Should you be able to patent a human gene? | Tania Simoncelli

75,383 views ・ 2016-02-17

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Seon-Gyu Choi κ²€ν† : Gemma Lee
00:13
It was an afternoon in the fall of 2005.
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2005λ…„ κ°€μ„μ˜ μ–΄λŠ μ˜€ν›„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:17
I was working at the ACLU as the organization's science advisor.
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μ €λŠ” λ‹Ήμ‹œ ACLUμ—μ„œ κ³Όν•™ 고문으둜 μΌν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆκ³ 
00:21
I really, really loved my job,
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정말 제 일을 μ’‹μ•„ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
00:24
but I was having one of those days
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그날따라
00:25
where I was feeling just a little bit discouraged.
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μ’Œμ ˆκ°μ„ 느끼고 μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.
00:29
So I wandered down the hallway to my colleague Chris Hansen's office.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 볡도 끝에 μžˆλŠ” 제 λ™λ£Œ 크리슀 ν•œμŠ¨μ˜ μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€λ‘œ κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:34
Chris had been at the ACLU for more than 30 years,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€λŠ” ACLUμ—μ„œ 30λ…„ λ„˜κ²Œ κ·Όλ¬΄ν•΄μ„œ
00:38
so he had deep institutional knowledge and insights.
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κΉŠμ΄μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„μƒμ˜ 지식과 톡찰λ ₯을 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:41
I explained to Chris that I was feeling a little bit stuck.
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μ €λŠ” ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€μ—κ²Œ μ œκ°€ μ’€ λ§‰νžŒ 것 κ°™λ‹€κ³  μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:45
I had been investigating a number of issues
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μ €λŠ” κ³Όν•™κ³Ό ꡭ민의 자유의 λŒ€ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄
00:47
at the intersection of science and civil liberties -- super interesting.
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μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ° ꡉμž₯히 ν₯미둜운 μΌμ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
00:53
But I wanted the ACLU to engage these issues in a much bigger way,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ „ ACLUκ°€ 이런 λ¬Έμ œμ— 더 많이 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό λ°”λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:56
in a way that could really make a difference.
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정말 λ³€ν™”λ₯Ό μΌμœΌν‚¬ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 말이죠.
01:01
So Chris cut right to the chase, and he says,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€λŠ” 곧μž₯ 제게 λ¬Όμ—ˆμ£ .
01:03
"Well, of all the issues you've been looking at, what are the top five?"
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"당신이 λ³Έ 문제 쀑 κ°€μž₯ 큰 닀섯을 꼽자면 λ¬΄μ—‡μΈκ°€μš”?"
01:07
"Well, there's genetic discrimination,
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"음, μš°μ„  μœ μ „μ  차별과
01:10
and reproductive technologies,
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생식 κΈ°μˆ λ“€
01:12
and biobanking, and ...
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λ°”μ΄μ˜€λ±…ν‚Ή, 그리고 ...
01:14
oh, there's this really cool issue,
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μ•„, 정말 멋진 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°
01:16
functional MRI and using it for lie detection, and ...
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κΈ°λŠ₯μ„± MRI와 그것을 거짓말 탐지에 μ΄μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것
01:19
oh, and of course, there's gene patents."
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μ•„, λ¬Όλ‘  μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆλ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ–΄μš”."
01:21
"Gene patents?"
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"μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆμš”?"
01:23
"Yes, you know, patents on human genes."
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"λ„€, 인간 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό νŠΉν—ˆλ‚΄λŠ” κ±°μš”."
01:26
"No!
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"말도 μ•ˆλΌμš”!
01:27
You're telling me that the US government
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μ§€κΈˆ 제게 λ―Έκ΅­ μ •λΆ€κ°€
01:30
has been issuing patents on part of the human body?
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인간 신체 일뢀뢄에 λŒ€ν•΄ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μ€€λ‹€κ³  λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
01:33
That can't be right."
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사싀일리가 μ—†μ–΄μš”."
01:35
I went back to my office and sent Chris three articles.
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μ €λŠ” 제 μ‚¬λ¬΄μ‹€λ‘œ λŒμ•„κ°€ ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€μ—κ²Œ 기사 3개λ₯Ό λ³΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:39
And 20 minutes later, he came bursting in my office.
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그리고 20λΆ„ λ’€ κ·Έκ°€ 제 사무싀을 λ°•μ°¨κ³  λ“€μ–΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
"Oh my god! You're right! Who can we sue?"
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"μ„Έμƒμ—λ‚˜! λ‹Ήμ‹  말이 λ§žκ΅°μš”! λˆ„κ΅΄ κ³ μ†Œν•˜λ©΄ 되죠?"
01:47
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
01:49
Now Chris is a really brilliant lawyer,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€λŠ” 정말 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ
01:52
but he knew almost nothing about patent law
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νŠΉν—ˆλ²•μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„  거의 아무것도 λͺ°λžκ³ 
01:55
and certainly nothing about genetics.
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특히 μœ μ „ν•™μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„  μ™„μ „νžˆ λ¬΄μ§€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
I knew something about genetics, but I wasn't even a lawyer,
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μ €λŠ” μœ μ „ν•™μ„ 쑰금 μ•Œμ•˜μ§€λ§Œ νŠΉν—ˆλ²• λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λŠ”μ»€λ…•
02:00
let alone a patent lawyer.
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일반 λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ„ μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:02
So clearly we had a lot to learn before we could file a lawsuit.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ ν™•μ‹€νžˆ μ†Œμ†‘μ„ κ±ΈκΈ° 전에 λ°°μ›Œμ•Ό ν•  것이 μ•„μ£Ό λ§Žμ•˜μ§€μš”.
02:06
First, we needed to understand exactly what was patented
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첫째, μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό νŠΉν—ˆλƒˆμ„ λ•Œ μ •ν™•νžˆ 무엇이 νŠΉν—ˆλ˜λŠ”μ§€
02:08
when someone patented a gene.
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이해할 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
Gene patents typically contain dozens of claims,
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μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆλŠ” 일반적으둜 μˆ˜μ‹­ 가지 쑰항을 ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
02:15
but the most controversial of these are to so-called "isolated DNA" --
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κ°€μž₯ λ…Όλž€μ΄ λ˜λŠ” 것은 "μΆ”μΆœλœ μœ μ „μž"
02:20
namely, a piece of DNA that has been removed from a cell.
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즉, μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ λΆ„λ¦¬μ‹œν‚¨ DNA μ‘°κ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:26
Gene patent proponents say,
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μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆ μ§€μ§€μžλ“€μ€ λ§ν•˜μ£ .
02:27
"See? We didn't patent the gene in your body,
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"λ³΄μ„Έμš”, λ‹Ήμ‹  λͺΈμ— μžˆλŠ” μœ μ „μžκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:30
we patented an isolated gene."
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μΆ”μΆœλœ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό νŠΉν—ˆλ‚Έ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€."
02:33
And that's true,
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λ¬Όλ‘  μ‚¬μ‹€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
but the problem is that any use of the gene requires that it be isolated.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μœ μ „μžμ˜ μ‚¬μš©μ΄ μΆ”μΆœμ„ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:42
And the patents weren't just to a particular gene that they isolated,
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그리고 κ·Έ νŠΉν—ˆλ“€μ€ 단지 μΆ”μΆœλœ νŠΉμ •ν•œ μœ μ „μž λΏλ§Œμ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
02:46
but on every possible version of that gene.
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κ·Έ μœ μ „μžμ˜ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ§ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
02:50
So what does that mean?
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무슨 λœ»μ΄λƒκ³ μš”?
02:51
That means that you can't give your gene to your doctor
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νŠΉν—ˆ μ‚¬μš©μžμ˜ ν—ˆλ½ μ—†μ΄λŠ”
02:55
and ask him or her to look at it,
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μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ λ‹Ήμ‹ μ˜ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ£Όκ³ 
02:57
say, to see if it has any mutations,
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μœ μ „μžμ— ν˜Ήμ‹œ λŒμ—°λ³€μ΄κ°€ μžˆμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ€μ§€
02:59
without permission of the patent holder.
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μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λΌκ³  뢀탁할 수 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
It also means that the patent holder has the right to stop anyone
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또 νŠΉν—ˆ μ‚¬μš©μžκ°€ μ—°κ΅¬λ‚˜ μž„μƒμ‹€ν—˜μ—μ„œ κ·Έ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„
03:06
from using that gene in research or clinical testing.
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막을 수 μžˆλŠ” ꢌ리λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Allowing patent holders,
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄
03:12
often private companies,
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보톡은 μœ ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄μ£ .
03:13
to lock up stretches of the human genome was harming patients.
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μΈκ°„μœ μ „μžμ˜ λ°œμ „μ„ 막고 ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ ν•΄μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Consider Abigail,
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μ• λΉ„κ²ŒμΌμ„ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
03:20
a 10-year-old with long QT syndrome,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 10살이고 QT μ—°μž₯증후ꡰ을 μ•“κ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°
03:22
a serious heart condition that, if left untreated,
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μ‹¬κ°ν•œ 심μž₯λ³‘μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄
03:25
can result in sudden death.
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κ°‘μž‘μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ£½μŒμ„ μ•ΌκΈ°ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
The company that obtained a patent on two genes associated with this condition
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이 증상에 κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ 두 개의 μœ μ „μžμ— νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 가지고 있던 νšŒμ‚¬λŠ”
03:32
developed a test to diagnose the syndrome.
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증후ꡰ을 진단할 방법을 개발 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
But then they went bankrupt and they never offered it.
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그런데 νŒŒμ‚°ν•΄μ„œ 진단법을 μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:39
So another lab tried to offer the test,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό ν•˜λ € ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ
03:41
but the company that held the patents threatened to sue the lab
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 가진 νšŒμ‚¬κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ₯Ό νŠΉν—ˆλ²• μœ„λ°˜μœΌλ‘œ
03:44
for patent infringement.
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μ†Œμ†‘ν•˜κ² λ‹€λ©° μœ„ν˜‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:45
So as a result,
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό
03:46
for 2 years, no test was available.
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2λ…„λ™μ•ˆ μ–΄λ–€ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ„ ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
During that time,
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κ·Έ κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ
03:51
Abigail died of undiagnosed long QT.
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μ•„λΉ„κ²ŒμΌμ€ 진단 λ―Έν™•μ •μ˜ μ—°μž₯ QT둜 λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ μžƒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
Gene patents clearly were a problem and were harming patients.
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μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆκ°€ λΆ„λͺ… λ¬Έμ œκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆκ³  ν™˜μžλ“€μ„ ν•΄μΉ˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
But was there a way we could challenge them?
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이의λ₯Ό μ œκΈ°ν•  방법이 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
04:02
Turns out that the Supreme Court
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ λŒ€λ²•μ›μ—μ„œλŠ”
04:04
has made clear through a long line of cases,
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일련의 사건듀을 톡해 ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ
04:07
that certain things are not patent eligible.
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νŠΉμ • 뢀뢄은 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚Ό 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  λͺ…μ‹œν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
You can't patent products of nature --
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μžμ—°μ˜ 산물은 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 받을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:14
the air, the water, minerals, elements of the periodic table.
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곡기, λ¬Ό, κ΄‘λ¬Ό, μ£ΌκΈ°μœ¨ν‘œμ— λ‚˜μ˜¨ μ„±λΆ„λ“€ 같은 것 말이죠.
04:19
And you can't patent laws of nature --
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μžμ—°μ˜ 법칙도 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό 받을 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
the law of gravity, E = mc2.
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쀑λ ₯의 법칙 말이죠. E = MC2μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:24
These things are just too fundamental and must remain free to all
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이런 것듀은 근본적이기에 자유둭게 남아 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κ³ 
04:29
and reserved exclusively to none.
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νŠΉμ •μΈμ—κ²Œ 속할 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:32
It seemed to us that DNA,
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μ €ν¬μ—κ²Œ DNAλŠ”
04:34
the most fundamental structure of life,
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μ‚Άμ˜ κ°€μž₯ 근본적인 κ΅¬μ‘°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:37
that codes for the production of all of our proteins,
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우리 λͺΈμ˜ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ„ μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” μ½”λ“œμ΄λ©°
04:39
is both a product of nature and a law of nature,
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μžμ—°μ˜ 산물이며 μžμ—°μ˜ 법칙에 ν•΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:42
regardless of whether it's in our bodies
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우리 λͺΈ μ•ˆμ— μžˆλ“ 
04:45
or sitting in the bottom of a test tube.
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μ‹€ν—˜κ΄€ λ°”λ‹₯에 가라앉아 μžˆλ“  말이죠.
04:48
As we delved into this issue,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 문제λ₯Ό μ‘°μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
04:50
we traveled all over the country to speak with many different experts --
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전ꡭ을 λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ©° λ§Žμ€ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€κ³Ό 이야기λ₯Ό λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:54
scientists, medical professionals, lawyers, patent lawyers.
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κ³Όν•™μž, μ „λ¬Έμ˜λ£Œμ§„, λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬, νŠΉν—ˆ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬λ“±μ„ λ§Œλ‚¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
Most of them agreed that we were right as a matter of policy,
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 우리의 μ˜κ²¬μ— μ œλ„μ μœΌλ‘œ λ™μ˜ν–ˆκ³ 
05:02
and, at least in theory, as a matter of law.
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적어도 법λ₯ μ μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ 이둠에 λ™μ˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:06
All of them thought
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이듀 λͺ¨λ‘κ°€
05:07
our chances of winning a gene-patent challenge
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저희가 μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆ μ†Œμ†‘μ—μ„œ 이길 ν™•λ₯ μ€
05:10
were about zero.
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μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
Why is that?
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μ™œμΌκΉŒμš”?
05:15
Well, the patent office had been issuing these patents
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νŠΉν—ˆμ‚¬λ¬΄μ†Œμ—μ„œλŠ” μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό
05:18
for more than 20 years.
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μ§€λ‚œ 20λ…„κ°„ μŠΉμΈν–ˆκ³ 
05:20
There were literally thousands of patents on human genes.
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말 κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 수천 개의 인간 μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
The patent bar was deeply entrenched in the status quo,
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이 νŠΉν—ˆλ‘œ μΈν•œ λΉ—μž₯은 ν˜„ 상황에 κ΅³κ±΄ν•˜κ²Œ 자리 μž‘μ•˜κ³ 
05:28
the biotech industry had grown up around this practice,
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생물곡학 산업은 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ„±μž₯ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:32
and legislation to ban gene patents had been introduced
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그리고 μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ°˜λŒ€ν•˜λŠ” λ²•μ•ˆμ„
05:35
year after year in Congress,
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κ΅­νšŒμ— 맀년 μ œμ‹œν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
05:36
and had gone absolutely nowhere.
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μ•„λ¬΄λŸ° 진전이 μ—†λŠ” μƒν™©μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
So the bottom line:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 결둠은
05:41
courts just weren't going to be willing to overturn these patents.
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법원은 이 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ’€μ§‘μœΌλ € ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„ κ²ƒμ΄λΌλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:44
Now, neither Chris nor I were the type to shy away from a challenge,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ μ €λŠ” λ‘˜λ‹€ 도전이 λ¬΄μ„œμ›Œμ„œ ν”Όν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒλ„ μ•„λ‹ˆλ©°
05:49
and hearing, "Being right just isn't enough,"
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"μ˜³μ€ κ²ƒλ§ŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ‹€"λŠ” 말을 λ“€μœΌλ©΄μ„œ
05:52
seemed all the more reason to take on this fight.
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이 싸움에 λ›°μ–΄λ“€ μ΄μœ κ°€ 더 μƒκ²ΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:56
So we set out to build our case.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:59
Now, patent cases tend to be: Company A sues Company B
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νŠΉν—ˆ μ†Œμ†‘μ€ 보톡 AνšŒμ‚¬κ°€ BνšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό
06:03
over some really narrow, obscure technical issue.
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정말 μ„Έμ„Έν•˜κ³  λΆˆλΆ„λͺ…ν•œ 기술적 문제둜 μ†Œμ†‘μ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:06
We weren't really interested in that kind of case,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 그런 κ²ƒμ—λŠ” 관심이 μ—†μ—ˆκ³ 
06:09
and we thought this case was much bigger than that.
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이 μ†Œμ†‘μ€ 훨씬 더 크닀고 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:11
This was about scientific freedom, medical progress,
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이 μ†Œμ†‘μ€ κ³Όν•™μ˜ μžμœ μ™€ μ˜ν•™μ˜ λ°œμ „
06:14
the rights of patients.
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ν™˜μžμ˜ κΆŒλ¦¬μ— κ΄€ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:15
So we decided we were going to develop a case
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” κ·Έκ°„μ˜ νŠΉν—ˆ μ†Œμ†‘κ³ΌλŠ”
06:18
that was not like your typical patent case --
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:21
more like a civil rights case.
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μ‹œλ―ΌκΆŒ μ†Œμ†‘μ— 더 κ°€κΉŒμ› μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
We set out to identify a gene-patent holder
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•…λ…ν•˜κ²Œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μ΄ν–‰ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
06:27
that was vigorously enforcing its patents
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μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆ μ†Œμœ μžλ₯Ό μ‹λ³„ν•˜κ³ 
06:30
and then to organize a broad coalition of plaintiffs and experts
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원고와 μ „λ¬Έκ°€μ˜ 연합을 ꡬ성해 λ²•μ •μ—μ„œ
06:33
that could tell the court
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이 νŠΉν—ˆλ“€μ΄ ν™˜μžμ™€ λ°œμ „μ„ ν•΄μΉ˜κ³ 
06:35
about all the ways that these patents were harming patients and innovation.
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μžˆλ‹€κ³  증언할 수 있게 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:41
We found the prime candidate to sue in Myriad Genetics,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ 첫번째 ν›„λ³΄λ‘œ λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œ μ œλ„€ν‹±μŠ€λ₯Ό 지λͺ©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:44
a company that's based in Salt Lake City, Utah.
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μœ νƒ€μ˜ μ†”νŠΈλ ˆμ΄ν¬ μ‹œν‹°μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ νšŒμ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:48
Myriad held patents on two genes,
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλŠ” 두 개의 μœ μ „μžμ— νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό κ°–κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:50
the BRCA1 and the BRCA2 genes.
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BRCA1κ³Ό BRCA2 μœ μ „μž μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:55
Women with certain mutations along these genes
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이 μœ μ „μžμ˜ νŠΉμ • λ³€μ΄λŠ” μ—¬μ„±μ˜
06:57
are considered to be at a significantly increased risk
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μœ λ°©μ•”κ³Ό λ‚œμ†Œμ•”μ˜ λ°œμƒλ₯ μ„
07:00
of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:03
Myriad had used its patents to maintain
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλŠ” 이 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
07:05
a complete monopoly on BRCA testing in the United States.
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미ꡭ의 BRCA ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ™„μ „νžˆ λ…μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:10
It had forced multiple labs that were offering BRCA testing to stop.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ BRCA ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό λͺ» ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
It charged a lot of money for its test --
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄μ„œ λ§Žμ€ λˆμ„ μš”κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:16
over 3,000 dollars.
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3천 λ‹¬λŸ¬ 이상을 말이죠.
07:19
It had stopped sharing its clinical data
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μž„μƒ 데이터λ₯Ό ꡭ제 κ³Όν•™ 곡동체와
07:21
with the international scientific community.
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κ³΅μœ ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
And perhaps worst of all,
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그리고 κ°€μž₯ λ‚˜μœ 점은
07:26
for a period of several years,
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수 년에 κ±Έμ³μ„œ
07:28
Myriad refused to update its test to include additional mutations
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλŠ” ν”„λž‘μŠ€μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬νŒ€μ—μ„œ λ°ν˜€λ‚Έ 좔가적인 변이에 λŒ€ν•΄
07:32
that had been identified by a team of researchers in France.
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ λ‚΄μš©μ„ κ°±μ‹ ν•˜κΈ°λ₯Ό κ±°λΆ€ν–ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:36
It has been estimated that during that period,
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•œ μžλ£Œμ— λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄
07:39
for several years,
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μˆ˜λ…„μ— 걸친 κΈ°κ°„λ™μ•ˆ
07:40
as many as 12 percent of women undergoing testing
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 거친 μ—¬μ„± 쀑 μ΅œλŒ€ 12νΌμ„ΌνŠΈκ°€
07:44
received the wrong answer --
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잘λͺ»λœ 진단을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
a negative test result that should have been positive.
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ κ²°κ³Ό μŒμ„±μ΄ λ‚˜μ™”μ§€λ§Œ 양성일 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:53
This is Kathleen Maxian.
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이 여성은 캐슬린 λ§₯μ‹œμ•ˆμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
Kathleen's sister Eileen developed breast cancer at age 40
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캐슬린의 자맀 아이린은 40세에 μœ λ°©μ•” νŒμ •μ„ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
and she was tested by Myriad.
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œμ—μ„œ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
The test was negative.
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” μŒμ„±μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:03
The family was relieved.
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ 가쑱은 μ•ˆλ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:05
That meant that Eileen's cancer most likely didn't run in the family,
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μŒμ„±μ΄λž€ λœ»μ€ κ°€μ‘±λ ₯κ³ΌλŠ” 관계가 거의 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” 뜻이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:09
and that other members of her family didn't need to be tested.
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ 가쑱듀은 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:12
But two years later,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 2λ…„ 후에
08:14
Kathleen was diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
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μΊμŠ¬λ¦°μ€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ μ§„ν–‰λœ λ‚œμ†Œμ•” 진단을 λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:18
It turned out that Kathleen's sister was among the 12 percent
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ 캐슬린의 μžλ§€κ°€ 잘λͺ»λœ μŒμ„± νŒμ •μ„ 받은
08:22
who received a false-negative test result.
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12νΌμ„ΌνŠΈ μ•ˆμ— μ†ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:26
Had Eileen received the proper result,
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아이린이 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ 된 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λ‹€λ©΄
08:29
Kathleen would have then been tested,
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μΊμŠ¬λ¦°λ„ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ— ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:31
and her ovarian cancer could have been prevented.
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그리고 κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ‚œμ†Œμ•”λ„ μ˜ˆλ°©ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:36
Once we settled on Myriad,
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλ₯Ό κ³ μ†Œν•˜κΈ°λ‘œ μ •ν•˜κ³ 
08:38
we then had to form a coalition of plaintiffs and experts
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원고와 μ „λ¬Έκ°€ 연합을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
08:42
that could illuminate these problems.
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이런 λ¬Έμ œμ μ„ λ“œλŸ¬λ‚΄λ € ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:44
We ended up with 20 highly committed plaintiffs:
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 20λͺ…μ˜ ν—Œμ‹ μ μΈ 원고듀와 ν•¨κ»˜ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:47
genetic counselors,
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μœ μ „ν•™ κ³ λ¬ΈλΆ€ν„°
08:48
geneticists who had received cease and desist letters,
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연ꡬ 쀑단 κ²½κ³ μž₯을 받은 μœ μ „ν•™μžμ™€
08:52
advocacy organizations,
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지지 단체듀과
08:55
four major scientific organizations that collectively represented
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15만λͺ…μ˜ κ³Όν•™μžμ™€ μ „λ¬Έ μ˜λ£ŒμΈμ„
08:58
more than 150,000 scientists and medical professionals,
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μ§‘ν•©μ μœΌλ‘œ λŒ€ν‘œν•˜λŠ” 4개의 μ£Όλ₯˜ κ³Όν•™ 단체듀
09:02
and individual women who either couldn't afford Myriad's test,
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그리고 λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œμ˜ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 받을 μ—¬μœ κ°€ μ•ˆλ˜κ±°λ‚˜
09:06
or who wanted to obtain a second opinion but could not,
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이차 μ†Œκ²¬μ„ λ“£κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ 그럴 수 μ—†μ—ˆλ˜ 여성듀이
09:09
as a result of the patents.
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ν•¨κ»˜ ν•΄ μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
One of the major challenges we had in preparing the case
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μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ°€μž₯ νž˜λ“€μ—ˆλ˜ 뢀뢄은
09:15
was figuring out how best to communicate the science.
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과학을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이해 μ‹œν‚¬μ§€μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œ μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:19
So in order to argue that what Myriad did was not an invention,
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œκ°€ ν•œ 것은 발λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
09:22
and that isolated BRCA genes were products of nature,
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μΆ”μΆœλœ BRCA μœ μ „μžλŠ” μžμ—°μ˜ 산물이라고 λ°˜λ°•ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
09:27
we had to explain a couple of basic concepts, like:
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λͺ‡ 가지 기본적인 κ°œλ…μ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
What's a gene? What's DNA?
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μœ μ „μžλž€ 무엇이며 DNAλž€ 무엇인가?
09:32
How is DNA isolated, and why isn't that an invention?
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ DNAκ°€ μΆ”μΆœλ˜κ³  μ™œ 그것이 발λͺ…이 μ•„λ‹Œκ°€?
09:37
We spent hours and hours with our plaintiffs and experts,
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 원고와 μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ“€κ³Ό ν•¨κ»˜ 였랜 μ‹œκ°„λ™μ•ˆ
09:41
trying to come up with ways of explaining these concepts
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이런 κ°œλ…μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ„€λͺ…ν•  방법을 μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:44
simply yet accurately.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ 말이죠.
09:46
And we ended up relying heavily on the use of metaphors,
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그리고 μ €ν¬λŠ” μ€μœ μ μΈ μ„€λͺ…에 크게 μ˜μ‘΄ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:49
like gold.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄ 금이죠.
09:51
So isolating DNA --
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DNAλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜λŠ” 것은
09:54
it's like extracting gold from a mountain
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μ‚°μ—μ„œ κΈˆμ„ μΊκ±°λ‚˜
09:57
or taking it out of a stream bed.
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μ‚¬κΈˆμ„ μ±„μ·¨ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:59
You might be able to patent the process for mining the gold,
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κΈˆμ„ μΊλŠ” 방법에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό κ±Έ μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
10:02
but you can't patent the gold itself.
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금 μžμ²΄μ— νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό κ±Έ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
It might've taken a lot of hard work and effort
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μ‚°μ—μ„œ κΈˆμ„ μΊλŠ”λ°
10:08
to dig the gold out of the mountain;
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λ§Žμ€ λ…Έλ ₯이 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κ² μ§€λ§Œ
10:11
you still can't patent it, it's still gold.
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κΈˆμ— νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό κ±Έ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:13
And the gold, once it's extracted,
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그리고 κΈˆμ€ μ±„κ΅΄λœ λ‹€μŒμ—λŠ”
10:15
can clearly be used for all sorts of things
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맀μž₯λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ” 쓰지 λͺ»ν•˜λ˜
10:17
that it couldn't be used for when it was in the mountain;
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μ˜¨κ°– μš©λ„λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©λ  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:20
you can make jewelry out of it for example --
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ 금으둜 λ§Œλ“  μž₯신ꡬ에
10:22
still can't patent the gold, it's still gold.
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νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό κ±Έ μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:25
So now it's 2009, and we're ready to file our case.
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그리고 2009λ…„ μ†Œμ†‘ μ€€λΉ„λ₯Ό λ§ˆμ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:30
We filed in federal court in the Southern District of New York,
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λ‰΄μš• 남뢀지뢀 μ—°λ°© 법원에 μ†Œμ†‘μž₯을 μ œμΆœν•˜κ³ 
10:34
and the case was randomly assigned to Judge Robert Sweet.
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μ†Œμ†‘μ€ λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ μŠ€μœ„νŠΈ νŒμ‚¬μ—κ²Œ μΌμž„λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:38
In March 2010, Judge Sweet issued his opinion --
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2010λ…„ 3μ›” μŠ€νŠ€νŠΈ νŒμ‚¬λŠ”
10:42
152 pages --
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152νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— 이λ₯΄λŠ” νŒκ²°μ„ λ‚΄λ €
10:44
and a complete victory for our side.
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μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ μ €ν¬μ˜ 손을 λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:47
In reading the opinion,
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그의 νŒκ²°μ„ 읽어보면
10:49
we could not get over how eloquently he described the science in the case.
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과학에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 섀득λ ₯ 있게 μ„€λͺ…ν–ˆλŠ”μ§€ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:54
I mean, our brief -- it was pretty good,
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제 말은 μ €ν¬μ˜ λ³€λ‘  μ·¨μ§€μ„œλ„ λ‚˜μ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€λ§Œ
10:57
but not this good.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν›Œλ₯­ν•˜μ§„ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:59
How did he develop such a deep understanding of this issue
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ·Έκ°€ 이 짧은 μ‹œκ°„μ— μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ κΉŠμ€ 견해λ₯Ό
11:03
in such a short time?
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λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:04
We just could not comprehend how this had happened.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚¬λŠ”μ§€ 이해할 수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:07
So it turned out,
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μ•Œκ³ λ³΄λ‹ˆ
11:09
Judge Sweet's clerk working for him at the time,
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λ‹Ήμ‹œ 같이 μΌν•˜λ˜ μŠ€μœ„νŠΈ νŒμ‚¬μ˜ μ„œκΈ°κ°€
11:12
was not just a lawyer --
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λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ λ³€ν˜Έμ‚¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
11:14
he was a scientist.
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κ³Όν•™μž μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:15
He was not just a scientist --
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κ·Έλƒ₯ κ³Όν•™μžλ„ μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
11:17
he had a PhD in molecular biology.
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λΆ„μž 생물학 λ°•μ‚¬μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:20
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
11:22
What an incredible stroke of luck!
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 운이 쒋을 μˆ˜κ°€ μžˆλŠ”κ±ΈκΉŒμš”!
11:26
Myriad then appealed
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그리고 λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλŠ”
11:27
to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
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λ―Έ μ—°λ°© 순회 ν•­μ†Œ 법원에 ν•­μ†Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:30
And here things got really interesting.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 일이 μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:33
First, in a pivotal moment of this case,
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첫번째둜 μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ νŒλ„κ°€ λ°”λ€Œμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
the US government switched sides.
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λ―Έ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μž…μž₯을 λ°”κΎΌ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:40
So in the district court the government submitted a brief on Myriad's side.
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μ§€λ°©λ²•μ›μ—μ„œλŠ” λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” 변둠을 λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:44
But now in direct opposition to its own patent office,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 지방 법원 νŠΉν—ˆ 사무싀에
11:49
the US government files a brief that states that is has
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λ―Έ μ •λΆ€κ°€ μ •λ°˜λŒ€λ˜λŠ” μ˜κ²¬μ„ 보내
11:52
reconsidered this issue in light of the district court's opinion,
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지방 λ²•μ›μ˜ 결정을 λ‹€μ‹œ κ³ λ €ν•΄
11:56
and has concluded that isolated DNA is not patent eligible.
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μΆ”μΆœλœ DNAλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆλŒ€μƒμ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  κ²°λ‘ λ‚΄λ Έμ£ .
11:59
This was a really big deal,
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이것은 μ—„μ²­λ‚œ μΌμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:01
totally unexpected.
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μ™„μ „νžˆ κΈ°λŒ€ μ΄μƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:04
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
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λ―Έ μ—°λ°© 순회 ν•­μ†Œ λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ
12:06
hears all patent cases,
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νŠΉν—ˆ μ†Œμ†‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ 곡판이 μ—΄λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
and it has a reputation for being very, very pro-patent.
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이 법원은 νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό μ§€μ§€ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 특히 유λͺ…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:12
So even with this remarkable development,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 λ†€λΌμš΄ λ°œμ „μ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ 
12:14
we expected to lose.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 질 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ˜ˆμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:16
And we did.
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그리고 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έλž¬μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:18
Sort of.
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μ–΄λŠ 정도 말이죠.
12:20
Ends up split decision, 2 to 1.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 2λŒ€ 1둜 νŒμ •νŒ¨μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:23
But the two judges who ruled against us,
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저희와 의견이 λ‹€λ₯Έ 두 νŒμ‚¬λŠ”
12:26
did so for completely different reasons.
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μ†Œμ†‘κ³ΌλŠ” μ „ν˜€ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ΄μœ λ“€λ‘œ λ°˜λŒ€ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:29
The first one, Judge Lourie,
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첫번째둜 둜리 νŒμ‚¬λŠ”
12:31
made up his own novel, biological theory --
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생물학적 이둠에 λŒ€ν•œ μ†Œμ„€μ„ μΌλŠ”λ°
12:34
totally wrong.
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μ™„μ „ μ΄μƒν•œ μ†Œλ¦¬μ˜€μ£ .
12:35
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
12:36
He decided Myriad had created a new chemical --
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κ·ΈλŠ” λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œκ°€ μƒˆ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
12:38
made absolutely no sense.
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정말 말도 μ•ˆλ˜λŠ” μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:40
Myriad didn't even argue this, so it came out of the blue.
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλŠ” 여기에 λ°˜λ°•ν•˜μ§€λ„ μ•Šμ•˜κ³  정말 λœ»λ°–μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:43
The other, Judge Moore,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ 무어 νŒμ‚¬λŠ”
12:45
said she basically agreed with us that isolated DNA is a product of nature.
252
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기본적으둜 μΆ”μΆœλœ DNAλŠ” μžμ—°μ˜ μ‚°λ¬Όμ΄λΌλŠ” μ μ—λŠ” λ™μ˜ν•˜λ‚˜
12:49
But she's like, "I don't want to shake up the biotech industry."
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"생물 곡학계λ₯Ό 뒀집고 μ‹Άμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•„μš”"λΌλŠ” νƒœλ„λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:54
The third, Judge Bryson,
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μ„Έλ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ 브라이슨 νŒμ‚¬λŠ”
12:57
agreed with us.
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저희 손을 λ“€μ–΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:59
So now we sought review by the Supreme Court.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ €ν¬λŠ” λŒ€λ²•μ›μ˜ νŒκ²°μ„ λ°›κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
And when you petition the Supreme Court,
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그리고 λŒ€λ²•μ›μ— μ²­μ›μ„œλ₯Ό λ„£μ„λ•Œ
13:05
you have to present a question that you want the Court to answer.
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λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ νŒκ²°μ„ λ°›κΈΈ λ°”λΌλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 제좜 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:08
Usually these questions take the form of a super-long paragraph,
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보톡 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έλ“€μ€ μ—„μ²­ κΈ΄ λ¬Έλ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄
13:12
like a whole page long with lots and lots of clauses,
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ν•œ μͺ½μ„ 꽉 μ±„μ›Œμ„œ 수 λ§Žμ€ μ ˆλ“€μ΄ λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
"wherein this" and "therefore that."
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"μ–΄λ–€ μ μ—μ„œ 이것이", "κ·Έλž˜μ„œ" 같이 말이죠.
13:18
We submitted perhaps the shortest question presented ever.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆλ„ 역사상 κ°€μž₯ 짧은 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ μ œμΆœν–ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:23
Four words:
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단 λ„€ λ‹¨μ–΄μ˜€μ£ .
13:26
Are human genes patentable?
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μΈκ°„μ˜ μœ μ „μžλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆλŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
13:28
Now when Chris first asked me what I thought of these words,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ 제게 이 λ¬Έμž₯을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ
13:31
I said, "Well, I don't know.
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"κΈ€μŽ„ 잘 λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² λŠ”데
13:33
I think you have to say, 'Is isolated DNA patentable?'"
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'μΆ”μΆœλœ μœ μ „μžλŠ” νŠΉν—ˆ λŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆκΉŒ?'둜 ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒ?"
13:36
"Nope.
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"μ•„λ‹ˆμ•Ό.
13:38
I want the justices to have the very same reaction that I had
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7년전에 λ„€κ°€ 이 문제λ₯Ό λ‚΄κ²Œ 가져왔을 λ•Œ
13:43
when you brought this issue to me seven years ago."
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λ°›μ•˜λ˜ λŠλ‚Œμ„ κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄."
13:46
Well, I certainly couldn't argue with that.
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μ €λŠ” ν™•μ‹€νžˆ λ°˜λ°•ν•  수 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:49
The Supreme Court only hears about one percent
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λŒ€λ²•μ›μ€ μ ‘μˆ˜λœ μ†Œμ†‘μ€‘μ—
13:52
of the cases that it receives,
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단 1%만 μ§„ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:54
and it agreed to hear ours.
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그리고 저희 μ†Œμ†‘μ΄ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:57
The day of the oral argument arrives, and it was really, really exciting --
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λ²•μ •μ—μ„œ ꡬ두 변둠을 ν•˜λŠ” 날은 무척 ν₯λΆ„λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
long line of people outside,
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 쀄을 μ„°κ³ 
14:03
people had been standing in line since 2:30 in the morning
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법원에 λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ•„μΉ¨ 2μ‹œ λ°˜λΆ€ν„°
14:06
to try to get into the courthouse.
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쀄을 μ„œμ„œ κΈ°λ‹€λ ΈμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:07
Two breast cancer organizations,
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두 개의 μœ λ°©μ•” 단체인
14:09
Breast Cancer Action and FORCE,
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Breast Cancer Actionκ³Ό FORCEλŠ”
14:11
had organized a demonstration on the courthouse steps.
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법원 μ•ž κ³„λ‹¨μ—μ„œ μ‹œμœ„λ₯Ό μ€€λΉ„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:15
Chris and I sat quietly in the hallway,
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ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€μ™€ μ €λŠ” λ³΅λ„μ—μ„œ
14:18
moments before he was to walk in and argue
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그의 κ²½λ ₯μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ†Œμ†‘μ˜
14:21
the most important case of his career.
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변둠을 ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ 쑰용히 앉아 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:24
I was clearly more nervous than he was.
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μ €λŠ” λΆ„λͺ…νžˆ 그보닀 더 κΈ΄μž₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:28
But any remaining panic subsided as I walked into the courtroom
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆλŠ” 걱정듀은 법정에 λ“€μ–΄μ„œμ„œ
14:32
and looked around at a sea of friendly faces:
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법정에 κ°€λ“ν•œ μ΅μˆ™ν•œ 얼꡴듀을 보자 μ‚¬λΌμ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:36
our individual women clients
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개인적인 이야기λ₯Ό μ§„μ†”ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ€€
14:37
who had shared their deeply personal stories,
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μ—¬μ„± μ˜λ’°μΈλ“€λΆ€ν„°
14:41
the geneticists who had taken huge chunks of time out of their busy careers
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λ°”μœ 와쀑에 이 싸움을 μœ„ν•΄ ν—Œμ‹ μ μœΌλ‘œ μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ—¬
14:44
to dedicate themselves to this fight
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큰 역할을 ν•΄μ€€ μœ μ „ν•™μžλ“€κ³Ό
14:47
and representatives from a diverse array
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μ˜ν•™κ³„μ™€ νŠΉν—ˆ μ§€μ§€λ‹¨μ²΄μ˜ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 직ꡰ의
14:49
of medical, patient advocacy,
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λŒ€ν‘œμžλ“€κ³Ό
14:51
environmental and religious organizations,
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이 μ†Œμ†‘μ˜ 법정 쑰언을 μ œμΆœν•΄μ€€
14:53
who had submitted friend of the court briefs in the case.
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μ—¬λŸ¬ ν™˜κ²½, 쒅ꡐ 단체듀에 이λ₯΄κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 말이죠.
14:58
Also in the room were three leaders of the Human Genome Project,
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λ˜ν•œ λ²•μ •μ—λŠ” μ„Έλͺ…μ˜ 휴먼 κ²Œλ†ˆ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ˜ λŒ€ν‘œμžλ“€λ„ μžλ¦¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:01
including the co-discoverer of DNA himself,
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DNAλ₯Ό κ³΅λ™μœΌλ‘œ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ
15:04
James Watson,
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μ œμž„μŠ€ μ™“μŠ¨μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•΄μ„œ 말이죠.
15:05
who had submitted a brief to the court,
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μ™“μŠ¨μ€ κ·Έκ°€ μ œμΆœν•œ 법정 μ‘°μ–Έμ„œμ—
15:07
where he referred to gene patenting as "lunacy."
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μœ μ „μžμ— νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ°›λŠ” 것은 '미친 짓'이라고 ν‘œν˜„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:11
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
15:13
The diversity of the communities represented in this room
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법정에 μžλ¦¬ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ‹¨μ²΄λ“€μ˜ λŒ€ν‘œλ“€κ³Ό
15:16
and the contributions each had made to make this day a reality
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이것을 ν˜„μ‹€λ‘œ λ§Œλ“  λͺ¨λ‘μ˜ κ³΅ν—Œμ΄
15:20
spoke volumes to what was at stake.
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무엇을 μœ„ν•œ 것인지λ₯Ό 말해주고 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:23
The argument itself was riveting.
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변둠도 λˆˆμ„ 떼지 λͺ»ν•  μ •λ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:26
Chris argued brilliantly.
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크리슀의 변둠은 ν›Œλ₯­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:27
But for me,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 제게
15:29
the most thrilling aspect was watching the Supreme Court justices grapple
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κ°€μž₯ ν₯λΆ„λ˜λŠ” 뢀뢄은 λŒ€λ²•μ› νŒμ‚¬λ“€μ΄
15:32
with isolated DNA,
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μΆ”μΆœλœ DNA에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ
15:34
through a series of colorful analogies and feisty exchanges,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΉ„μœ μ™€ ν™œλ°œν•œ 의견 κ΅ν™˜μ„ ν•˜λ©°
15:37
very much the same way as our legal team had done
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μ§€λ‚œ 7λ…„λ™μ•ˆ μ €ν¬μ˜ 법λ₯ νŒ€μ΄ ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
15:41
for the past seven years.
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κ³ λ―Όν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:43
Justice Kagan likened isolating DNA
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케이겐 νŒμ‚¬λŠ” DNA μΆ”μΆœμ„
15:46
to extracting a medicinal plant from the Amazon.
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μ•„λ§ˆμ‘΄μ—μ„œ μ•½μ΄ˆλ₯Ό μΊλŠ” 것에 λΉ„μœ ν–ˆκ³ 
15:50
Justice Roberts distinguished it from carving a baseball bat from a tree.
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λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ νŒμ‚¬λŠ” λ‚˜λ¬΄λ‘œ 야ꡬ 방망이λ₯Ό κΉŽλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:55
And in one of my absolutely favorite moments,
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그리고 ν™•μ‹€νžˆ κ°€μž₯ λ§ˆμŒμ— λ“œλŠ” 것은
15:58
Justice Sotomayor proclaimed isolated DNA to be "just nature sitting there."
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μ†Œν† λ§ˆμš”λ₯΄ νŒμ‚¬κ°€ "μžμ—°μ΄ 그곳에 앉아 μžˆλ‹€"κ³  μ„ μ–Έν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
16:05
We felt pretty confident leaving the courtroom that day,
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법정을 λ‚˜μ„€ λ•Œ κΉ¨λ‚˜ μžμ‹ μ΄ μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ
16:08
but I could never have anticipated the outcome:
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이런 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ˜ˆμƒν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:12
nine to zero.
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κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 9λŒ€ 0μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:15
"A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature,
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"μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ μƒμ„±λœ DNA 뢀뢄은 μžμ—°μ˜ 산물이고
16:18
and not patent-eligible merely because it has been isolated.
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단지 μΆ”μΆœ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•΄μ„œ νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό λ‚Ό μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†λ‹€.
16:22
And furthermore,
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그리고 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€
16:23
Myriad did not create anything."
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λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œκ°€ λ§Œλ“  것은 아무것도 μ—†λ‹€."
16:28
Within 24 hours of the decision,
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μ„ μ–Έ ν›„ 24μ‹œκ°„ 이내에
16:30
five labs had announced
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5개의 μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ
16:31
that they would begin to offer testing for the BRCA genes.
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BRCA μœ μ „μž ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•œλ‹€κ³  μ„ μ–Έν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:35
Some of them promised to offer the tests at a lower price than Myriad's.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλ³΄λ‹€ 더 μ €λ ΄ν•œ 가격에 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ² λ‹€ μ•½μ†ν–ˆκ³ 
16:39
Some promised to provide a more comprehensive test
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ€ λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œμ˜ ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈ 보닀 더 포괄적인 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό
16:42
than the one Myriad was offering.
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μ§„ν–‰ν•˜κ² λ‹€κ³  μ•½μ†ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:44
But of course the decision goes far beyond Myriad.
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λ‹Ήμ—°νžˆ κ·Έ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ―Έλ¦¬μ–΄λ“œλ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œ
16:47
It ends a 25-year practice of allowing patents on human genes
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25λ…„ κ°„ λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ 이루어진 인간 μœ μ „μž νŠΉν—ˆλ₯Ό
16:51
in the United States.
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λλƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:53
It clears a significant barrier to biomedical discovery and innovation.
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이것은 μƒμ˜ν•™ 발견과 ν˜μ‹ μ˜ μž₯벽을 ν—ˆλ¬Όμ€ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
And it helps to ensure that patients like Abigail, Kathleen and Eileen
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그리고 μ•„λΉ„κ²ŒμΌ, 캐슬린, 아일린과 같은 ν™˜μžλ“€μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•œ
17:03
have access to the tests that they need.
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 받을 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 보μž₯ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:06
A few weeks after the court issued its decision,
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λ²•μ›μ—μ„œ νŒκ²°μ„ κ³΅ν‘œν•˜κ³  λͺ‡μ£Ό λ’€
17:10
I received a small package in the mail.
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μž‘μ€ μ†Œν¬λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:13
It was from Bob Cook-Deegan,
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λ°₯ μΏ‘-λ””κ±΄μ΄λΌλŠ”
17:14
a professor at Duke University
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듀크 λŒ€ν•™μ˜ κ΅μˆ˜κ°€ 보낸 κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆκ³ 
17:17
and one the very first people Chris and I went to visit
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κ·ΈλŠ” 저와 ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€κ°€ 이 μ†Œμ†‘μ„ μ€€λΉ„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ
17:20
when we started to consider whether to bring this case.
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κ°€μž₯ 처음 λ°©λ¬Έν•œ μ‚¬λžŒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:24
I opened it up to find a small stuffed animal.
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μ—΄μ–΄λ³΄λ‹ˆ μ•ˆμ—λŠ” μž‘μ€ 동물 μΈν˜•μ΄ λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:28
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
17:33
We took a big risk in taking this case.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 이 μ†Œμ†‘μ„ 맑으며 큰 μœ„ν—˜ 뢀담을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:36
Part of what gave us the courage to take that risk
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이런 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ•ˆμ„ 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 용기λ₯Ό μ€€ 것은
17:39
was knowing that we were doing the right thing.
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μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ 일을 ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:42
The process took nearly eight years from the start to finish,
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μ‹œμž‘λΆ€ν„° λκΉŒμ§€ 거의 8년이 κ±Έλ¦° 이 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ
17:45
with many twists and turns along the way.
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λ§Žμ€ 어렀움이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:48
A little luck certainly helped,
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운이 따라쀀 뢀뢄도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:50
but it was the communities that we bridged,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 저희가 μ—°κ²°ν•œ 곡동체듀과
17:53
the alliances that we created,
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ 연합이
17:55
that made pigs fly.
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λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯을 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜κ²Œ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:57
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:58
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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