How racial bias works -- and how to disrupt it | Jennifer L. Eberhardt

Prevodilac: Jasmina Sevo Lektor: Ivana Korom

Some years ago,

Pre nekoliko godina

I was on an airplane with my son who was just five years old at the time.

bila sam u avionu sa svojim sinom koji je tada imao pet godina.

My son was so excited about being on this airplane with Mommy.

Moj je sin bio tako uzbuđen što je u avionu sa mamom.

He's looking all around and he's checking things out

Gledao je okolo, proučavao stvari oko sebe

and he's checking people out.

i proučavao je ljude.

And he sees this man, and he says,

Ugledao je jednog čoveka i rekao:

"Hey! That guy looks like Daddy!"

"Hej! Onaj čovek liči na tatu!"

And I look at the man,

Pogledala sam u tog čoveka

and he didn't look anything at all like my husband,

i on uopšte nije ličio na mog muža,

nothing at all.

ali baš ni u čemu.

And so then I start looking around on the plane,

A onda sam počela da gledam po avionu

and I notice this man was the only black guy on the plane.

i primetila sam da je ovaj čovek bio jedini crnac u avionu.

And I thought,

Pomislila sam:

"Alright.

"U redu.

I'm going to have to have a little talk with my son

Moraću malo da popričam sa svojim sinom

about how not all black people look alike."

o tome kako ne liče svi crnci jedni na druge."

My son, he lifts his head up, and he says to me,

Moj je sin podigao glavu i rekao:

"I hope he doesn't rob the plane."

"Nadam se da neće opljačkati avion."

And I said, "What? What did you say?"

"Šta? Šta si to rekao?", upitala sam.

And he says, "Well, I hope that man doesn't rob the plane."

A on će: "Pa, nadam se da taj čovek neće opljačkati avion."

And I said, "Well, why would you say that?

"Ali, zašto bi ti pomislio tako nešto?", pitala sam.

You know Daddy wouldn't rob a plane."

"Znaš da tata ne bi opljačkao avion."

And he says, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, well, I know."

"Da, da, da, pa znam", odgovorio je.

And I said, "Well, why would you say that?"

"Pa, zašto bi onda to rekao?", upitah.

And he looked at me with this really sad face,

A on me je pogledao sa zaista tužnim izrazom lica

and he says,

i rekao:

"I don't know why I said that.

"Ne znam zašto sam to rekao.

I don't know why I was thinking that."

Ne znam zašto sam to pomislio."

We are living with such severe racial stratification

Živimo u vreme tako snažne rasne stratifikacije

that even a five-year-old can tell us what's supposed to happen next,

da nam čak i petogodišnjak može reći šta bi trebalo da usledi,

even with no evildoer,

čak i bez prestupnika,

even with no explicit hatred.

čak i bez eksplicitne mržnje.

This association between blackness and crime

Ova veza između crne boje kože i zločina

made its way into the mind of my five-year-old.

uvukla se u um mog petogodišnjaka.

It makes its way into all of our children,

Ona se uvlači u svu našu decu,

into all of us.

u sve nas.

Our minds are shaped by the racial disparities

Naši umovi se oblikuju po rasnim disparitetima

we see out in the world

koje vidimo u svetu

and the narratives that help us to make sense of the disparities we see:

i po narativima koji nam pomažu da shvatimo razlike koje vidimo:

"Those people are criminal."

"Oni ljudi su skloni kriminalu."

"Those people are violent."

"Oni ljudi su nasilni."

"Those people are to be feared."

"Onih se ljudi treba bojati."

When my research team brought people into our lab

Kada je moj istraživački tim doveo ljude u našu laboratoriju

and exposed them to faces,

i pokazivao im lica,

we found that exposure to black faces led them to see blurry images of guns

utvrdili smo da ih pogled na lica crnaca navodi da mutne slike oružja

with greater clarity and speed.

vide jasnije i uočavaju brže.

Bias cannot only control what we see,

Predrasuda ne kontroliše samo ono što vidimo,

but where we look.

nego i gde gledamo.

We found that prompting people to think of violent crime

Utvrdili smo da podsticanje ljudi da pomisle na nasilni zločin

can lead them to direct their eyes onto a black face

može da ih navede da usmere pogled na lice crnca,

and away from a white face.

a skrenu ga sa lica belca.

Prompting police officers to think of capturing and shooting

Podsticanje policajaca da pomisle na hvatanje i pucanje

and arresting

i hapšenje

leads their eyes to settle on black faces, too.

takođe ih navodi da pogled usmere na lica crnaca.

Bias can infect every aspect of our criminal justice system.

Predrasuda može zaraziti sve aspekte našeg krivično-pravnog sistema.

In a large data set of death-eligible defendants,

U velikom skupu podataka vezanih za osuđenike na smrt,

we found that looking more black more than doubled their chances

utvrdili smo da što je osoba tamnija, više nego duplo se uvećavaju šanse

of receiving a death sentence --

da dobije smrtnu kaznu -

at least when their victims were white.

barem kada su njihove žrtve bile belci.

This effect is significant,

Ovaj ishod je bitan,

even though we controlled for the severity of the crime

čak imajući u vidu da smo uzeli u obzir težinu zločina

and the defendant's attractiveness.

i privlačnost okrivljenog.

And no matter what we controlled for,

I, bez obzira šta smo kontrolisali,

we found that black people were punished

otkrili smo da se crnci kažnjavaju

in proportion to the blackness of their physical features:

srazmerno crnoj boji i njihovim fizičkim karakteristikama:

the more black,

što su crnji,

the more death-worthy.

to je veća šansa da će dobiti smrtnu kaznu.

Bias can also influence how teachers discipline students.

Predrasude takođe mogu uticati na to kako se nastavnici ophode prema učenicima.

My colleagues and I have found that teachers express a desire

Moje kolege i ja smo utvrdili da su nastavnici skloni

to discipline a black middle school student more harshly

da disciplinuju crnce srednjoškolce na mnogo strožiji način

than a white student

nego belce

for the same repeated infractions.

za iste prekršaje.

In a recent study,

U skorašnjoj studiji

we're finding that teachers treat black students as a group

utvrdili smo da nastavnici tretiraju crne učenike kao grupu,

but white students as individuals.

a bele kao pojedince.

If, for example, one black student misbehaves

Ako se, na primer, crni učenik nedolično ponaša

and then a different black student misbehaves a few days later,

i onda drugi crni učenik to isto uradi nekoliko dana posle,

the teacher responds to that second black student

reakcija nastavnika na ponašanje tog drugog crnog učenika je

as if he had misbehaved twice.

kao da se on nedolično ponašao dvaput.

It's as though the sins of one child

To je kao da se gresi jednog deteta

get piled onto the other.

nagomilavaju na drugo dete.

We create categories to make sense of the world,

Stvaramo kategorije da bismo svetu dali smisao,

to assert some control and coherence

da bismo uspostavili neku kontrolu i koherentnost

to the stimuli that we're constantly being bombarded with.

sa podražajima kojima nas stalno bombarduju.

Categorization and the bias that it seeds

Kategorizacija i predrasude koje ona seje

allow our brains to make judgments more quickly and efficiently,

omogućava našem mozgu da brže i efikasnije pravi procene,

and we do this by instinctively relying on patterns

a to radimo instinktivno se oslanjajući na obrasce

that seem predictable.

koji se čine predvidivim.

Yet, just as the categories we create allow us to make quick decisions,

Ipak, kao što nam kategorije koje stvaramo dozvoljavaju da donosimo brze odluke,

they also reinforce bias.

one takođe pojačavaju predrasude.

So the very things that help us to see the world

Tako da upravo stvari koje nam pomažu da vidimo svet,

also can blind us to it.

isto tako nas mogu zaslepeti.

They render our choices effortless,

One čine naše odluke lakim,

friction-free.

bez napora.

Yet they exact a heavy toll.

Ali, to dolazi uz veliku cenu.

So what can we do?

Pa, šta možemo da uradimo?

We are all vulnerable to bias,

Svi smo podložni predrasudama,

but we don't act on bias all the time.

ali im ipak ne podležemo stalno.

There are certain conditions that can bring bias alive

Postoje određeni uslovi pod kojima predrasude ožive

and other conditions that can muffle it.

i oni pod kojima se one priguše.

Let me give you an example.

Da vam dam primer.

Many people are familiar with the tech company Nextdoor.

Mnogi znaju za tehnološku kompaniju Nextdoor.

So, their whole purpose is to create stronger, healthier, safer neighborhoods.

Dakle, njihova svrha je stvoriti jače, zdravije i bezbednije susedstvo.

And so they offer this online space

I tako oni nude ovaj onlajn prostor

where neighbors can gather and share information.

gde susedi mogu dobiti i podeliti informacije.

Yet, Nextdoor soon found that they had a problem

Ipak, Nextdoor je ubrzo shvatio da imaju problem

with racial profiling.

sa rasnim profilisanjem.

In the typical case,

Kao uobičajen slučaj,

people would look outside their window

ljudi bi pogledali kroz prozor

and see a black man in their otherwise white neighborhood

i ugledali crnca u svom inače belom kvartu

and make the snap judgment that he was up to no good,

i naprečac bi zaključili da on ne smera ništa dobro,

even when there was no evidence of criminal wrongdoing.

čak i ako ne postoji dokaz o kriminalnim aktivnostima.

In many ways, how we behave online

Na mnoge načine, kako se ponašamo onlajn

is a reflection of how we behave in the world.

je odraz onoga kako se ponašamo u stvarnom svetu.

But what we don't want to do is create an easy-to-use system

Ali ono što ne želimo je da stvorimo jedan jednostavan sistem

that can amplify bias and deepen racial disparities,

koji može pojačati predrasude i produbiti rasne različitosti,

rather than dismantling them.

umesto da ih ukloni.

So the cofounder of Nextdoor reached out to me and to others

Tako je saosnivač Nextdoora kontaktirao mene i ostale

to try to figure out what to do.

da bismo pokušali da pronađemo rešenje.

And they realized that to curb racial profiling on the platform,

Shvatili su da će, u cilju suzbijanja rasnog profilisanja na platformi,

they were going to have to add friction;

morati dodati otpor,

that is, they were going to have to slow people down.

drugim rečima, moraće da nateraju korisnike da uspore.

So Nextdoor had a choice to make,

Prema tome, Nextdoor je morao da donese odluku

and against every impulse,

i protivno svakom, onom unutrašnjem impulsu,

they decided to add friction.

odlučili su da ga dodaju.

And they did this by adding a simple checklist.

Uradili su to tako što su dodali jednostavnu čeklistu.

There were three items on it.

Na njoj su bile tri stavke.

First, they asked users to pause

Prvo, zamolili su korisnike da zastanu

and think, "What was this person doing that made him suspicious?"

i razmisle, "Šta je ova osoba radila da se čini sumnjivom?"

The category "black man" is not grounds for suspicion.

Kategorija "crnac" nije osnova za sumnju.

Second, they asked users to describe the person's physical features,

Drugo, tražili su od korisnika da opišu fizičke osobine osobe,

not simply their race and gender.

a ne samo njihovu rasu i pol.

Third, they realized that a lot of people

Treće, shvatili su da dosta ljudi

didn't seem to know what racial profiling was,

ne zna šta je to rasno profilisanje

nor that they were engaging in it.

niti da se njime bave.

So Nextdoor provided them with a definition

Zato im je Nextdoor dao definiciju

and told them that it was strictly prohibited.

i rekao im da je to strogo zabranjeno.

Most of you have seen those signs in airports

Mnogi od vas su videli znakove na aerodromima

and in metro stations, "If you see something, say something."

i na metro stanicama koji kažu: "Ako vidite nešto, skrenite pažnju na to."

Nextdoor tried modifying this.

Nextdoor je pokušao ovo modifikovati.

"If you see something suspicious,

"Ako uočite nešto sumnjivo,

say something specific."

recite nešto konkretno."

And using this strategy, by simply slowing people down,

Koristeći ovu strategiju, jednostavnim usporavanjem korisnika,

Nextdoor was able to curb racial profiling by 75 percent.

Nextdoor je uspeo da suzbije rasno profilisanje za 75 posto.

Now, people often will say to me,

Sada, često mi ljudi kažu,

"You can't add friction in every situation, in every context,

"Ne možete dodati tu kočnicu u svakoj situaciji, u svakom kontekstu,

and especially for people who make split-second decisions all the time."

a posebno ne za one koji stalno donose odluke u deliću sekunde."

But it turns out we can add friction

Ali, ispostavilo se da možemo to uraditi

to more situations than we think.

u više situacija nego što mislimo.

Working with the Oakland Police Department

Radeći sa Policijskom upravom Ouklanda

in California,

u Kaliforniji,

I and a number of my colleagues were able to help the department

ja i mnoge moje kolege smo uspeli da pomognemo policiji

to reduce the number of stops they made

da smanji broj onih koje su zaustavljali,

of people who were not committing any serious crimes.

a koji nisu počinili nikakvo ozbiljno krivično delo.

And we did this by pushing officers

A to smo uradili tako što smo naveli policajce

to ask themselves a question before each and every stop they made:

da se zapitaju pre nego što nekog zaustave radi provere:

"Is this stop intelligence-led,

"Da li vršim ovu proveru na osnovu razumne odluke,

yes or no?"

da ili ne?"

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

do I have prior information to tie this particular person

da li imam prethodne informacije koje povezuju dotičnu osobu

to a specific crime?

sa određenim krivičnim delom?

By adding that question

Dodavanjem ovog pitanja

to the form officers complete during a stop,

na formular koji policajci popunjavaju tokom provere

they slow down, they pause,

postižemo da oni uspore, zastanu,

they think, "Why am I considering pulling this person over?"

razmisle, "Zašto želim da zaustavim ovu osobu?"

In 2017, before we added that intelligence-led question to the form,

U 2017, pre nego što smo formularu dodali ovo pitanje koje potiče na razmišljanje,

officers made about 32,000 stops across the city.

policajci su izvršili oko 32 000 provera po gradu.

In that next year, with the addition of this question,

Sledeće godine, sa dodatkom ovog pitanja,

that fell to 19,000 stops.

ovo je palo na 19 000 provera.

African-American stops alone fell by 43 percent.

Samo provera Afroamerikanaca je pala za 43 posto.

And stopping fewer black people did not make the city any more dangerous.

A zaustavljanje manjeg broja crnaca nije učinilo grad ništa opasnijim.

In fact, the crime rate continued to fall,

U stvari, stopa kriminala je nastavila da pada

and the city became safer for everybody.

i grad je postao bezbedniji za sve.

So one solution can come from reducing the number of unnecessary stops.

Tako da je jedno rešenje u smanjenju broja nepotrebnih provera.

Another can come from improving the quality of the stops

Drugo bi bilo bolji kvalitet provera koje policija napravi.

officers do make.

And technology can help us here.

I tehnologija nam može ovde pomoći.

We all know about George Floyd's death,

Svi znamo za smrt Džordža Flojda,

because those who tried to come to his aid held cell phone cameras

jer oni koji su mu pokušali pomoći su držali mobilne telefone

to record that horrific, fatal encounter with the police.

da bi snimili taj strašni, tragični susret sa policijom.

But we have all sorts of technology that we're not putting to good use.

Ali, mi imamo razne vrste tehnologije koje ne koristimo u službi dobrog.

Police departments across the country

Od policijskih stanica širom zemlje

are now required to wear body-worn cameras

sada se traži da nose kamere na sebi

so we have recordings of not only the most extreme and horrific encounters

tako da imamo snimke ne samo najekstremnijih i užasnih susreta,

but of everyday interactions.

nego i svakodnevnih interakcija.

With an interdisciplinary team at Stanford,

Sa interdisciplinarnim timom sa Stanforda,

we've begun to use machine learning techniques

počeli smo da koristimo tehnike mašinskog učenja

to analyze large numbers of encounters.

da bismo analizirali veliki broj susreta.

This is to better understand what happens in routine traffic stops.

Ovo smo uradili da bismo bolje razumeli šta se dešava tokom rutinskih provera.

What we found was that

Došli smo do saznanja da,

even when police officers are behaving professionally,

čak i onda kada se policajci ponašaju profesionalno,

they speak to black drivers less respectfully than white drivers.

ipak razgovaraju sa vozačima crncima sa manje uvažavanja nego sa belcima.

In fact, from the words officers use alone,

U stvari, po rečima koje policajci koriste u govoru,

we could predict whether they were talking to a black driver or a white driver.

mogli smo pretpostaviti da li su razgovarali sa crncem ili belcem.

The problem is that the vast majority of the footage from these cameras

Problem je što veliku većinu snimaka sa ovih kamera

is not used by police departments

ne koriste u policijskim stanicama

to understand what's going on on the street

da bi razumeli šta se događa na ulici

or to train officers.

ili za obuku policajaca.

And that's a shame.

A to je šteta.

How does a routine stop turn into a deadly encounter?

Kako se rutinska provera pretvori u susret sa smrtnim ishodom?

How did this happen in George Floyd's case?

Kako se to dogodilo u slučaju Džordža Flojda?

How did it happen in others?

Kako se to dogodilo u drugim slučajevima?

When my eldest son was 16 years old,

Kada je moj stariji sin imao 16 godina,

he discovered that when white people look at him,

shvatio je da kada belci pogledaju u njega

they feel fear.

osećaju strah.

Elevators are the worst, he said.

Liftovi su najgori, kaže.

When those doors close,

Kada se vrata zatvore,

people are trapped in this tiny space

ljudi se zateknu u ovom malom prostoru

with someone they have been taught to associate with danger.

sa nekim za koga su naučeni da ima veze sa opasnošću.

My son senses their discomfort,

Moj sin oseća taj nemir

and he smiles to put them at ease,

i nasmeši se da ih umiri,

to calm their fears.

da umiri njihov strah.

When he speaks,

Kada progovori,

their bodies relax.

njihova se tela opuste.

They breathe easier.

Lakše dišu.

They take pleasure in his cadence,

Prija im modulacija njegovog glasa,

his diction, his word choice.

njegova dikcija, izbor reči.

He sounds like one of them.

Zvuči kao jedan od njih.

I used to think that my son was a natural extrovert like his father.

Nekada sam mislila da je moj sin prirodno ekstrovertan, kao i njegov otac.

But I realized at that moment, in that conversation,

Ali, tada sam shvatila, u tom razgovoru,

that his smile was not a sign that he wanted to connect

da njegov osmeh nije znak da on želi da stupi u kontakt

with would-be strangers.

sa potencijalnim neznancima.

It was a talisman he used to protect himself,

To je bio talisman kojeg je koristio da bi se zaštitio,

a survival skill he had honed over thousands of elevator rides.

veština preživljavanja koju je izgradio tokom hiljada vožnji liftom.

He was learning to accommodate the tension that his skin color generated

Učio je kako da ublaži tenziju koju je stvarala njegova boja kože

and that put his own life at risk.

i to je ugrozilo i njegov vlastiti život.

We know that the brain is wired for bias,

Znamo da je mozak predodređen za predrasude,

and one way to interrupt that bias is to pause and to reflect

a jedan od načina da se one nadvladaju je da se zastane i razmisli

on the evidence of our assumptions.

o dokazima za naše pretpostavke.

So we need to ask ourselves:

Zato se moramo zapitati:

What assumptions do we bring when we step onto an elevator?

kakve pretpostavke unosimo kad kročimo u lift?

Or an airplane?

Ili u avion?

How do we make ourselves aware of our own unconscious bias?

Kako da postanemo svesni svojih nesvesnih predrasuda?

Who do those assumptions keep safe?

Koga te pretpostavke štite?

Who do they put at risk?

Koga one ugrožavaju?

Until we ask these questions

Dok se ovo ne zapitamo

and insist that our schools and our courts and our police departments

i ne budemo insistirali da naše škole i sudovi i policijske stanice

and every institution do the same,

i sve institucije ne urade isto,

we will continue to allow bias

nastavićemo da dozvoljavamo predrasudama

to blind us.

da nas zaslepljuju.

And if we do,

Ako to učinimo,

none of us are truly safe.

niko od nas neće biti zaista bezbedan.

Thank you.

Hvala.