Should you be able to patent a human gene? | Tania Simoncelli

Prevodilac: Jasmina Francuski Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

It was an afternoon in the fall of 2005.

Bilo je to jednog popodneva u jesen 2005.

I was working at the ACLU as the organization's science advisor.

Radila sam u Američkom udruženju za građanske slobode kao naučni savetnik.

I really, really loved my job,

Stvarno sam mnogo volela svoj posao,

but I was having one of those days

ali bio je to jedan od onih dana

where I was feeling just a little bit discouraged.

kada sam bila pomalo obeshrabrena.

So I wandered down the hallway to my colleague Chris Hansen's office.

Otišla sam niz hodnik do kancelarije mog kolege Krisa Hansena.

Chris had been at the ACLU for more than 30 years,

Kris je radio u Udruženju duže od 30 godina,

so he had deep institutional knowledge and insights.

pa je izuzetno dobro poznavao funkcionisanje organizacije.

I explained to Chris that I was feeling a little bit stuck.

Objasnila sam Krisu da sam malo zapela.

I had been investigating a number of issues

Istraživala sam nekoliko problema

at the intersection of science and civil liberties -- super interesting.

u kojima se prepliću nauka i slobode građana - super zanimljivo.

But I wanted the ACLU to engage these issues in a much bigger way,

Ipak, želela sam da se Udruženje mnogo ozbiljnije posveti ovim pitanjima,

in a way that could really make a difference.

na način koji bi stvarno ostavio traga.

So Chris cut right to the chase, and he says,

Kris je odmah prešao na stvar i rekao je:

"Well, of all the issues you've been looking at, what are the top five?"

„Od svih problema koje si istraživala, kojih pet izdvajaš?“

"Well, there's genetic discrimination,

„Pa, tu je genetska diskriminacija,

and reproductive technologies,

reproduktivne tehnologije,

and biobanking, and ...

čuvanje biološkog materijala...

oh, there's this really cool issue,

Tu je i to stvarno strava pitanje,

functional MRI and using it for lie detection, and ...

funkcionalna MR i njeno korišćenje za otkrivanje laži

oh, and of course, there's gene patents."

i, naravno, tu su patenti nad genima.“

"Gene patents?"

„Patenti nad genima?“

"Yes, you know, patents on human genes."

„Da, znaš, patenti nad ljudskim genima.“

"No!

„Ne!

You're telling me that the US government

Hoćeš da kažeš da Vlada SAD-a

has been issuing patents on part of the human body?

izdaje patente nad delovima ljudskog tela?

That can't be right."

Nemoguće.“

I went back to my office and sent Chris three articles.

Vratila sam se u svoju kancelariju i poslala Krisu tri članka.

And 20 minutes later, he came bursting in my office.

Dvadeset minuta kasnije, uleteo je u moju kancelariju.

"Oh my god! You're right! Who can we sue?"

„Gospode! U pravu si! Koga možemo da tužimo?“

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now Chris is a really brilliant lawyer,

Kris je stvarno sjajan advokat,

but he knew almost nothing about patent law

ali nije znao skoro ništa o Zakonu o patentima,

and certainly nothing about genetics.

a apsolutno ništa o genetici.

I knew something about genetics, but I wasn't even a lawyer,

Ja sam znala ponešto o genetici, ali nisam bila advokat,

let alone a patent lawyer.

a kamoli zastupnik za patente.

So clearly we had a lot to learn before we could file a lawsuit.

Jasno, trebalo je mnogo toga da naučimo pre nego što podnesemo tužbu.

First, we needed to understand exactly what was patented

Prvo, trebalo je da shvatimo šta se tačno patentira

when someone patented a gene.

kad neko patentira gen.

Gene patents typically contain dozens of claims,

Patenti nad genima obično sadrže više desetina tvrdnji,

but the most controversial of these are to so-called "isolated DNA" --

ali najkontroverznija od svih je takozvana izolovana DNK -

namely, a piece of DNA that has been removed from a cell.

naime, deo DNK koji je izdvojen iz ćelije.

Gene patent proponents say,

Pobornici patentiranja kažu:

"See? We didn't patent the gene in your body,

„Vidite? Nismo patentirali gen u vašem telu,

we patented an isolated gene."

patentirali smo izolovani gen.“

And that's true,

I to je tačno,

but the problem is that any use of the gene requires that it be isolated.

ali problem je to što svaka upotreba gena zahteva da on bude izolovan.

And the patents weren't just to a particular gene that they isolated,

Nisu patentirali samo određene izolovane gene,

but on every possible version of that gene.

već i svaku moguću verziju tih gena.

So what does that mean?

Šta to znači?

That means that you can't give your gene to your doctor

To znači da ne možete dati svoj gen svom lekaru

and ask him or her to look at it,

i tražiti od njega da ga istraži,

say, to see if it has any mutations,

na primer, da vidi da li ima kakvih mutacija

without permission of the patent holder.

bez dozvole nosioca patenta.

It also means that the patent holder has the right to stop anyone

To takođe znači da nosilac patenta ima pravo da zabrani bilo kome

from using that gene in research or clinical testing.

da koristi taj gen u istraživačke svrhe ili za klinička ispitivanja.

Allowing patent holders,

Dopuštanje nosiocima patenta,

often private companies,

često privatnim firmama,

to lock up stretches of the human genome was harming patients.

da zaključaju delove ljudskog genoma, štetilo je pacijentima.

Consider Abigail,

Pogledajte Abigejl, desetogodišnjakinju sa sindrom produženog QT intervala,

a 10-year-old with long QT syndrome,

a serious heart condition that, if left untreated,

ozbiljnom bolešću srca koja, ako se ne leči,

can result in sudden death.

može dovesti do iznenadne smrti.

The company that obtained a patent on two genes associated with this condition

Kompanija koja je dobila patent nad dva gena vezana za ovu bolest

developed a test to diagnose the syndrome.

napravila je test za dijagnozu ovog sindroma.

But then they went bankrupt and they never offered it.

Međutim, zatim su bankrotirali i nikad ga nisu ponudili.

So another lab tried to offer the test,

To je pokušala druga laboratorija,

but the company that held the patents threatened to sue the lab

ali kompanija koja je imala patent pretila im je tužbom

for patent infringement.

za kršenje patenta.

So as a result,

Ishod je bio to

for 2 years, no test was available.

da je test bio nedostupan dve godine.

During that time,

Za to vreme, Abigejl je umrla

Abigail died of undiagnosed long QT.

od nedijagnostikovanog sindroma produženog QT intervala.

Gene patents clearly were a problem and were harming patients.

Pateti nad genima su predstavljali problem i štetili su pacijentima.

But was there a way we could challenge them?

A da li je postojao način da se ospore?

Turns out that the Supreme Court

Ispostavlja se da je Vrhovni sud

has made clear through a long line of cases,

jasno odredio, kroz mnoštvo predmeta,

that certain things are not patent eligible.

da određene stvari nije moguće patentirati.

You can't patent products of nature --

Ne mogu se patentirati proizvodi prirode:

the air, the water, minerals, elements of the periodic table.

vazduh, voda, minerali, elementi periodnog sistema.

And you can't patent laws of nature --

Ne mogu se patentirati ni zakoni prirode:

the law of gravity, E = mc2.

zakon gravitacije, E=mc2.

These things are just too fundamental and must remain free to all

Ove stvari su jednostavno fundamentalne i moraju biti besplatne za sve,

and reserved exclusively to none.

a ni za koga isključivo rezervisane.

It seemed to us that DNA,

Nama se činilo da DNK,

the most fundamental structure of life,

najfundamentalnija struktura života,

that codes for the production of all of our proteins,

koja kodira proizvodnju svih naših belančevina,

is both a product of nature and a law of nature,

jeste istovremeno proizvod prirode i zakon prirode,

regardless of whether it's in our bodies

bez obzira na to da li se nalazi u našim telima

or sitting in the bottom of a test tube.

ili na dnu epruvete.

As we delved into this issue,

Sve više istražujući problem,

we traveled all over the country to speak with many different experts --

putovali smo širom zemlje kako bismo razgovarali sa različitim stručnjacima

scientists, medical professionals, lawyers, patent lawyers.

naučnicima, medicinskim profesionalcima, advokatima, zastupnicima za patente.

Most of them agreed that we were right as a matter of policy,

Većina njih se složila da smo u pravu u pogledu politike

and, at least in theory, as a matter of law.

i, makar teoretski, u pogledu zakona.

All of them thought

Svi su mislili

our chances of winning a gene-patent challenge

da su nam šanse da pobedimo patentiranje nad genima

were about zero.

otprilike ravne nuli.

Why is that?

Zašto?

Well, the patent office had been issuing these patents

Kancelarija za patente je izdavala ove patente

for more than 20 years.

duže od 20 godina.

There were literally thousands of patents on human genes.

Bilo je bukvalno hiljade patenata nad ljudskim genima.

The patent bar was deeply entrenched in the status quo,

Komora zastupnika za patente se duboko ukopala u status kvo,

the biotech industry had grown up around this practice,

biotehnološka industija se razvila oko ovakve prakse,

and legislation to ban gene patents had been introduced

a zakoni za zabranu patenata nad genima

su godinama predlagani u Kongresu,

year after year in Congress,

and had gone absolutely nowhere.

ali se s tim nigde nije stiglo.

So the bottom line:

Suština je sledeća:

courts just weren't going to be willing to overturn these patents.

sudovi jednostavno nisu bili voljni da ponište ove patente.

Now, neither Chris nor I were the type to shy away from a challenge,

Ni Kris ni ja nismo od onih što se povlače pred izazovima,

and hearing, "Being right just isn't enough,"

pa su reči: „Nije dovoljno samo biti u pravu“

seemed all the more reason to take on this fight.

bile samo razlog više da započnemo ovu borbu.

So we set out to build our case.

Tako smo počeli da gradimo naš predmet.

Now, patent cases tend to be: Company A sues Company B

Ovi predmeti obično idu ovako: kompanija A tuži kompaniju B

over some really narrow, obscure technical issue.

zbog nekog usko tehničkog pitanja.

We weren't really interested in that kind of case,

Nas nije zanimala ta vrsta predmeta

i mislili smo da je ovaj predmet mnogo širi od toga.

and we thought this case was much bigger than that.

Radilo se o naučnoj slobodi, napretku medicine,

This was about scientific freedom, medical progress,

the rights of patients.

pravima pacijenata.

So we decided we were going to develop a case

Odlučili smo da ćemo pripremiti predmet

that was not like your typical patent case --

koji neće biti poput tipičnih predmeta vezanih za patente,

more like a civil rights case.

više kao predmet iz oblasti građanskih prava.

We set out to identify a gene-patent holder

Počeli smo tako što smo pronašli nosioca patenta nad genima

that was vigorously enforcing its patents

koji je snažno sprovodio svoja patentna prava,

and then to organize a broad coalition of plaintiffs and experts

a potom smo organizovali široku koaliciju tužitelja i stručnjaka

that could tell the court

koji bi mogli reći sudu

about all the ways that these patents were harming patients and innovation.

na koje sve načine ovi patenti štete pacijentima i inovacijama.

We found the prime candidate to sue in Myriad Genetics,

Glavnog kandidata za tužbu smo pronašli u Mirijad Dženetiks,

a company that's based in Salt Lake City, Utah.

kompaniji sa sedištem u Solt Lejk Sitiju, u Juti.

Myriad held patents on two genes,

Mirijad je imao patente nad dva gena,

the BRCA1 and the BRCA2 genes.

nad BRCA1 i BRCA2 genima.

Women with certain mutations along these genes

Za žene sa određenim mutacijama u ovim genima

are considered to be at a significantly increased risk

smatra se da su izložene znatno većem riziku

of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

da dobiju rak dojke ili jajnika.

Myriad had used its patents to maintain

Mirijad je koristio svoje patente da bi zadržao potpuni monopol

a complete monopoly on BRCA testing in the United States.

nad testiranjem BRCA u SAD-u.

It had forced multiple labs that were offering BRCA testing to stop.

Prisilio je više laboratorija sa ponudom testiranja BRCA da to prekinu.

It charged a lot of money for its test --

Naplaćivao je mnogo novca za svoj test -

over 3,000 dollars.

preko 3 000 dolara.

It had stopped sharing its clinical data

Prestao je da deli svoje kliničke podatke

with the international scientific community.

sa međunarodnom naučnom zajednicom.

And perhaps worst of all,

A možda najgore od svega,

for a period of several years,

u periodu od nekoliko godina,

Myriad refused to update its test to include additional mutations

Mirijad je odbio da ažurira svoj test kako bi uključio dodatne mutacije

that had been identified by a team of researchers in France.

koje je otkrio tim istraživača iz Francuske.

It has been estimated that during that period,

Procenjuje se da je tokom tog perioda,

for several years,

od nekoliko godina,

as many as 12 percent of women undergoing testing

12 procenata žena koje su se testirale

received the wrong answer --

dobilo pogrešan odgovor -

a negative test result that should have been positive.

negativan rezultat testa koji je trebalo da bude pozitivan.

This is Kathleen Maxian.

Ovo je Ketlin Maksijan.

Kathleen's sister Eileen developed breast cancer at age 40

Ketlinina sestra Ajlin je dobila rak dojke sa 40 godina

and she was tested by Myriad.

i testirali su je u Mirijadu.

The test was negative.

Test je bio negativan.

The family was relieved.

Porodici je laknulo.

That meant that Eileen's cancer most likely didn't run in the family,

To je značilo da Ajlinin rak najverovatnije nije nasledan

and that other members of her family didn't need to be tested.

i da ostali članovi porodice ne treba da se testiraju.

But two years later,

Međutim, posle dve godine,

Kathleen was diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian cancer.

kod Ketlin je utvrđen rak jajnika u odmakloj fazi.

It turned out that Kathleen's sister was among the 12 percent

Ispostavilo se da je Ketlinina sestra među onih 12 procenata

who received a false-negative test result.

koje su primile lažne negativne rezultate.

Had Eileen received the proper result,

Da je Ajlin dobila ispravne rezultate,

Kathleen would have then been tested,

Ketlin bi bila testirana

and her ovarian cancer could have been prevented.

i njen rak jajnika je mogao biti sprečen.

Once we settled on Myriad,

Pošto smo izabrali Mirijad,

we then had to form a coalition of plaintiffs and experts

trebalo je da formiramo koaliciju tužitelja i stručnjaka

that could illuminate these problems.

koji bi mogli rasvetliti ove probleme.

We ended up with 20 highly committed plaintiffs:

Na kraju smo imali 20 veoma posvećenih tužitelja:

genetic counselors,

savetnika genetičara,

geneticists who had received cease and desist letters,

genetičara koji su bili primili pisma sa zahtevom o obustavi rada,

advocacy organizations,

zastupničke organizacije,

four major scientific organizations that collectively represented

četiri glavne naučne organizacije koje su zajedno predstavljale

more than 150,000 scientists and medical professionals,

više od 150 000 naučnika i medicinskih stručnjaka,

and individual women who either couldn't afford Myriad's test,

kao i pojedinačne žene koje ili nisu mogle da priušte Mirijadov test,

or who wanted to obtain a second opinion but could not,

ili koje su želele da dobiju drugo mišljenje, ali nisu mogle,

as a result of the patents.

zbog patentnih prava.

One of the major challenges we had in preparing the case

Jedan od glavnih izazova u pripremi predmeta

was figuring out how best to communicate the science.

bio je da se pronađe najbolji način za objašnjenje nauke.

So in order to argue that what Myriad did was not an invention,

Da bismo obrazložili da ono što je Mirijad uradio nije izum

and that isolated BRCA genes were products of nature,

i da su izolovani geni BRCA produkti prirode,

we had to explain a couple of basic concepts, like:

trebalo je da objasnimo osnovne koncepte poput:

What's a gene? What's DNA?

šta je gen, šta je DNK,

How is DNA isolated, and why isn't that an invention?

kako se izoluje DNK i zašto to nije izum?

We spent hours and hours with our plaintiffs and experts,

Proveli smo sate i sate s našim tužiteljima i stručnjacima,

trying to come up with ways of explaining these concepts

pokušavajući da iznađemo načine da objasnimo ove pojmove

simply yet accurately.

na jednostavan i precizan način.

And we ended up relying heavily on the use of metaphors,

Na kraju smo se u velikoj meri oslonili na upotrebu metafora,

like gold.

kao što je zlato.

So isolating DNA --

Izolovanje DNK -

it's like extracting gold from a mountain

to je kao vađenje zlata iz planine

or taking it out of a stream bed.

ili iz rečnog korita.

You might be able to patent the process for mining the gold,

Možda biste mogli patentirati proces vađenja zlata,

but you can't patent the gold itself.

ali ne možete patentirati samo zlato.

It might've taken a lot of hard work and effort

Moguće je da je bilo potrebno mnogo truda i rada

to dig the gold out of the mountain;

da se zlato iskopa iz planine,

ali ipak ga ne možete patentirati, to je i dalje zlato.

you still can't patent it, it's still gold.

And the gold, once it's extracted,

A zlato, kad ga izvadite,

can clearly be used for all sorts of things

može biti upotrebljeno u različite svrhe

that it couldn't be used for when it was in the mountain;

koje su bile nemoguće dok je još uvek bilo u planini.

Možete, na primer, napraviti nakit,

you can make jewelry out of it for example --

no i dalje ne možete patentirati zlato, i dalje je u pitanju zlato.

still can't patent the gold, it's still gold.

So now it's 2009, and we're ready to file our case.

Stižemo u 2009. godinu, spremni smo da podnesemo našu tužbu.

We filed in federal court in the Southern District of New York,

Podneli smo je Federalnom sudu u Južnom okrugu Njujorka

and the case was randomly assigned to Judge Robert Sweet.

i predmet je nasumično dodeljen sudiji Robertu Svitu.

In March 2010, Judge Sweet issued his opinion --

Marta 2010. godine, sudija Svit je objavio je svoje mišljenje

152 pages --

na 152 strane,

and a complete victory for our side.

što je bila potpuna pobeda za nas.

In reading the opinion,

Čitajući mišljenje,

we could not get over how eloquently he described the science in the case.

nismo mogli da shvatimo kako je rečito opisao nauku u našem predmetu.

I mean, our brief -- it was pretty good,

Mislim, naš podnesak je bio prilično dobar,

but not this good.

ali ne toliko dobar.

How did he develop such a deep understanding of this issue

Kako je mogao razviti tako duboko razumevanje ovog problema

in such a short time?

za tako kratko vreme?

We just could not comprehend how this had happened.

Jednostavno nismo mogli da shvatimo kako se to dogodilo.

So it turned out,

Ispostavilo se,

Judge Sweet's clerk working for him at the time,

službenik sudije Svita koji je radio za njega u to vreme

was not just a lawyer --

ne samo da je bio advokat

he was a scientist.

već je bio i naučnik.

He was not just a scientist --

Nije bio običan naučnik,

he had a PhD in molecular biology.

imao je doktorat iz molekularne biologije.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

What an incredible stroke of luck!

Kakva neverovatna sreća!

Myriad then appealed

Mirijad se onda žalio

to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

Saveznom okružnom žalbenom sudu SAD-a.

And here things got really interesting.

Ovde su stvari postale veoma zanimljive.

First, in a pivotal moment of this case,

Prvo, u ključnom trenutku u ovom predmetu,

the US government switched sides.

vlada SAD-a je promenila stranu.

So in the district court the government submitted a brief on Myriad's side.

Tako je u okružnom sudu vlada dostavila podnesak u korist Mirijada.

But now in direct opposition to its own patent office,

Međutim, ovog puta, u direktnoj opoziciji svojoj kancelariji za patente,

the US government files a brief that states that is has

vlada SAD-a dostavlja podnesak u kom se navodi

reconsidered this issue in light of the district court's opinion,

da je razmotrila ovo pitanje u svetlu mišljenja okružnog suda

and has concluded that isolated DNA is not patent eligible.

i zaključila da izolovana DNK ne može biti patentirana.

This was a really big deal,

Ovo je bila stvarno velika stvar

totally unexpected.

i potpuno neočekivana.

The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

Apelacioni sud za federalne okruge

hears all patent cases,

razmatra sve predmete vezane za patente

and it has a reputation for being very, very pro-patent.

i ima reputaciju da je izuzetno naklonjen patentima.

So even with this remarkable development,

Čak i uz ovaj izuzetan razvoj događaja,

we expected to lose.

očekivali smo da ćemo izgubiti.

And we did.

I jesmo.

Sort of.

Na neki način.

Ends up split decision, 2 to 1.

Završilo se većinskom odlukom 2 prema 1.

But the two judges who ruled against us,

Međutim, dvoje sudija koji su doneli odluku protiv nas

did so for completely different reasons.

učinili su to iz različitih razloga.

The first one, Judge Lourie,

Prvi, sudija Luri,

made up his own novel, biological theory --

osmislio je sopstvenu neispitanu biološku teoriju,

totally wrong.

potpuno pogrešnu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

He decided Myriad had created a new chemical --

Rešio je da je Mirijad stvorio novu hemikaliju,

made absolutely no sense.

što nije imalo nikakvog smisla.

Myriad didn't even argue this, so it came out of the blue.

Mirijad to nije ni tvrdio, pa je bilo sasvim neočekivano.

The other, Judge Moore,

Druga, sudija Mur,

said she basically agreed with us that isolated DNA is a product of nature.

rekla je da se u suštini slaže s nama da je izolovana DNK produkt prirode,

But she's like, "I don't want to shake up the biotech industry."

ali je rekla: „Ne želim da uzdrmam biotehnološku industriju.“

The third, Judge Bryson,

Treći, sudija Brajson,

agreed with us.

složio se s nama.

So now we sought review by the Supreme Court.

Tražili smo reviziju odluke pred Vrhovnim sudom.

And when you petition the Supreme Court,

Kad podnosite tužbeni zahtev Vrhovnom sudu

you have to present a question that you want the Court to answer.

morate postaviti pitanje na koje želite da vam sud odgovori.

Usually these questions take the form of a super-long paragraph,

Ova pitanja su obično u formi super dugih pasusa,

like a whole page long with lots and lots of clauses,

otprilike od jedne strane sa mnogo, mnogo klauzula,

"wherein this" and "therefore that."

„u kojem je ovo“ i „stoga ono“.

We submitted perhaps the shortest question presented ever.

Podneli smo verovatno najkraće pitanje ikada.

Four words:

Nekoliko reči:

Are human genes patentable?

„Mogu li se ljudski geni patentirati?“

Now when Chris first asked me what I thought of these words,

Kad me Kris prvi put pitao šta mislim o ovim rečima,

I said, "Well, I don't know.

rekla sam: „Ne znam.

Mislim da treba da kažeš: 'Može li se izolovana DNK patentirati?'“

I think you have to say, 'Is isolated DNA patentable?'"

"Nope.

„Ne.

I want the justices to have the very same reaction that I had

Hoću da sudije reaguju na potpuno isti način kao i ja

when you brought this issue to me seven years ago."

kad si mi izložila ovaj problem pre sedam godina.“

Well, I certainly couldn't argue with that.

To svakako nisam mogla da osporim.

The Supreme Court only hears about one percent

Vrhovni sud sasluša svega oko jedan posto

of the cases that it receives,

predmeta koje primi,

and it agreed to hear ours.

i složili su se da saslušaju naš.

The day of the oral argument arrives, and it was really, really exciting --

Došao je dan usmene rasprave i bilo je veoma, veoma uzbudljivo -

long line of people outside,

napolju dugačak red ljudi,

people had been standing in line since 2:30 in the morning

ljudi su stajali u redu od 2.30 ujutro

da bi probali da uđu u zgradu suda.

to try to get into the courthouse.

Two breast cancer organizations,

Dve grupe za borbu protiv raka dojke,

Breast Cancer Action and FORCE,

Akcija protiv raka dojke i FORS,

had organized a demonstration on the courthouse steps.

organizovale su demonstracije na stepeništu suda.

Chris and I sat quietly in the hallway,

Kris i ja smo sedeli u hodniku, bez reči,

moments before he was to walk in and argue

nekoliko trenutaka pre no što je trebalo da uđe

the most important case of his career.

i obrazloži najvažniji predmet u svojoj karijeri.

I was clearly more nervous than he was.

Očigledno sam bila nervoznija od njega.

But any remaining panic subsided as I walked into the courtroom

Međutim, sva panika je nestala kad sam ušla u sudnicu

and looked around at a sea of friendly faces:

i pogledala u more prijateljskih lica:

our individual women clients

naše ženske klijente

who had shared their deeply personal stories,

koje su ispričale svoje lične priče,

the geneticists who had taken huge chunks of time out of their busy careers

genetičari koji su izdvojili veliki deo svog vremena

to dedicate themselves to this fight

da bi se posvetili ovoj borbi

and representatives from a diverse array

i predstavnici različitih organizacija:

of medical, patient advocacy,

medicinskih, zastupnika pacijenata,

environmental and religious organizations,

zaštite životne sredine i verskih,

who had submitted friend of the court briefs in the case.

koji su dostavili podneske prijatelja suda u ovom predmetu.

Also in the room were three leaders of the Human Genome Project,

Bilo je prisutno i troje rukovodilaca projekta Ljudski genom,

including the co-discoverer of DNA himself,

uključujući i jednog od pronalazača DNK lično,

James Watson,

Džejmsa Votsona,

who had submitted a brief to the court,

koji je dostavio podnesak sudu

where he referred to gene patenting as "lunacy."

u kom je patentiranje gena opisao kao „ludilo“.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

The diversity of the communities represented in this room

Raznolikost grupa predstavljenih u toj prostoriji

and the contributions each had made to make this day a reality

i doprinos koji je svaka od njih dala da ovaj dan postane stvarnost,

spoke volumes to what was at stake.

govorilo je više od reči o tome šta je na kocki.

The argument itself was riveting.

Samo iznošenje činjenica je bilo upečatljivo.

Chris argued brilliantly.

Kris je sjajno obrazlagao.

But for me,

Međutim, za mene,

the most thrilling aspect was watching the Supreme Court justices grapple

najuzbudljiviji deo je bio da gledam kako se sudije Vrhovnog suda bore

with isolated DNA,

s izolovanom DNK,

through a series of colorful analogies and feisty exchanges,

kroz niz slikovitih analogija i eksplozivnih razmena,

very much the same way as our legal team had done

na prilično sličan način na koji je naš pravni tim to radio

for the past seven years.

u proteklih sedam godina.

Justice Kagan likened isolating DNA

Sudija Kegan je uporedila izolovanu DNK

to extracting a medicinal plant from the Amazon.

sa vađenjem medicinske biljke iz Amazona.

Justice Roberts distinguished it from carving a baseball bat from a tree.

Sudija Roberts je uporedio s rezbarenjem palice za bejzbol iz drveta.

And in one of my absolutely favorite moments,

U jednom od mojih najomiljenijih trenutaka,

Justice Sotomayor proclaimed isolated DNA to be "just nature sitting there."

sudija Sotomajor proglasila je izolovanu DNK

„prirodom koja je jednostavno tu“.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We felt pretty confident leaving the courtroom that day,

Bili smo samouvereni kad smo napustili sudnicu tog dana,

but I could never have anticipated the outcome:

ali nisam mogla ni da naslutim ishod:

nine to zero.

devet prema nula.

"A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature,

Segment DNK koji se javlja prirodno jeste proizvod prirode

and not patent-eligible merely because it has been isolated.

i nije podložan patentiranju samo zato što je izolovan.

And furthermore,

Pored toga,

Myriad did not create anything."

Mirijad nije stvorio ništa.

Within 24 hours of the decision,

Dvadeset četiri časa po donošenju odluke,

five labs had announced

pet laboratorija je objavilo

that they would begin to offer testing for the BRCA genes.

da će početi da nude testiranje na BRCA gene.

Some of them promised to offer the tests at a lower price than Myriad's.

Neke su obećale da će ponuditi cene niže od Mirijadovih.

Some promised to provide a more comprehensive test

Neke su obećale sveobuhvatniji test

than the one Myriad was offering.

od onog koji je nudio Mirijad.

But of course the decision goes far beyond Myriad.

Naravno, presuda je važnija od samog Mirijada.

It ends a 25-year practice of allowing patents on human genes

Ona ukida 25-godišnju praksu

koja je dozvoljavala patentiranje ljudskih gena u Sjedinjenim Državama.

in the United States.

It clears a significant barrier to biomedical discovery and innovation.

Uklanja značajnu barijeru biomedicinskim otkrićima i inovacijama

And it helps to ensure that patients like Abigail, Kathleen and Eileen

i pomaže da se osigura da pacijenti poput Abigejl, Ketlin i Ajlin

have access to the tests that they need.

imaju pristup testovima koji su im potrebni.

A few weeks after the court issued its decision,

Nekoliko nedelja nakon što je sud doneo odluku,

I received a small package in the mail.

poštom sam primila mali paket.

It was from Bob Cook-Deegan,

Poslao ga je Bob Kuk-Digan,

a professor at Duke University

profesor na Univerzitetu Djuk

and one the very first people Chris and I went to visit

i jedan od prvih ljudi koje smo Kris i ja posetili

when we started to consider whether to bring this case.

dok smo još razmatrali da li da pokrenemo ovaj slučaj.

I opened it up to find a small stuffed animal.

Otvorila sam ga i našla ovu plišanu životinjicu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We took a big risk in taking this case.

Preuzeli smo veliki rizik pokrenuvši ovaj slučaj.

Part of what gave us the courage to take that risk

Ono što nam je ulilo hrabrost da preuzmemo taj rizik

was knowing that we were doing the right thing.

je bilo to što smo znali da radimo pravu stvar.

The process took nearly eight years from the start to finish,

Proces je trajao skoro osam godina od početka do kraja,

with many twists and turns along the way.

uz mnoge iznenadne obrte usput.

A little luck certainly helped,

Imali smo i malo sreće,

but it was the communities that we bridged,

ali su grupe koje smo povezali

the alliances that we created,

i saveze koje smo stvorili,

that made pigs fly.

omogućile svinjama da lete.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)