

Doista ne mora

because we have this incredible capacity for togetherness and belonging,

jer imamo tu nevjerojatnu sposobnost za zajedništvo i pripadanje,

and by invoking that capacity,

i prizivanjem te sposobnosti,

we can recover those amazing components of our humanity:

možemo povratiti te sjajne osobine naše ljudskosti:

our altruism and cooperation.

naš altruizam i suradnju.

Where there is atomization, we can build a thriving civic life

Tamo gdje je rascjepkanost, možemo izgraditi bogat građanski život

with a rich participatory culture.

bogate kulture sudjelovanja.

Where we find ourselves crushed between market and state,

Ondje gdje smo se našli pritiješnjeni između tržišta i države,

we can build an economics that respects both people and planet.

možemo izgraditi ekonomiju koja poštuje i ljude i planet.

And we can create this economics around that great neglected sphere,

I možemo izgraditi tu ekonomiju oko te velike zanemarene sfere,

the commons.

zajedničkog ili javnog dobra.

The commons is neither market nor state, capitalism nor communism,

Zajedničko dobro nije ni tržište niti država, ni kapitalizam niti komunizam,

but it consists of three main elements:

već se sastoji od tri glavna elementa:

a particular resource;

određeni resurs,

a particular community that manages that resource;

određena zajednica koja upravlja tim resursom

and the rules and negotiations the community develops to manage it.

te pravila i dogovori koje zajednica donosi kako bi upravljala njime.

Think of community broadband or community energy cooperatives

Sjetite se javnog širokopojasnog interneta ili lokalnih energetskih zadruga,

or the shared land for growing fruit and vegetables

ili zajedničkog zemljišta za uzgoj voća i povrća

that in Britain we call allotments.

koje u Britaniji zovemo alokacije - dodijeljene parcele.

A common can't be sold, it can't be given away,

Zajedničko dobro se ne može prodati, ne može se pokloniti,

and its benefits are shared equally among the members of the community.

a njegove dobrobiti se ravnomjerno dijele između članova zajednice.

Where we have been ignored and exploited,

Ondje gdje smo ignorirani i iskorištavani,

we can revive our politics.

možemo oživjeti našu politiku.

We can recover democracy from the people who have captured it.

Možemo povratiti demokraciju od ljudi koji su je zarobili.

We can use new rules and methods of elections

Možemo koristiti nova pravila i metode izbora

to ensure that financial power never trumps democratic power again.

kako bismo osigurali da financijska moć više nikada ne nadjača demokratsku moć.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Representative democracy should be tempered by participatory democracy

Zastupnička demokracija treba biti obogaćena participatornom demokracijom

so that we can refine our political choices,

kako bismo poboljšali naše političke izbore.

and that choice should be exercised as much as possible at the local level.

A taj izbor treba ostvarivati što je više moguće na lokalnoj razini.

If something can be decided locally, it shouldn't be determined nationally.

Ono o čemu se može odlučivati lokalno, ne bi se smjelo određivati nacionalno.

And I call all this the politics of belonging.

Sve to ja nazivam politikom pripadanja.

Now, I think this has got the potential to appeal

Mislim da ona ima mogućnost doprijeti

across quite a wide range of people,

do širokog raspona ljudi.

and the reason for this is that among the very few values

A razlog za to je da su među onim malobrojnim vrijednostima,

that both left and right share

koje dijele i ljevičari i desničari,

are belonging and community.

pripadanje i zajednica.

And we might mean slightly different things by them,

Pod tim možemo podrazumijevati pomalo različite stvari,

but at least we start with some language in common.

ali barem započinjemo od nekog zajedničkog jezika.

In fact, you can see a lot of politics as being a search for belonging.

Zapravo, mnoge politike možemo promatrati kao potragu za pripadnošću.

Even fascists seek community,

Čak i fašisti teže zajednici,

albeit a frighteningly homogenous community

doduše zastrašujuće homogenoj zajednici

where everyone looks the same and wears the same uniform

gdje svatko izgleda jednako, nosi istu uniformu

and chants the same slogans.

i pjevuši iste slogane.

What we need to create is a community based on bridging networks,

Trebamo stvoriti zajednicu zasnovanu na mrežama koje premošćuju,

not bonding networks.

a ne mrežama koje vezuju.

Now a bonding network brings together people from a homogenous group,

Mreža koja vezuje okuplja ljude iz homogene skupine,

whereas a bridging network brings together people from different groups.

dok mreža koja premošćuje okuplja ljude iz različitih skupina.

And my belief is that if we create

Vjerujem, ako stvorimo

sufficiently rich and vibrant bridging communities,

dovoljno bogate i živahne zajednice koje premošćuju,

we can thwart the urge for people to burrow into the security

možemo odvratiti ljude od ukopavanja u sigurnost

of a homogenous bonding community

homogene vezivne zajednice

koja se brani od svih ostalih.

defending themselves against the other.

So in summary,

Sažetak naše nove priče

our new story could go something like this.

mogao bi ići ovako:

Disorder afflicts the land!

Nered zahvaća zemlju!

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Caused by the powerful and nefarious forces

Izazvan moćnim i zlim silama

of people who say there's no such thing as society,

ljudi koji tvrde da ne postoji društvo,

who tell us that our highest purpose in life

koji tvrde da je naša najviša svrha u životu

is to fight like stray dogs over a dustbin.

boriti se poput pasa lutalica oko kante za smeće.

But the heroes of the story, us,

Ali junaci priče, mi,

we'll revolt against this disorder.

oduprijet ćemo se tom neredu.

We will fight those nefarious forces by building rich, engaging,

Odbit ćemo te zle sile gradeći

bogate, poduzetne, uključive i velikodušne zajednice,

inclusive and generous communities,

and, in doing so,

i čineći to

we will restore harmony to the land.

povratit ćemo sklad zemlji.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Now whether or not you feel this is the right story,

Bez obzira mislite li da je ovo ona prava priča,

I hope you'll agree that we need one.

nadam se da ćete se složiti da nam je priča potrebna.

We need a new restoration story,

Trebamo novu priču o obnovi,

which is going to guide us out of the mess we're in,

koja će nas izvesti iz nereda u kojem se nalazimo,

which tells us why we're in the mess and tells us how to get out of that mess.

koja će nam reći zašto smo u neredu i kako da se izvučemo iz njega.

And that story, if we tell it right,

A ta priča, ako je ispričamo na pravi način,

will infect the minds of people across the political spectrum.

zarazit će umove ljudi cijelog političkog spektra.

Our task is to tell the story that lights the path to a better world.

Naš zadatak je ispričati priču koja rasvjetljava put ka boljem svijetu.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)