Should you be able to patent a human gene? | Tania Simoncelli

76,536 views ใƒป 2016-02-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: hila scherba ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:13
It was an afternoon in the fall of 2005.
0
13424
3158
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ืฉืœ 2005.
00:17
I was working at the ACLU as the organization's science advisor.
1
17325
3599
ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ (ACLU) ื›ื™ื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
00:21
I really, really loved my job,
2
21388
2607
ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ, ืžืžืฉ ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™,
00:24
but I was having one of those days
3
24019
1636
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืืช ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•
00:25
where I was feeling just a little bit discouraged.
4
25679
2569
ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื™ื•ืืฉืช.
00:29
So I wandered down the hallway to my colleague Chris Hansen's office.
5
29265
4104
ืื– ื ื“ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™ ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ื ืกืŸ.
00:34
Chris had been at the ACLU for more than 30 years,
6
34367
3654
ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ื™ื” ื‘-ACLU ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-30 ืฉื ื”,
00:38
so he had deep institutional knowledge and insights.
7
38045
3075
ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื™ื“ืข ื•ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื“ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื.
00:41
I explained to Chris that I was feeling a little bit stuck.
8
41640
2973
ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืœื›ืจื™ืก ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืงืฆืช ืชืงื•ืขื”.
00:45
I had been investigating a number of issues
9
45512
2182
ืื ื™ ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
00:47
at the intersection of science and civil liberties -- super interesting.
10
47718
5301
ื‘ืฆื•ืžืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ื•ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื— -- ืกื•ืคืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
00:53
But I wanted the ACLU to engage these issues in a much bigger way,
11
53043
3910
ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืฉื”-ACLU ื™ืคืขืœ ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจื—ื‘,
00:56
in a way that could really make a difference.
12
56977
2245
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
01:01
So Chris cut right to the chase, and he says,
13
61603
2100
ืื– ื›ืจื™ืก ื—ืชืš ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
01:03
"Well, of all the issues you've been looking at, what are the top five?"
14
63727
3460
"ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืืช ืžืกืชื›ืœืช ืขืœื™ื”ื, ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื?"
01:07
"Well, there's genetic discrimination,
15
67524
2656
"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืืคืœื™ื™ื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
01:10
and reproductive technologies,
16
70204
2425
ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”,
01:12
and biobanking, and ...
17
72653
2141
ื•ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ื•..
01:14
oh, there's this really cool issue,
18
74818
1842
ื”ื•, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘,
01:16
functional MRI and using it for lie detection, and ...
19
76684
2649
MRI ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื’ืœืื™ ืฉืงืจ, ื•...
01:19
oh, and of course, there's gene patents."
20
79357
2121
ื”ื•, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื."
01:21
"Gene patents?"
21
81502
1629
"ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื?"
01:23
"Yes, you know, patents on human genes."
22
83967
2082
"ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื."
01:26
"No!
23
86073
1506
"ืœื!
01:27
You're telling me that the US government
24
87603
2461
ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื™ ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
01:30
has been issuing patents on part of the human body?
25
90088
2924
ืจืฉืžื” ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื?
01:33
That can't be right."
26
93543
1683
ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ."
01:35
I went back to my office and sent Chris three articles.
27
95861
3459
ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™ ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื™ ืœื›ืจื™ืก ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืžืจื™ื,
01:39
And 20 minutes later, he came bursting in my office.
28
99954
3327
ื•-20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื‘ืกืขืจื” ืœืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื™.
01:43
"Oh my god! You're right! Who can we sue?"
29
103305
3616
"ื”ื• ืืœื•ื”ื™ื! ืืช ืฆื•ื“ืงืช! ืืช ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชื‘ื•ืข?"
01:47
(Laughter)
30
107330
1509
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:49
Now Chris is a really brilliant lawyer,
31
109713
2374
ื›ืจื™ืก ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง,
01:52
but he knew almost nothing about patent law
32
112111
2909
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
01:55
and certainly nothing about genetics.
33
115044
2436
ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื›ืœื•ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:57
I knew something about genetics, but I wasn't even a lawyer,
34
117504
2878
ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ,
02:00
let alone a patent lawyer.
35
120406
1661
ื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœื ืขื•ืจื›ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
02:02
So clearly we had a lot to learn before we could file a lawsuit.
36
122091
3466
ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื™ืขื”.
02:06
First, we needed to understand exactly what was patented
37
126036
2858
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜
02:08
when someone patented a gene.
38
128918
1681
ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืจืฉื ื’ืŸ ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜.
02:11
Gene patents typically contain dozens of claims,
39
131679
3822
ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ืขื ื•ืช,
02:15
but the most controversial of these are to so-called "isolated DNA" --
40
135525
4777
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืŸ ืืœื• ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช "DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“" --
02:20
namely, a piece of DNA that has been removed from a cell.
41
140699
4441
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื—ืœืง ืžื”-DNA ืฉื”ื•ืจื—ืง ืžื”ืชื.
ื—ืกื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
02:26
Gene patent proponents say,
42
146073
1299
02:27
"See? We didn't patent the gene in your body,
43
147396
3174
"ืจื•ืื™ื? ืœื ืจืฉืžื ื• ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:30
we patented an isolated gene."
44
150594
1935
ืจืฉืžื ื• ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื’ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“."
02:33
And that's true,
45
153148
1201
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:34
but the problem is that any use of the gene requires that it be isolated.
46
154373
6733
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“.
02:42
And the patents weren't just to a particular gene that they isolated,
47
162510
4405
ื•ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืœื’ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•,
02:46
but on every possible version of that gene.
48
166939
2887
ืืœื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื’ืจืกื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:50
So what does that mean?
49
170183
1337
ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
02:51
That means that you can't give your gene to your doctor
50
171981
3062
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื’ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืจื•ืคื
02:55
and ask him or her to look at it,
51
175067
2296
ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืžื ื• ืื• ืžืžื ื” ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
02:57
say, to see if it has any mutations,
52
177387
2100
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ,
02:59
without permission of the patent holder.
53
179511
2076
ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜.
03:02
It also means that the patent holder has the right to stop anyone
54
182363
4193
ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
03:06
from using that gene in research or clinical testing.
55
186580
3482
ืžืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื.
03:10
Allowing patent holders,
56
190871
1698
ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื,
03:12
often private companies,
57
192593
1284
ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
03:13
to lock up stretches of the human genome was harming patients.
58
193901
4486
ืœื ืขื•ืœ ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืคื’ืข ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
03:18
Consider Abigail,
59
198958
1152
ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ,
03:20
a 10-year-old with long QT syndrome,
60
200134
2393
ื‘ืช 10 ืขื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช QT ืืจื•ืš,
03:22
a serious heart condition that, if left untreated,
61
202551
3424
ืžืฆื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ืฉืื ืœื ืžื˜ื•ืคืœ,
03:25
can result in sudden death.
62
205999
1778
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื•ืช ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
03:28
The company that obtained a patent on two genes associated with this condition
63
208911
3922
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘
03:32
developed a test to diagnose the syndrome.
64
212857
2482
ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื•ื ืช.
03:35
But then they went bankrupt and they never offered it.
65
215363
2824
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื”ื ืคืฉื˜ื• ืจื’ืœ ื•ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื”.
03:39
So another lab tried to offer the test,
66
219060
1928
ืื– ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”,
03:41
but the company that held the patents threatened to sue the lab
67
221012
2988
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ื™ืžื” ืœืชื‘ื•ืข ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”
03:44
for patent infringement.
68
224024
1182
ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืช ืคื˜ื ื˜.
03:45
So as a result,
69
225230
1159
ืื– ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”,
03:46
for 2 years, no test was available.
70
226413
2862
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ืžื™ื ื”.
03:50
During that time,
71
230291
1150
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืžืชื” ืžืชืกืžื•ื ืช QT ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœื ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื”.
03:51
Abigail died of undiagnosed long QT.
72
231465
3250
03:55
Gene patents clearly were a problem and were harming patients.
73
235776
3237
ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื•ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
03:59
But was there a way we could challenge them?
74
239467
2406
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื™ื’ืจ?
04:02
Turns out that the Supreme Court
75
242266
1732
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
04:04
has made clear through a long line of cases,
76
244022
3114
ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืงื™ื,
04:07
that certain things are not patent eligible.
77
247160
2786
ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜.
04:10
You can't patent products of nature --
78
250925
2374
ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข -
04:14
the air, the water, minerals, elements of the periodic table.
79
254148
4209
ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืžื™ื, ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช.
04:19
And you can't patent laws of nature --
80
259170
2112
ื•ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข -
04:22
the law of gravity, E = mc2.
81
262193
2279
ื—ื•ืงื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”, E=mc2.
04:24
These things are just too fundamental and must remain free to all
82
264909
4806
ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืžื“ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ
04:29
and reserved exclusively to none.
83
269739
1823
ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“.
04:32
It seemed to us that DNA,
84
272348
2147
ื ืจืื” ืœื ื• ืฉ-DNA,
04:34
the most fundamental structure of life,
85
274519
2516
ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
04:37
that codes for the production of all of our proteins,
86
277059
2656
ืฉืžืงื•ื“ื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:39
is both a product of nature and a law of nature,
87
279739
3226
ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
04:42
regardless of whether it's in our bodies
88
282989
2702
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•
04:45
or sitting in the bottom of a test tube.
89
285715
2038
ืื• ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื—ื ื”.
04:48
As we delved into this issue,
90
288523
1455
ื›ืฉื”ืชืขืžืงื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
04:50
we traveled all over the country to speak with many different experts --
91
290002
3908
ื ืกืขื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื -
04:54
scientists, medical professionals, lawyers, patent lawyers.
92
294588
3713
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื”, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืชืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
04:58
Most of them agreed that we were right as a matter of policy,
93
298753
3910
ืจื•ื‘ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ื“ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช,
05:02
and, at least in theory, as a matter of law.
94
302687
2785
ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง.
05:06
All of them thought
95
306313
1155
ื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื ื’ื“ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื
05:07
our chances of winning a gene-patent challenge
96
307492
2570
05:10
were about zero.
97
310086
1867
ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ืืคืก.
05:13
Why is that?
98
313628
1363
ืœืžื” ื–ื”?
05:15
Well, the patent office had been issuing these patents
99
315015
3087
ืื–, ืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืจืฉื ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
05:18
for more than 20 years.
100
318126
1701
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืœืžืขืœื” ืž-20 ืฉื ื”.
05:20
There were literally thousands of patents on human genes.
101
320686
2880
ื”ื™ื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•, ืืœืคื™ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
05:24
The patent bar was deeply entrenched in the status quo,
102
324843
2941
ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื•,
05:28
the biotech industry had grown up around this practice,
103
328581
3623
ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
05:32
and legislation to ban gene patents had been introduced
104
332228
3119
ื•ื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืืกื•ืจ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆื’ื”
05:35
year after year in Congress,
105
335371
1398
ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
05:36
and had gone absolutely nowhere.
106
336793
1791
ื•ื”ืชืงื“ืžื” ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื.
05:39
So the bottom line:
107
339401
1214
ืื– ื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”:
05:41
courts just weren't going to be willing to overturn these patents.
108
341027
3175
ื‘ืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
05:44
Now, neither Chris nor I were the type to shy away from a challenge,
109
344916
4595
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืœื ื›ืจื™ืก ื•ืœื ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉื ืจืชืข ืžืืชื’ืจ,
05:49
and hearing, "Being right just isn't enough,"
110
349535
3144
ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืข - "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื“ืง ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง",
05:52
seemed all the more reason to take on this fight.
111
352703
2530
ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื–ื”.
05:56
So we set out to build our case.
112
356311
1935
ืื– ื ืขืจื›ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
05:59
Now, patent cases tend to be: Company A sues Company B
113
359494
3490
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืชื™ืงื™ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช: ื—ื‘ืจื” ื' ืชื•ื‘ืขืช ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘'
06:03
over some really narrow, obscure technical issue.
114
363008
3183
ืขืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื—ืกืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
06:06
We weren't really interested in that kind of case,
115
366822
2365
ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชื™ืง,
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื”.
06:09
and we thought this case was much bigger than that.
116
369211
2389
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžื“ืขื™, ืงื™ื“ืžื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช,
06:11
This was about scientific freedom, medical progress,
117
371624
2488
06:14
the rights of patients.
118
374136
1459
ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
06:15
So we decided we were going to develop a case
119
375619
3103
ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืชื™ืง
06:18
that was not like your typical patent case --
120
378746
2518
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื --
06:21
more like a civil rights case.
121
381645
1882
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืชื™ืง ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื–ืจื—.
06:24
We set out to identify a gene-patent holder
122
384756
2842
ื ืขืจื›ื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉืœ ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ
06:27
that was vigorously enforcing its patents
123
387622
2785
ืฉื›ืคื” ืืช ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื ื—ืจืฆื•ืช
06:30
and then to organize a broad coalition of plaintiffs and experts
124
390431
3294
ื•ืื– ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
06:33
that could tell the court
125
393749
1890
ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
06:35
about all the ways that these patents were harming patients and innovation.
126
395663
4389
ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
06:41
We found the prime candidate to sue in Myriad Genetics,
127
401404
3122
ืžืฆืื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื‘"ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ื’'ื ื˜ื™ืงืก",
06:44
a company that's based in Salt Lake City, Utah.
128
404550
2855
ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืžืžื•ืงืžืช ื‘ืกื•ืœื˜ ืœื™ื™ืง ืกื™ื˜ื™, ื™ื•ื˜ื”.
06:48
Myriad held patents on two genes,
129
408718
2250
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื ื™ื,
06:50
the BRCA1 and the BRCA2 genes.
130
410992
3321
ื”-BRCA1 ื•ื”-BRCA2.
06:55
Women with certain mutations along these genes
131
415150
2734
ื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
06:57
are considered to be at a significantly increased risk
132
417908
2626
ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช
07:00
of developing breast and ovarian cancer.
133
420558
1945
ืœืคืชื— ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“ ื•ืฉื—ืœื•ืช.
07:03
Myriad had used its patents to maintain
134
423834
1880
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชื—ื–ืง
07:05
a complete monopoly on BRCA testing in the United States.
135
425738
4209
ืžื•ื ื•ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœื ืขืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช BRCA ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
07:10
It had forced multiple labs that were offering BRCA testing to stop.
136
430544
4188
ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื—ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฆื™ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช BRCA ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง.
07:14
It charged a lot of money for its test --
137
434756
2159
ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื‘ืชื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” --
07:16
over 3,000 dollars.
138
436939
1683
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-3,000 ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื.
07:19
It had stopped sharing its clinical data
139
439089
2335
ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื—ืœื•ืง ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:21
with the international scientific community.
140
441448
2287
ืขื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
07:24
And perhaps worst of all,
141
444522
1903
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื›ืœ,
07:26
for a period of several years,
142
446449
2436
ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื,
07:28
Myriad refused to update its test to include additional mutations
143
448909
3713
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืกื™ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื“ื›ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื›ืœื•ืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
07:32
that had been identified by a team of researchers in France.
144
452646
3621
ืฉื–ื•ื”ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืจืคืช.
07:36
It has been estimated that during that period,
145
456974
2508
ื”ื•ืขืจืš ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื•,
07:39
for several years,
146
459506
1373
ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื,
07:40
as many as 12 percent of women undergoing testing
147
460903
3752
ืขื“ 12% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื”
07:44
received the wrong answer --
148
464679
2402
ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” --
07:48
a negative test result that should have been positive.
149
468377
3769
ืชื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
07:53
This is Kathleen Maxian.
150
473485
1741
ื–ื• ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ ืžืงืกื™ืืŸ.
07:56
Kathleen's sister Eileen developed breast cancer at age 40
151
476172
3257
ืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ, ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ, ืคื™ืชื—ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื“ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40
07:59
and she was tested by Myriad.
152
479453
1840
ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืงื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืจื™ืื“.
08:02
The test was negative.
153
482032
1726
ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
08:03
The family was relieved.
154
483782
1526
ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื—ืฉื” ื”ืงืœื”.
08:05
That meant that Eileen's cancer most likely didn't run in the family,
155
485332
3788
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
08:09
and that other members of her family didn't need to be tested.
156
489144
3015
ื•ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง.
08:12
But two years later,
157
492843
1230
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
08:14
Kathleen was diagnosed with advanced-stage ovarian cancer.
158
494097
4060
ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ื‘ื—ื ื” ืขื ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื.
08:18
It turned out that Kathleen's sister was among the 12 percent
159
498927
3872
ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”-12% ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืืช ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
08:22
who received a false-negative test result.
160
502823
2869
08:26
Had Eileen received the proper result,
161
506347
3089
ืื ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืชืงื™ื ื”,
08:29
Kathleen would have then been tested,
162
509460
2373
ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื‘ื“ืงืช,
08:31
and her ovarian cancer could have been prevented.
163
511857
2913
ื•ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข.
08:36
Once we settled on Myriad,
164
516818
1264
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ืžื™ืจื™ืื“,
08:38
we then had to form a coalition of plaintiffs and experts
165
518106
3885
ืื– ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืืœื™ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื
08:42
that could illuminate these problems.
166
522015
2088
ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
08:44
We ended up with 20 highly committed plaintiffs:
167
524127
2572
ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืขื 20 ืชื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื:
08:47
genetic counselors,
168
527325
1538
ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื,
08:48
geneticists who had received cease and desist letters,
169
528887
3359
ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืฆื•ื•ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื”,
08:52
advocacy organizations,
170
532905
1849
ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืกื ื’ื•ืจื™ื”,
08:55
four major scientific organizations that collectively represented
171
535532
3065
ืืจื‘ืขื” ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ื‘ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ
08:58
more than 150,000 scientists and medical professionals,
172
538621
3530
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150,000 ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืจืคื•ืื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื,
09:02
and individual women who either couldn't afford Myriad's test,
173
542755
3297
ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื• ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื™ืื“,
09:06
or who wanted to obtain a second opinion but could not,
174
546076
3004
ืื• ืฉืจืฆื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื•ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉื ื™ื” ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื•,
09:09
as a result of the patents.
175
549104
1744
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
09:12
One of the major challenges we had in preparing the case
176
552315
3440
ืื—ื“ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืชื™ืง
09:15
was figuring out how best to communicate the science.
177
555779
2866
ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
09:19
So in order to argue that what Myriad did was not an invention,
178
559079
3831
ืื– ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืขืฉื• ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืื”,
09:22
and that isolated BRCA genes were products of nature,
179
562934
3277
ื•ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ BRCA ื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
09:27
we had to explain a couple of basic concepts, like:
180
567124
2713
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื•:
09:29
What's a gene? What's DNA?
181
569861
2144
ืžื”ื• ื’ืŸ? ืžื”ื• DNA?
09:32
How is DNA isolated, and why isn't that an invention?
182
572029
3716
ืื™ืš ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื DNA? ื•ืœืžื” ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืžืฆืื”?
09:37
We spent hours and hours with our plaintiffs and experts,
183
577168
3862
ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:41
trying to come up with ways of explaining these concepts
184
581054
2936
ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
09:44
simply yet accurately.
185
584014
1543
ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง.
09:46
And we ended up relying heavily on the use of metaphors,
186
586306
3332
ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืชืžื›ื ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื•ืช,
09:49
like gold.
187
589662
1156
ื›ืžื• ื–ื”ื‘.
09:51
So isolating DNA --
188
591789
2284
ืื– ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ DNA --
09:54
it's like extracting gold from a mountain
189
594097
2500
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื—ืฆื™ื‘ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื”ืจ
09:57
or taking it out of a stream bed.
190
597105
2016
ืื• ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœื• ืžืืคื™ืง ื ื—ืœ.
09:59
You might be able to patent the process for mining the gold,
191
599145
3674
ืืคืฉืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘,
10:02
but you can't patent the gold itself.
192
602843
2081
ืื‘ืœ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืขืฆืžื•.
10:05
It might've taken a lot of hard work and effort
193
605929
2743
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืืžืฅ
10:08
to dig the gold out of the mountain;
194
608696
1860
ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื”ืจ;
10:11
you still can't patent it, it's still gold.
195
611127
2281
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืฉื•ื ืืช ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘.
10:13
And the gold, once it's extracted,
196
613432
1756
ื•ื”ื–ื”ื‘, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื—ืฆื‘,
10:15
can clearly be used for all sorts of things
197
615212
2088
ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
10:17
that it couldn't be used for when it was in the mountain;
198
617324
2736
ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ;
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื --
10:20
you can make jewelry out of it for example --
199
620084
2182
10:22
still can't patent the gold, it's still gold.
200
622290
2165
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื ื–ื”ื‘ ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜, ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘.
10:25
So now it's 2009, and we're ready to file our case.
201
625364
3854
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” 2009, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
10:30
We filed in federal court in the Southern District of New York,
202
630286
3495
ื”ื’ืฉื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
10:34
and the case was randomly assigned to Judge Robert Sweet.
203
634355
3366
ื•ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื•ืงืฆื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงืจืื™ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜.
10:38
In March 2010, Judge Sweet issued his opinion --
204
638599
3200
ื‘ืžืจืฅ 2010, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื“ืขืชื• --
10:42
152 pages --
205
642569
1858
152 ืขืžื•ื“ื™ื --
10:44
and a complete victory for our side.
206
644834
2252
ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
10:47
In reading the opinion,
207
647964
1431
ื‘ืงืจื™ืืช ื”ื“ืขื”,
10:49
we could not get over how eloquently he described the science in the case.
208
649419
4715
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืจื”ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื‘ืชื‘ื™ืขื” ื”ื–ื•.
10:54
I mean, our brief -- it was pretty good,
209
654504
2771
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืช, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• -- ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:57
but not this good.
210
657299
1567
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:59
How did he develop such a deep understanding of this issue
211
659778
3377
ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืชื— ื›ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
11:03
in such a short time?
212
663179
1160
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื›ื–ื” ืงืฆืจ?
11:04
We just could not comprehend how this had happened.
213
664363
3608
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
11:07
So it turned out,
214
667995
1264
ืื– ืžืชื‘ืจืจ,
11:09
Judge Sweet's clerk working for him at the time,
215
669283
3310
ื”ืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกื•ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืืฆืœื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
11:12
was not just a lawyer --
216
672617
1480
ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื•ืจืš ื“ื™ืŸ --
11:14
he was a scientist.
217
674121
1714
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ.
11:15
He was not just a scientist --
218
675859
1598
ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืกืชื ืžื“ืขืŸ --
11:17
he had a PhD in molecular biology.
219
677481
3146
ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ืช.
11:20
(Laughter)
220
680651
1751
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:22
What an incredible stroke of luck!
221
682426
2575
ืื™ื–ื” ืžื›ืช ืžื–ืœ ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”!
11:26
Myriad then appealed
222
686058
1300
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืื– ืขื™ืจืขืจื•
11:27
to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
223
687382
2495
ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื™ืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
11:30
And here things got really interesting.
224
690496
2016
ื•ื›ืืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
11:33
First, in a pivotal moment of this case,
225
693465
3060
ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ืชื™ืง,
11:37
the US government switched sides.
226
697187
2631
ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื” ืฆื“.
11:40
So in the district court the government submitted a brief on Myriad's side.
227
700739
3749
ืื– ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™, ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืจื™ืื“.
11:44
But now in direct opposition to its own patent office,
228
704512
5128
ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
11:49
the US government files a brief that states that is has
229
709664
2708
ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืชืงืฆื™ืจ ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื”
11:52
reconsidered this issue in light of the district court's opinion,
230
712396
3688
ื‘ื—ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื“ืขื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžื—ื•ื–ื™,
11:56
and has concluded that isolated DNA is not patent eligible.
231
716108
3186
ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉ-DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื›ืคื˜ื ื˜.
11:59
This was a really big deal,
232
719818
1811
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
12:01
totally unexpected.
233
721653
1562
ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
12:04
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
234
724773
2080
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืขื™ืจืขื•ืจื™ื ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™
12:06
hears all patent cases,
235
726877
1683
ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื›ืœ ืชื™ืงื™ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื,
12:08
and it has a reputation for being very, very pro-patent.
236
728584
3158
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื“ ื”ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื.
12:12
So even with this remarkable development,
237
732305
2426
ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ื–ื•,
12:14
we expected to lose.
238
734755
1679
ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“.
12:16
And we did.
239
736458
1347
ื•ื”ืคืกื“ื ื•.
12:18
Sort of.
240
738389
1152
ื‘ืขืจืš.
12:20
Ends up split decision, 2 to 1.
241
740357
2587
ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืœื•ืงื”, 2 ืœ-1.
12:23
But the two judges who ruled against us,
242
743743
2496
ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืคืกืงื• ื ื’ื“ื ื•,
12:26
did so for completely different reasons.
243
746263
2241
ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
12:29
The first one, Judge Lourie,
244
749275
1826
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืื•ืจื™,
12:31
made up his own novel, biological theory --
245
751125
3015
ื‘ื ื” ืœืขืฆืžื• ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช --
12:34
totally wrong.
246
754164
1168
ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
12:35
(Laughter)
247
755356
1011
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:36
He decided Myriad had created a new chemical --
248
756391
2218
ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ื™ืฆืจื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ื—ื“ืฉ --
12:38
made absolutely no sense.
249
758633
1865
ื—ืกืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:40
Myriad didn't even argue this, so it came out of the blue.
250
760522
2786
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื˜ืขื ื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคืชื™ืข.
12:43
The other, Judge Moore,
251
763632
1977
ื”ืฉื ื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžื•ืจ,
12:45
said she basically agreed with us that isolated DNA is a product of nature.
252
765633
3878
ืืžืจื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื” ืื™ืชื ื• ืฉ-DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
12:49
But she's like, "I don't want to shake up the biotech industry."
253
769987
3333
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืืžืจื” - "ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื˜ืœื˜ืœ ืืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”."
12:54
The third, Judge Bryson,
254
774248
2572
ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื‘ืจื™ื™ืกื•ืŸ,
12:57
agreed with us.
255
777233
1216
ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืื™ืชื ื•.
12:59
So now we sought review by the Supreme Court.
256
779750
2531
ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืกืงื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:02
And when you petition the Supreme Court,
257
782305
2703
ื•ื›ืฉืขื•ืชืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ,
13:05
you have to present a question that you want the Court to answer.
258
785032
3122
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื™ืขื ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
13:08
Usually these questions take the form of a super-long paragraph,
259
788534
3727
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกืงื” ืกื•ืคืจ ืืจื•ื›ื”,
13:12
like a whole page long with lots and lots of clauses,
260
792285
3023
ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจืš ื“ืฃ ืฉืœื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื•ืช,
13:15
"wherein this" and "therefore that."
261
795332
2457
"ืžืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื ื”" ืคื” ื•-"ืืคื•ื" ืฉื,
13:18
We submitted perhaps the shortest question presented ever.
262
798294
3907
ื”ื’ืฉื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืฆืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืฉืืœื” ืื™ ืคืขื.
13:23
Four words:
263
803312
1213
ืืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื:
13:26
Are human genes patentable?
264
806220
2051
ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืคื˜ื ื˜?
13:28
Now when Chris first asked me what I thought of these words,
265
808922
2824
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉื›ืจื™ืก ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
13:31
I said, "Well, I don't know.
266
811770
1374
ืืžืจืชื™ - "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช.
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ - 'ื”ืื DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื˜ื ื˜?' "
13:33
I think you have to say, 'Is isolated DNA patentable?'"
267
813168
3167
13:36
"Nope.
268
816968
1169
"ืœื.
13:38
I want the justices to have the very same reaction that I had
269
818487
4621
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืœืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™
13:43
when you brought this issue to me seven years ago."
270
823132
3087
ื›ืฉื”ืขืœื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืœื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื."
13:46
Well, I certainly couldn't argue with that.
271
826896
2157
ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื˜ื— ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื–ื”.
13:49
The Supreme Court only hears about one percent
272
829981
2883
ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืžืข ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“
13:52
of the cases that it receives,
273
832888
1666
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืชื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ,
13:54
and it agreed to hear ours.
274
834578
1591
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ืฉืœื ื•.
13:57
The day of the oral argument arrives, and it was really, really exciting --
275
837772
4127
ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ --
14:01
long line of people outside,
276
841923
1435
ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
14:03
people had been standing in line since 2:30 in the morning
277
843382
2764
ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืž-2:30 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
14:06
to try to get into the courthouse.
278
846170
1734
14:07
Two breast cancer organizations,
279
847928
1971
ืฉื ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“,
14:09
Breast Cancer Action and FORCE,
280
849923
1668
"ืคืขื•ืœื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“" ื•-"FORCE",
14:11
had organized a demonstration on the courthouse steps.
281
851615
2701
ืื™ืจื’ื ื• ื”ืคื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
14:15
Chris and I sat quietly in the hallway,
282
855232
2870
ื›ืจื™ืก ื•ืื ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉืงื˜ ื‘ืžืกื“ืจื•ืŸ,
14:18
moments before he was to walk in and argue
283
858776
3014
ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื•ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ
14:21
the most important case of his career.
284
861814
2316
ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•.
14:24
I was clearly more nervous than he was.
285
864765
2379
ืื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืžื ื•.
14:28
But any remaining panic subsided as I walked into the courtroom
286
868096
4760
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื—ืจื“ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจื”, ื ืจื’ืขื” ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜
14:32
and looked around at a sea of friendly faces:
287
872880
2813
ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช:
14:36
our individual women clients
288
876059
1765
ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:37
who had shared their deeply personal stories,
289
877848
2441
ืฉืฉื™ืชืคื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ,
14:41
the geneticists who had taken huge chunks of time out of their busy careers
290
881210
3626
ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ื ืชื—ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืœื•ื— ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืก ืฉืœื”ื
14:44
to dedicate themselves to this fight
291
884860
1825
ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืœืžืื‘ืง ื”ื–ื”
14:47
and representatives from a diverse array
292
887122
2579
ื•ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืžืžืขืจืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
14:49
of medical, patient advocacy,
293
889725
1887
ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื—ื•ืœื™ื, ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื“ืชื™ื™ื,
14:51
environmental and religious organizations,
294
891636
2076
14:53
who had submitted friend of the court briefs in the case.
295
893736
3532
ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืชืฆื”ื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜.
14:58
Also in the room were three leaders of the Human Genome Project,
296
898609
3025
ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืžืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื ื•ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
15:01
including the co-discoverer of DNA himself,
297
901658
2672
ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”-DNA ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
15:04
James Watson,
298
904354
1290
ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ื˜ืกื•ืŸ,
15:05
who had submitted a brief to the court,
299
905668
2146
ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜,
15:07
where he referred to gene patenting as "lunacy."
300
907838
3511
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ื›"ืฉื™ื’ืขื•ืŸ".
15:11
(Laughter)
301
911373
1848
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:13
The diversity of the communities represented in this room
302
913245
3637
ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืฆื’ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”
15:16
and the contributions each had made to make this day a reality
303
916906
3441
ื•ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
15:20
spoke volumes to what was at stake.
304
920371
2297
ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ื”ืžืื–ื ื™ื™ื.
15:23
The argument itself was riveting.
305
923386
2213
ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืชืง.
15:26
Chris argued brilliantly.
306
926205
1663
ื›ืจื™ืก ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง.
15:27
But for me,
307
927892
1245
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
15:29
the most thrilling aspect was watching the Supreme Court justices grapple
308
929161
3764
ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ืื‘ืงื™ื
15:32
with isolated DNA,
309
932949
1569
ืขื DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“,
15:34
through a series of colorful analogies and feisty exchanges,
310
934542
3226
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
15:37
very much the same way as our legal team had done
311
937792
3340
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฉื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
15:41
for the past seven years.
312
941156
1690
15:43
Justice Kagan likened isolating DNA
313
943666
2656
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืงื’ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืชื” DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“
15:46
to extracting a medicinal plant from the Amazon.
314
946346
2776
ืœืœืงื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื— ืžืจืคื ืžื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก.
15:50
Justice Roberts distinguished it from carving a baseball bat from a tree.
315
950516
4010
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ืก ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืืœืช ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืขืฅ.
15:55
And in one of my absolutely favorite moments,
316
955995
2482
ื•ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ืขื“ืคื™ื ืขืœื™ื™,
15:58
Justice Sotomayor proclaimed isolated DNA to be "just nature sitting there."
317
958501
5269
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืกื•ื˜ื•ืžืื™ื™ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจื” ืฉ-DNA ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื".
16:03
(Laughter)
318
963794
1100
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:05
We felt pretty confident leaving the courtroom that day,
319
965318
2875
ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืฉืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
16:08
but I could never have anticipated the outcome:
320
968217
3006
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”:
16:12
nine to zero.
321
972574
1507
ืชืฉืข ืœืขื•ืžืช ืืคืก.
16:15
"A naturally occurring DNA segment is a product of nature,
322
975025
3722
"ืžืงื˜ืข DNA ืฉืžื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
16:18
and not patent-eligible merely because it has been isolated.
323
978771
3047
ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืคื˜ื ื˜ ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
16:22
And furthermore,
324
982394
1347
ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ,
16:23
Myriad did not create anything."
325
983765
2545
ืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืœื ื™ืฆืจื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ."
16:28
Within 24 hours of the decision,
326
988160
1996
ื‘ืชื•ืš 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”,
16:30
five labs had announced
327
990180
1392
ื—ืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื•
16:31
that they would begin to offer testing for the BRCA genes.
328
991596
3014
ืฉื”ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื’ื ื™ื ื”-BRCA.
16:35
Some of them promised to offer the tests at a lower price than Myriad's.
329
995149
3483
ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ืจื™ืื“.
16:39
Some promised to provide a more comprehensive test
330
999142
2920
ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืœืกืคืง ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืคื”
16:42
than the one Myriad was offering.
331
1002086
1683
ืžื–ื• ืฉืžื™ืจื™ืื“ ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื.
16:44
But of course the decision goes far beyond Myriad.
332
1004490
2838
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื™ืจื™ืื“.
16:47
It ends a 25-year practice of allowing patents on human genes
333
1007352
4396
ื”ื™ื ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ื ื•ื”ื’ ืฉืœ 25 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืคื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
16:51
in the United States.
334
1011772
1207
ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
16:53
It clears a significant barrier to biomedical discovery and innovation.
335
1013383
4693
ื–ื” ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื•ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืจืคื•ืื”.
16:58
And it helps to ensure that patients like Abigail, Kathleen and Eileen
336
1018484
4901
ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ, ืงืช'ืœื™ืŸ ื•ืื™ื™ืœื™ืŸ
17:03
have access to the tests that they need.
337
1023409
2156
ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
17:06
A few weeks after the court issued its decision,
338
1026991
3215
ืžืก' ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืคื™ืจืกื ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืฉืœื•,
17:10
I received a small package in the mail.
339
1030230
2260
ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ื“ื•ืืจ.
17:13
It was from Bob Cook-Deegan,
340
1033246
1607
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ื‘ ืงื•ืง-ื“ื™ื’ืŸ,
17:14
a professor at Duke University
341
1034877
2269
ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ื™ื•ืง
17:17
and one the very first people Chris and I went to visit
342
1037170
3224
ื•ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืจื™ืก ื•ืื ื™ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ
17:20
when we started to consider whether to bring this case.
343
1040418
2699
ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ืื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
17:24
I opened it up to find a small stuffed animal.
344
1044033
2809
ืคืชื—ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื•ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
17:28
(Laughter)
345
1048344
2959
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:33
We took a big risk in taking this case.
346
1053568
2328
ืœืงื—ื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง ื”ื–ื”.
17:36
Part of what gave us the courage to take that risk
347
1056722
2510
ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
17:39
was knowing that we were doing the right thing.
348
1059256
2438
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
17:42
The process took nearly eight years from the start to finish,
349
1062079
3730
ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœืงื— ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
17:45
with many twists and turns along the way.
350
1065833
2221
ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
17:48
A little luck certainly helped,
351
1068578
1691
ืงืฆืช ืžื–ืœ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืขื–ืจ,
17:50
but it was the communities that we bridged,
352
1070888
2812
ืื‘ืœ ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ืฉืจื ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
17:53
the alliances that we created,
353
1073724
2091
ื”ื‘ืจื™ืชื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•,
17:55
that made pigs fly.
354
1075839
1420
ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ืœื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืฃ.
17:57
Thank you.
355
1077802
1156
ืชื•ื“ื”.
17:58
(Applause)
356
1078982
5514
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7