How racial bias works -- and how to disrupt it | Jennifer L. Eberhardt

Prevoditelj: Gordan Prakiš Recezent: Sanda L

Some years ago,

Prije nekoliko godina

I was on an airplane with my son who was just five years old at the time.

bila sam u zrakoplovu sa svojim sinom koji je imao 5 godina u to vrijeme.

My son was so excited about being on this airplane with Mommy.

Bio je jako uzbuđen jer je bio u avionu sa svojom mamom.

He's looking all around and he's checking things out

Gledao je okolo, proučavao stvari oko sebe

and he's checking people out.

i proučavao je ljude.

And he sees this man, and he says,

Ugledao je čovjeka i rekao:

"Hey! That guy looks like Daddy!"

"Hej, ovaj čovjek izgleda kao tata!"

And I look at the man,

Pogledala sam čovjeka

and he didn't look anything at all like my husband,

i nije uopće izgledao kao moj muž.

nothing at all.

Uopće.

And so then I start looking around on the plane,

I tako sam se počela osvrtati po zrakoplovu

and I notice this man was the only black guy on the plane.

i primijetila da je to bila jedina crna osoba u zrakoplovu.

And I thought,

Pomislila sam:

"Alright.

"U redu,

I'm going to have to have a little talk with my son

malo ću porazgovarati sa svojim sinom

about how not all black people look alike."

o tome kako nisu svi pripadnici crne rase jednaki.

My son, he lifts his head up, and he says to me,

Moj sin je podigao glavu i rekao:

"I hope he doesn't rob the plane."

"Nadam se da neće opljačkati zrakoplov."

And I said, "What? What did you say?"

Rekla sam: "Što? Što si to rekao?"

And he says, "Well, I hope that man doesn't rob the plane."

On je ponovio: "Nadam se da taj čovjek neće opljačkati zrakoplov."

And I said, "Well, why would you say that?

Rekla sam: "Zašto bi to izgovorio?

You know Daddy wouldn't rob a plane."

Znaš da tvoj tata ne bi opljačkao zrakoplov."

And he says, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, well, I know."

Odgovorio mi je: "Da, da, da, ovaj, znam."

And I said, "Well, why would you say that?"

Rekoh: "U redu, ali zašto si to izgovorio?"

And he looked at me with this really sad face,

Pogledao me zbilja tužnog pogleda

and he says,

i rekao:

"I don't know why I said that.

"Ne znam zašto sam to rekao.

I don't know why I was thinking that."

Ne znam zašto sam to pomislio".

We are living with such severe racial stratification

Živimo u vrijeme tako velike rasne stratifikacije

that even a five-year-old can tell us what's supposed to happen next,

da nam čak i petogodišnjak može reći što bi se trebalo sljedeće dogoditi,

even with no evildoer,

čak i bez zločinca,

even with no explicit hatred.

čak i bez eksplicitne mržnje.

This association between blackness and crime

Ova asocijacija između crne boje kože i zločina

made its way into the mind of my five-year-old.

uvukla se u um mog petogodišnjeg sina.

It makes its way into all of our children,

Stvara put prema umovima sve naše djece,

into all of us.

prema umovima svih nas.

Our minds are shaped by the racial disparities

Naši umovi su oblikovani rasnim razlikama

we see out in the world

koje vidimo u svijetu

and the narratives that help us to make sense of the disparities we see:

i narativima koji nam pomažu vidjeti smisao u tim razlikama:

"Those people are criminal."

"Ovi ljudi su kriminalci."

"Those people are violent."

"Ovi ljudi su nasilni."

"Those people are to be feared."

"Ovih ljudi se treba bojati."

When my research team brought people into our lab

Kad je moj istraživački tim doveo ljude u naš laboratorij

and exposed them to faces,

i suočio ih s raznim licima,

we found that exposure to black faces led them to see blurry images of guns

uočili smo da ih suočavanje s licima crne rase vodi do toga

da mutne slike pištolja vide puno brže i jasnije.

with greater clarity and speed.

Bias cannot only control what we see,

Predrasuda ne kontrolira samo što vidimo,

but where we look.

nego i gdje gledamo.

We found that prompting people to think of violent crime

Saznali smo da sugeriranje ljudima da pomisle na nasilni zločin

can lead them to direct their eyes onto a black face

može voditi tome da usmjere pogled na pripadnika crne boje kože,

and away from a white face.

a okrenu ih od bijelaca.

Prompting police officers to think of capturing and shooting

Sugestija policajcima da pomisle na zarobljavanje, pucanje

and arresting

i uhićenje

leads their eyes to settle on black faces, too.

vodi tome da također usmjeravaju pogled na pripadnika crne rase.

Bias can infect every aspect of our criminal justice system.

Predrasude mogu zaraziti sve aspekte našeg kaznenog sudstva.

In a large data set of death-eligible defendants,

U velikim skupovima podataka među osuđenicima na smrt

we found that looking more black more than doubled their chances

otkrili smo da što je osoba tamnije boje kože, to se više udvostručuje šansa

of receiving a death sentence --

dobivanja smrtne kazne --

at least when their victims were white.

barem kada su žrtve bijelci.

This effect is significant,

Ovaj učinak je značajan,

even though we controlled for the severity of the crime

iako smo kontrolirali težinu zločina

and the defendant's attractiveness.

i fizičku atraktivnost optuženika.

And no matter what we controlled for,

I bez obzira što smo to kontrolirali,

we found that black people were punished

uočili smo da su pripadnici crne rase kažnjavani

in proportion to the blackness of their physical features:

proporcionalno s njihovim karakteristikama crne rase:

the more black,

što su izraženije,

the more death-worthy.

veća je kazna.

Bias can also influence how teachers discipline students.

Predrasude također mogu utjecati na to kako učitelji discipliniraju učenike.

My colleagues and I have found that teachers express a desire

Moje kolege i ja smo otkrili da učitelji pokazuju želju

to discipline a black middle school student more harshly

disciplinirati tamnije učenike srednje škole rigoroznije

than a white student

nego bijele studente

for the same repeated infractions.

za iste prekršaje.

In a recent study,

U nedavnoj studiji,

we're finding that teachers treat black students as a group

otkrili smo da učitelji učenike tamne kože tretiraju kao grupe,

but white students as individuals.

a bijele učenike kao individue.

If, for example, one black student misbehaves

Ako se, primjerice, tamniji učenik nedolično ponaša

and then a different black student misbehaves a few days later,

pa potom drugi tamnoputi učenik nedolično ponaša par dana kasnije,

the teacher responds to that second black student

učitelj reagira kao da se drugi tamnoputi učenik

as if he had misbehaved twice.

nedolično ponašao dvaput.

It's as though the sins of one child

To je kao da se grijeh jednog djeteta

get piled onto the other.

nagomilava na drugo.

We create categories to make sense of the world,

Stvaramo kategorije kako bismo dali svijetu smisao,

to assert some control and coherence

kako bismo imali kontrolu i sve povezali

to the stimuli that we're constantly being bombarded with.

sa stimulansima kojima smo svakodnevno bombardirani.

Categorization and the bias that it seeds

Kategorizacija i predrasude koje to stvara

allow our brains to make judgments more quickly and efficiently,

dozvoljava našim mozgovima da sude o svijetu puno brže i učinkovitije,

and we do this by instinctively relying on patterns

i to radimo instinktivno se oslanjajući na obrasce

that seem predictable.

koji se čine predvidivima.

Yet, just as the categories we create allow us to make quick decisions,

Ipak, kao što nam kategorije koje stvaramo dozvoljavaju donijeti brze odluke,

they also reinforce bias.

one također ojačavaju predrasude.

So the very things that help us to see the world

Tako da nas upravo one stvari koje nam pomažu proučavati svijet,

also can blind us to it.

mogu također zaslijepiti.

They render our choices effortless,

One čine naše izbore lakima,

friction-free.

bez otpora.

Yet they exact a heavy toll.

Ali uz veliku cijenu.

So what can we do?

Što možemo napraviti?

We are all vulnerable to bias,

Svi smo podložni predrasudama,

but we don't act on bias all the time.

ali se ipak ne koristimo njima cijelo vrijeme.

There are certain conditions that can bring bias alive

Postoji neki uvjeti koji oživljavaju predrasude

and other conditions that can muffle it.

i neki koji ih prigušuju.

Let me give you an example.

Dat ću vam primjer.

Many people are familiar with the tech company Nextdoor.

Puno ljudi je upoznato s tehnološkom kompanijom Nextdoor.

So, their whole purpose is to create stronger, healthier, safer neighborhoods.

Dakle, njihova je svrha stvoriti jače, zdravije, sigurnije gradske četvrti.

And so they offer this online space

Prema tome, nude online prostor

where neighbors can gather and share information.

gdje susjedi mogu dobivati i dijeliti informacije.

Yet, Nextdoor soon found that they had a problem

Ipak, Nextdoor je ubrzo otkrio da ima problem

with racial profiling.

s rasnim profiliranjem.

In the typical case,

U tipičnom slučaju,

people would look outside their window

ljudi bi pogledali kroz prozor

and see a black man in their otherwise white neighborhood

i ugledali tamnoputog čovjeka u inače bjelačkoj četvrti

and make the snap judgment that he was up to no good,

i brzinski zaključili da ne smjera ništa dobro,

even when there was no evidence of criminal wrongdoing.

iako nema nikakvog dokaza kriminalnim aktivnostima.

In many ways, how we behave online

Na mnogo načina, kako se ponašamo online

is a reflection of how we behave in the world.

je refleksija toga kako se ponašamo u stvarnom svijetu.

But what we don't want to do is create an easy-to-use system

Ali ono što ne želimo je kreirati jednostavan sustav

that can amplify bias and deepen racial disparities,

koji bi pojačao predrasude i produbio rasne disperzije,

rather than dismantling them.

radije nego što bi ih uklonio.

So the cofounder of Nextdoor reached out to me and to others

Tako je suosnivač Nextdoora pristupio meni i drugima

to try to figure out what to do.

kako bismo pronašli rješenje.

And they realized that to curb racial profiling on the platform,

Shvatili su da kako bi obuzdali rasno profiliranje na platformi,

they were going to have to add friction;

trebaju malo pojačati otpornost;

that is, they were going to have to slow people down.

tj. potrebno je da ljudi malo uspore.

So Nextdoor had a choice to make,

Tako je Nextdoor morao izabrati

and against every impulse,

i protiv svakog impulsa

they decided to add friction.

odlučili su se pojačati otpornost.

And they did this by adding a simple checklist.

To su učinili dodavanjem jednostavnog popisa.

There were three items on it.

Na njemu su bile tri stavke.

First, they asked users to pause

Prvo, zamolili su korisnike da zastanu

and think, "What was this person doing that made him suspicious?"

i pomisle: "Što je učinila ova osoba da ju je učinilo sumnjivom?"

The category "black man" is not grounds for suspicion.

Kategorija "tamnoputa osoba" nema uporišta za sumnju.

Second, they asked users to describe the person's physical features,

Drugo, zamolili su korisnike da opišu fizičke osobine sumnjive osobe,

not simply their race and gender.

a ne samo njihovu rasu i spol.

Third, they realized that a lot of people

Treće, shvatili su da mnogo ljudi

didn't seem to know what racial profiling was,

nije shvaćalo što znači rasno profiliranje,

nor that they were engaging in it.

niti da su u njega bili svjesno uključeni.

So Nextdoor provided them with a definition

I tako ih je Nextdoor upoznao s definicijom

and told them that it was strictly prohibited.

i rekao im da je to strogo zabranjeno.

Most of you have seen those signs in airports

Mnogi od vas su vidjeli takve znakove u zračnim lukama

and in metro stations, "If you see something, say something."

i u postajama podzemne željeznice, "Ako nešto vidiš, reci."

Nextdoor tried modifying this.

Nextdoor je ovo pokušao modificirati.

"If you see something suspicious,

"Ako ugledaš nešto sumnjivo,

say something specific."

reci nešto specifično."

And using this strategy, by simply slowing people down,

Koristeći ovu strategiju, jednostavno obuzdavajući ljude,

Nextdoor was able to curb racial profiling by 75 percent.

Nextdoor je uspio umanjiti rasno profiliranje za 75 posto.

Now, people often will say to me,

Ljudi mi često kažu,

"You can't add friction in every situation, in every context,

"Ne možeš to uvijek obuzdati - u svakoj situaciji i u svakom kontekstu,

and especially for people who make split-second decisions all the time."

a posebno za ljude koji stalno donose odluke u sekundi."

But it turns out we can add friction

Ali se pokazalo da to možemo učiniti

to more situations than we think.

u više situacija nego mislimo.

Working with the Oakland Police Department

U radu s policijskom upravom Oaklanda

in California,

u Kaliforniji,

I and a number of my colleagues were able to help the department

moji kolege i ja smo uspjeli pomoći upravi

to reduce the number of stops they made

u reduciranju broja ljudi koje su zaustavljali

of people who were not committing any serious crimes.

a koji nisu počinili nikakav ozbiljni zločin.

And we did this by pushing officers

To smo učinili usmjeravanjem policajaca

to ask themselves a question before each and every stop they made:

da si postave pitanje prije svakog zaustavljanja:

"Is this stop intelligence-led,

"Je li ovo zaustavljanje temeljeno na prikupljenim podacima,

yes or no?"

da ili ne?"

In other words,

Drugim riječima,

do I have prior information to tie this particular person

imam li prijašnje informacije kojima bih povezao baš ovu osobu

to a specific crime?

sa specifičnim zločinom?

By adding that question

Dodavanjem ovog pitanja

to the form officers complete during a stop,

obrascu koji su policajci morali ispuniti prilikom zaustavljanja

they slow down, they pause,

oni su se ipak zaustavili

they think, "Why am I considering pulling this person over?"

i promislili: "Zašto uopće kanim zaustaviti ovu osobu?"

In 2017, before we added that intelligence-led question to the form,

U 2017., prije nego smo dodali ovo pitanje utemeljeno na podacima na obrazac,

officers made about 32,000 stops across the city.

policajci su napravili 32 000 zaustavljanja ljudi u cijelom gradu.

In that next year, with the addition of this question,

Sljedeće godine, uključivanjem ovog pitanja,

that fell to 19,000 stops.

broj je opao na 19 000 zaustavljanja.

African-American stops alone fell by 43 percent.

Samo zaustavljanja Afroamerikanaca su opala za 43 posto.

And stopping fewer black people did not make the city any more dangerous.

A manji broj zaustavljanja osoba crne rase nije učinilo grad opasnijim.

In fact, the crime rate continued to fall,

U stvari, stopa kriminala je nastavila opadati

and the city became safer for everybody.

i grad je postao sigurniji za sve.

So one solution can come from reducing the number of unnecessary stops.

Jedno rješenje bilo bi smanjenje broja nepotrebnih zaustavljanja.

Another can come from improving the quality of the stops

Drugo bi bilo povećanje kvalitete onih koje se ipak naprave

officers do make.

od strane policije.

And technology can help us here.

Tu nam tehnologija može biti od pomoći.

We all know about George Floyd's death,

Svi smo čuli za smrt George Floyda,

because those who tried to come to his aid held cell phone cameras

zato jer su oni koji su mu pokušali pomoći držali mobitele s kamerama

to record that horrific, fatal encounter with the police.

kako bi snimili taj užasan i tragičan susret s policijom.

But we have all sorts of technology that we're not putting to good use.

Ali posjedujemo svakojaku tehnologiju koju ne koristimo na pravi način.

Police departments across the country

Policijske uprave diljem zemlje

are now required to wear body-worn cameras

su danas dužne nositi kamere na tijelu,

so we have recordings of not only the most extreme and horrific encounters

tako da nemamo samo snimke najbrutalnijih i užasnih susreta,

but of everyday interactions.

nego i svakodnevnih interakcija.

With an interdisciplinary team at Stanford,

Skupa s interdisciplinarnim timom sa Stanforda

we've begun to use machine learning techniques

počeli smo koristiti tehnike strojnog učenja

to analyze large numbers of encounters.

kako bismo analizirali veliki broj susreta.

This is to better understand what happens in routine traffic stops.

To smo napravili kako bismo bolje razumjeli što se događa

pri rutinskim prometnim zaustavljanjima.

What we found was that

Ono što smo otkrili jest

even when police officers are behaving professionally,

da čak i kada se policijski službenici ponašaju profesionalno,

they speak to black drivers less respectfully than white drivers.

ipak razgovaraju s tamnoputim vozačima uz manje poštovanja nego s bijelima.

In fact, from the words officers use alone,

U stvari, prema njihovim vlastitim riječima,

we could predict whether they were talking to a black driver or a white driver.

"Mogli smo predvidjeti jesu li policajci pričali s tamnoputim ili bijelim vozačem."

The problem is that the vast majority of the footage from these cameras

Problem je što većina tih snimaka

is not used by police departments

nije korištena od strane policijskih uprava

to understand what's going on on the street

kako bi shvatili što se događa na ulici

or to train officers.

ili kako bi uvježbali policajce.

And that's a shame.

I to je šteta.

How does a routine stop turn into a deadly encounter?

Kako rutinska kontrola dovodi do ubojitih susreta?

How did this happen in George Floyd's case?

Kako se to dogodilo u slučaju George Floyda?

How did it happen in others?

Kako se događa i u drugima slučajevima?

When my eldest son was 16 years old,

Kada je moj najstariji sin imao 16 godina,

he discovered that when white people look at him,

otkrio je da kada ga bijelci gledaju,

they feel fear.

osjećaju strah.

Elevators are the worst, he said.

Dizala su najgora, kaže.

When those doors close,

Kada se zatvore vrata,

people are trapped in this tiny space

ljudi su zatvoreni u malom prostoru

with someone they have been taught to associate with danger.

s nekim za koga su naučeni da osjećaju strah.

My son senses their discomfort,

Moj sin osjeća njihovu nelagodu

and he smiles to put them at ease,

i nasmije se da bi ih umirio,

to calm their fears.

kako bi umanjio njihove strahove.

When he speaks,

Kada priča,

their bodies relax.

njihova se tijela opuste.

They breathe easier.

Njihov dah umiri.

They take pleasure in his cadence,

Osjećaju ugodu u njegovom ritmu,

his diction, his word choice.

njegovoj dikciji, njegovom odabiru riječi.

He sounds like one of them.

Zvuči kao jedan od njih.

I used to think that my son was a natural extrovert like his father.

Mislila sam da je moj sin prirodni ekstrovert kao i njegov otac.

But I realized at that moment, in that conversation,

Ali sam tog trenutka shvatila, kroz taj razgovor,

that his smile was not a sign that he wanted to connect

da njegov osmijeh nije znak da se želi povezati

with would-be strangers.

sa strancima.

It was a talisman he used to protect himself,

To je bio medaljon koji je koristio kako bi se zaštitio,

a survival skill he had honed over thousands of elevator rides.

metoda preživljavanja koju je usvojio tijekom tisuća vožnji dizalom.

He was learning to accommodate the tension that his skin color generated

Naučio je kako ublažiti tenzije koje je proizvodila njegova boja kože

and that put his own life at risk.

i koja mu je ugrožavala život.

We know that the brain is wired for bias,

Znamo da je mozak programiran za predrasude

and one way to interrupt that bias is to pause and to reflect

i jedan od načina kako ih nadvladati je zaustaviti se i promisliti

on the evidence of our assumptions.

o dokazima naših pretpostavki.

So we need to ask ourselves:

Stoga se moramo zapitati:

What assumptions do we bring when we step onto an elevator?

Koje pretpostavke unosimo sa sobom kada ulazimo u dizalo?

Or an airplane?

Ili u zrakoplov?

How do we make ourselves aware of our own unconscious bias?

Kako spoznati naše nesvjesne predrasude?

Who do those assumptions keep safe?

Koga te pretpostavke štite?

Who do they put at risk?

Koga ugrožavaju?

Until we ask these questions

Dokle god ne postavimo ta pitanja

and insist that our schools and our courts and our police departments

i ne inzistiramo da naše škole, naši sudovi, naše policijske uprave

and every institution do the same,

i sve druge institucije učine isto,

we will continue to allow bias

nastavit ćemo dozvoljavati predrasudama

to blind us.

da nas zaslijepljuju.

And if we do,

Ako nastave,

none of us are truly safe.

nitko od nas nije istinski siguran.

Thank you.

Hvala.