How racial bias works -- and how to disrupt it | Jennifer L. Eberhardt

157,918 views ใƒป 2020-06-22

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: YoonJu Mangione ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
Some years ago,
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๋ช‡ ๋…„ ์ „
00:14
I was on an airplane with my son who was just five years old at the time.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹œ ๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด ๋ฐ–์— ์•ˆ๋œ ์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:20
My son was so excited about being on this airplane with Mommy.
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์•„์ด๋Š” ์—„๋งˆ์™€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ ์ด ๋‚˜์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:25
He's looking all around and he's checking things out
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ €๊ธฐ ๋‘๋ฆฌ๋ฒˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ €๊ฒƒ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ 
00:28
and he's checking people out.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ณด๊ณ ์š”.
00:30
And he sees this man, and he says,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ํ•œ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋Š”
00:31
"Hey! That guy looks like Daddy!"
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"์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋น ๋ž‘ ๋‹ฎ์•˜์–ด์š”!"ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:35
And I look at the man,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ ์ชฝ์„ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
00:37
and he didn't look anything at all like my husband,
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋ž‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์•ˆ ๋‹ฎ์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
00:41
nothing at all.
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์ „ํ˜€์š”.
00:43
And so then I start looking around on the plane,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ์•ˆ์„ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ
00:45
and I notice this man was the only black guy on the plane.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ๋‚ด์— ์œ ์ผํ•œ ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ฃ .
00:52
And I thought,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:54
"Alright.
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"์ข‹์•„.
00:56
I'm going to have to have a little talk with my son
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋ž‘ ์–˜๊ธฐ ์ข€ ํ•ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด.
00:58
about how not all black people look alike."
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ํ‘์ธ์ด ๋‹ค ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์•ผ."๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
01:01
My son, he lifts his head up, and he says to me,
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์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋”๋‹ˆ ์ €์—๊ฒŒ
01:08
"I hope he doesn't rob the plane."
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"์ € ์•„์ €์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผํ• ํ…๋ฐ."ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
01:11
And I said, "What? What did you say?"
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"๋ญ? ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ˆ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
01:13
And he says, "Well, I hope that man doesn't rob the plane."
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"์ € ์•„์ €์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉด ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:19
And I said, "Well, why would you say that?
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"์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ?
01:22
You know Daddy wouldn't rob a plane."
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์•„๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ„ธ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์ž–์•„."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
01:25
And he says, "Yeah, yeah, yeah, well, I know."
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"๋„ค, ๋„ค, ๋„ค, ์•Œ์ฃ ."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
01:28
And I said, "Well, why would you say that?"
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"๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
01:32
And he looked at me with this really sad face,
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์•„๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์ €๋ฅผ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ณด๋ฉฐ
01:36
and he says,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
01:38
"I don't know why I said that.
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"์ €๋„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
01:42
I don't know why I was thinking that."
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์š”."
01:45
We are living with such severe racial stratification
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ธ์ข…์  ๊ณ„์ธตํ™” ์†์— ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
01:49
that even a five-year-old can tell us what's supposed to happen next,
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋„ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
even with no evildoer,
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๋‚˜์œ ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„
01:58
even with no explicit hatred.
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๋…ธ๊ณจ์ ์ธ ์ฆ์˜ค์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:02
This association between blackness and crime
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ํ‘์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๋Š” ์ด ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด
02:06
made its way into the mind of my five-year-old.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:11
It makes its way into all of our children,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์•„์ด๋“ค,
02:16
into all of us.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
Our minds are shaped by the racial disparities
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ธ์ข…์ฐจ๋ณ„์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ 
02:22
we see out in the world
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02:24
and the narratives that help us to make sense of the disparities we see:
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋“ค์— ๊ธธ๋“ค์—ฌ์ง€์ฃ .
02:31
"Those people are criminal."
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"์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž๋“ค์ด์•ผ."
02:34
"Those people are violent."
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"์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์•ผ."
02:36
"Those people are to be feared."
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"์ € ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณตํฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์•ผ."
02:39
When my research team brought people into our lab
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์ €ํฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํŒ€์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ ค์™€์„œ
02:43
and exposed them to faces,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์คฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
02:45
we found that exposure to black faces led them to see blurry images of guns
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์ด ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ํ๋ฆฟํ•œ ์ด์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ
02:52
with greater clarity and speed.
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๋” ๋นจ๋ฆฌ, ๋” ์„ ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:55
Bias cannot only control what we see,
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œํ•  ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š๋ƒ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ํ†ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:59
but where we look.
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03:00
We found that prompting people to think of violent crime
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด
03:04
can lead them to direct their eyes onto a black face
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ํ‘์ธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด๋กœ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๊ณ 
03:08
and away from a white face.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์—์„  ์‹œ์„ ์„ ๋–ผ๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:10
Prompting police officers to think of capturing and shooting
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒ”์ธ์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์ด์„ ์˜๊ณ  ์ฒดํฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„
03:14
and arresting
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03:15
leads their eyes to settle on black faces, too.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹œ์„ ์„ ํ‘์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ .
03:19
Bias can infect every aspect of our criminal justice system.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ œ๋„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๋ณ‘๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ• ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:25
In a large data set of death-eligible defendants,
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์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ
03:28
we found that looking more black more than doubled their chances
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ๋” ๊ฒ€์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด
03:32
of receiving a death sentence --
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๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ด์ƒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:35
at least when their victims were white.
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์ ์–ด๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:37
This effect is significant,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:39
even though we controlled for the severity of the crime
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๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์‹ฌ๊ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ
03:42
and the defendant's attractiveness.
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ํ”ผ๊ณ ์ธ์˜ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ํ†ต์ œํ–ˆ์Œ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
And no matter what we controlled for,
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ†ต์ œํ•˜๋“ 
03:47
we found that black people were punished
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ํ‘์ธ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ํ‘์ธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํŠน์ง•์—
03:51
in proportion to the blackness of their physical features:
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๋น„๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
the more black,
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ํ”ผ๋ถ€ ์ƒ‰์ด ๋” ๊ฒ€์„์ˆ˜๋ก
03:57
the more death-worthy.
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๋” ์ฃฝ์–ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:59
Bias can also influence how teachers discipline students.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ์œกํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:03
My colleagues and I have found that teachers express a desire
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์ €์™€ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€
์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์–ด๊ฒผ์„ ๋•Œ
04:08
to discipline a black middle school student more harshly
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
04:11
than a white student
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ํ‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ๋” ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ›ˆ์œกํ•˜๋ ค ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
for the same repeated infractions.
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04:15
In a recent study,
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์ตœ๊ทผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
04:16
we're finding that teachers treat black students as a group
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ํ‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
04:21
but white students as individuals.
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๋ฐฑ์ธ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:24
If, for example, one black student misbehaves
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ํ‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒ ํ•œ ๋ช…์ด ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:27
and then a different black student misbehaves a few days later,
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๋ฉฐ์น  ๋’ค ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ‘์ธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์ž˜๋ชป์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:32
the teacher responds to that second black student
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์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ
04:35
as if he had misbehaved twice.
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์–ด๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฒŒ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
04:38
It's as though the sins of one child
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๋งˆ์น˜ ํ•œ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด
04:41
get piled onto the other.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐ€๋˜๊ธฐ๋ผ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:43
We create categories to make sense of the world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:47
to assert some control and coherence
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ
04:51
to the stimuli that we're constantly being bombarded with.
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์–ด๋Š์ •๋„ ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:55
Categorization and the bias that it seeds
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๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์€
04:59
allow our brains to make judgments more quickly and efficiently,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋ฉฐ,
05:04
and we do this by instinctively relying on patterns
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๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
05:08
that seem predictable.
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ํŒจํ„ด์— ์˜์กดํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋ค„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:10
Yet, just as the categories we create allow us to make quick decisions,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์—
05:16
they also reinforce bias.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:18
So the very things that help us to see the world
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
05:23
also can blind us to it.
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๋™์‹œ์— ์„ธ์ƒ์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
05:25
They render our choices effortless,
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๋ณ„ ํž˜ ๋“ค์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
05:28
friction-free.
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์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ
05:30
Yet they exact a heavy toll.
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๋™์‹œ์— ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
So what can we do?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
05:36
We are all vulnerable to bias,
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ์ทจ์•ฝํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
ํ•ญ์ƒ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ฃ .
05:39
but we don't act on bias all the time.
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05:41
There are certain conditions that can bring bias alive
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๊ทธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋ฉด
05:45
and other conditions that can muffle it.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ž ์žฌ์šฐ๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
Let me give you an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”.
05:50
Many people are familiar with the tech company Nextdoor.
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๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ํšŒ์‚ฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:56
So, their whole purpose is to create stronger, healthier, safer neighborhoods.
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๋” ๋‹จ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ณ , ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋™๋„ค๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชฉํ‘œ์ฃ .
06:03
And so they offer this online space
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด์›ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•œ ๊ณณ์— ๋ชจ์—ฌ
06:06
where neighbors can gather and share information.
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์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ œ๊ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:09
Yet, Nextdoor soon found that they had a problem
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š”
๊ณง ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:13
with racial profiling.
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06:16
In the typical case,
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์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ฐฝ ๋ฐ–์„ ๋‚ด๋‹ค๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
06:18
people would look outside their window
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06:20
and see a black man in their otherwise white neighborhood
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ์ธ์ด ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™๋„ค์— ํ‘์ธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ
06:24
and make the snap judgment that he was up to no good,
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๊ฟ๊ฟ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅธ ํŒ๋‹จ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
even when there was no evidence of criminal wrongdoing.
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์งˆ๋ €๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋„ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
06:32
In many ways, how we behave online
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ์—์„œ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์€
06:35
is a reflection of how we behave in the world.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
But what we don't want to do is create an easy-to-use system
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ•œ๊ฑด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ•ด์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค
06:43
that can amplify bias and deepen racial disparities,
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์ฆํญ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ์ธ์ข…๊ฒฉ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์‹ฌํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:48
rather than dismantling them.
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์›ํ•˜์ง„ ์•Š์ž–์•„์š”.
06:50
So the cofounder of Nextdoor reached out to me and to others
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด์˜ ๊ณต๋™์„ค๋ฆฝ์ž๋Š” ์ €๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:54
to try to figure out what to do.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ข‹์„์ง€ ์ž๋ฌธ์„ ๊ตฌํ•ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
And they realized that to curb racial profiling on the platform,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
07:00
they were going to have to add friction;
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์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ์–ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์ฃ .
07:02
that is, they were going to have to slow people down.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก์š”.
07:05
So Nextdoor had a choice to make,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋กœ์— ๋†“์˜€๊ณ 
07:07
and against every impulse,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ถฉ๋™์„ ๊ฑฐ์Šค๋ฅด๊ณ 
07:09
they decided to add friction.
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์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:12
And they did this by adding a simple checklist.
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ฒดํฌ๋ฆฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ์š”.
07:15
There were three items on it.
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์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์กฐํ•ญ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
07:18
First, they asked users to pause
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ 
07:21
and think, "What was this person doing that made him suspicious?"
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"์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ธธ ๊ถŒํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
07:26
The category "black man" is not grounds for suspicion.
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๋‹จ์ง€ "๊ฒ€์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰"์€ ์˜์‹ฌ์˜ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:31
Second, they asked users to describe the person's physical features,
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๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ถŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
not simply their race and gender.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ์ธ์ข…์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„๋งŒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์š”.
07:39
Third, they realized that a lot of people
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์…‹์งธ, ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š” ๊ณง ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
07:43
didn't seem to know what racial profiling was,
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์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์ด ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ 
์ผ์กฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
nor that they were engaging in it.
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07:48
So Nextdoor provided them with a definition
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š” ์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ 
07:51
and told them that it was strictly prohibited.
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์ด๋Š” ์—„๊ฒฉํžˆ ๊ธˆ์ง€๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต์ง€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Most of you have seen those signs in airports
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๊ณตํ•ญ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์—ญ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:57
and in metro stations, "If you see something, say something."
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"๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด ์‹ ๊ณ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”."
08:01
Nextdoor tried modifying this.
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๋„ฅ์ŠคํŠธ๋„์–ด๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:05
"If you see something suspicious,
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"๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:08
say something specific."
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์ƒ์„ธํžˆ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”."๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
08:11
And using this strategy, by simply slowing people down,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ฒŒ ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
08:15
Nextdoor was able to curb racial profiling by 75 percent.
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์ธ์ข… ํ”„๋กœํŒŒ์ผ๋ง์„ 75%๊นŒ์ง€ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
Now, people often will say to me,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
08:24
"You can't add friction in every situation, in every context,
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"๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ž–์•„์š”.
08:29
and especially for people who make split-second decisions all the time."
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์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜์š”."๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
But it turns out we can add friction
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:37
to more situations than we think.
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋งŽ์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ์ œ๋™์„ ๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
Working with the Oakland Police Department
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์— ์žˆ๋Š”
08:42
in California,
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์˜คํด๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์ผํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
08:43
I and a number of my colleagues were able to help the department
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์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ณณ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด
08:47
to reduce the number of stops they made
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์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
08:50
of people who were not committing any serious crimes.
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๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค„์ด๋„๋ก ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:53
And we did this by pushing officers
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ์ „
08:56
to ask themselves a question before each and every stop they made:
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ์š”:
09:01
"Is this stop intelligence-led,
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"์ด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด ์ฃผ๋„ํ˜• ํŒ๋‹จ์ธ๊ฐ€?
09:04
yes or no?"
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์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€?"
09:07
In other words,
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด
09:09
do I have prior information to tie this particular person
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŠน์ • ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
09:14
to a specific crime?
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์‚ฌ์ „ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
09:16
By adding that question
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์šธ ๋•Œ
09:18
to the form officers complete during a stop,
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์จ๋‚ด์•ผํ•˜๋Š” ์–‘์‹ ์ค‘ ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํฌํ•จ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ
09:21
they slow down, they pause,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ, ์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ 
"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€?" ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:23
they think, "Why am I considering pulling this person over?"
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09:28
In 2017, before we added that intelligence-led question to the form,
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๊ทธ ์–‘์‹์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด ์ฃผ๋„ํ˜• ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์ธ 2017๋…„์—๋Š”
09:35
officers made about 32,000 stops across the city.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์€ ๋„์‹œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์•ฝ 32,000๋ฒˆ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:39
In that next year, with the addition of this question,
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ํ•ด์— ์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ž
09:43
that fell to 19,000 stops.
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19,000๋ฒˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ค„์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:46
African-American stops alone fell by 43 percent.
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ํ‘์ธ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฑด 43%๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
And stopping fewer black people did not make the city any more dangerous.
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ํ‘์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋œ ์„ธ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
09:56
In fact, the crime rate continued to fall,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œจ์€ ๊ณ„์†ํ•ด์„œ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ 
09:59
and the city became safer for everybody.
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๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋„์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:02
So one solution can come from reducing the number of unnecessary stops.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์“ธ๋ฐ์—†์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ค„์ด๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
10:08
Another can come from improving the quality of the stops
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์šฐ๋ฉด
10:12
officers do make.
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ํƒ€๋‹นํ•œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:14
And technology can help us here.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ์š”.
10:17
We all know about George Floyd's death,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กฐ์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
10:20
because those who tried to come to his aid held cell phone cameras
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋ ค๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:25
to record that horrific, fatal encounter with the police.
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๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋”์ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”.
10:30
But we have all sorts of technology that we're not putting to good use.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
10:35
Police departments across the country
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์ „๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์—์„œ๋Š”
10:38
are now required to wear body-worn cameras
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๋ฐ”๋”” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๋ฅผ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:41
so we have recordings of not only the most extreme and horrific encounters
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๊ทน๋‹จ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:47
but of everyday interactions.
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์น˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋…นํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:50
With an interdisciplinary team at Stanford,
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์Šคํƒ ํฌ๋“œ ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•™์ œ๊ฐ„ ํŒ€๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜
10:53
we've begun to use machine learning techniques
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋Œ€์น˜๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
10:56
to analyze large numbers of encounters.
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ํ•™์Šต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:59
This is to better understand what happens in routine traffic stops.
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์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„ธ์šธ ๋•Œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์š”.
11:04
What we found was that
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
11:06
even when police officers are behaving professionally,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋„
11:10
they speak to black drivers less respectfully than white drivers.
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ํ‘์ธ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์šด์ „์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋œ ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ–์ถฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:16
In fact, from the words officers use alone,
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด ์ž์ฒด๋งŒ ๋ด๋„
11:20
we could predict whether they were talking to a black driver or a white driver.
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ํ‘์ธ ์šด์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ฐฑ์ธ ์šด์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ถ”์ธกํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ์ •๋„์˜€์ฃ .
11:25
The problem is that the vast majority of the footage from these cameras
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ์— ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ด ์˜์ƒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด
11:31
is not used by police departments
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ์—์„œ
11:33
to understand what's going on on the street
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๊ธธ ์œ„์—์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:35
or to train officers.
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๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€๋“ค์„ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
And that's a shame.
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์•ˆํƒ€๊นŒ์šด ์ผ์ด์ฃ .
11:40
How does a routine stop turn into a deadly encounter?
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์ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ด ์ผ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฃฝ์Œ์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๋Š” ๋Œ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:45
How did this happen in George Floyd's case?
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์กฐ์ง€ ํ”Œ๋กœ์ด๋“œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„  ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
11:49
How did it happen in others?
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์—์„œ๋Š”์š”?
11:51
When my eldest son was 16 years old,
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์ €ํฌ ํฐ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์—ด ์—ฌ์„ฏ์‚ด์ด์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ
11:55
he discovered that when white people look at him,
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์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ฐฑ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
11:58
they feel fear.
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๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:01
Elevators are the worst, he said.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์•…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
12:04
When those doors close,
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๋ฌธ์ด ๋‹ซํžˆ๋ฉด
12:06
people are trapped in this tiny space
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๊ทธ ํ˜‘์†Œํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ
12:09
with someone they have been taught to associate with danger.
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์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๊ต์œก๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€์žˆ์–ด์•ผํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
12:14
My son senses their discomfort,
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์ €ํฌ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ถˆํŽธํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ์•„์ฑ„๊ณ 
12:17
and he smiles to put them at ease,
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๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
to calm their fears.
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๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์ข€ ๊ฐ€๋ผ์•‰ํ˜€์ฃผ๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.
12:23
When he speaks,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉด
12:25
their bodies relax.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ์‹ฌ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:27
They breathe easier.
214
747442
1903
์ˆจ๋„ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‰ฌ๊ณ ์š”.
12:29
They take pleasure in his cadence,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ,
12:31
his diction, his word choice.
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2317
๊ทธ์˜ ์–ด๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ์„ ํƒ์— ์•ˆ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:34
He sounds like one of them.
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754986
1843
์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
12:36
I used to think that my son was a natural extrovert like his father.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋“ค์ด ์•„๋น ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฎ์•„ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™ธํ–ฅ์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
12:41
But I realized at that moment, in that conversation,
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3550
์•„๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
12:46
that his smile was not a sign that he wanted to connect
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5078
์•„๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์†Œ ์ง“๋Š” ๊ฑด
๊ทธ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ์นœํ•ด์ง€๊ณ ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:51
with would-be strangers.
221
771245
1964
12:53
It was a talisman he used to protect himself,
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3652
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„๋“ค์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€์ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:57
a survival skill he had honed over thousands of elevator rides.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋ฒˆ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ฆ์€ ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
He was learning to accommodate the tension that his skin color generated
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5171
์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”
13:11
and that put his own life at risk.
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๊ธด์žฅ๊ฐ์„ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:14
We know that the brain is wired for bias,
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3783
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋ผ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:18
and one way to interrupt that bias is to pause and to reflect
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4465
๊ทธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊นฐ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”
์ž ์‹œ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:22
on the evidence of our assumptions.
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13:25
So we need to ask ourselves:
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ์— ํƒˆ ๋•Œ ์–ด๋–ค ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ํƒ€๋‚˜์š”?
13:27
What assumptions do we bring when we step onto an elevator?
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13:33
Or an airplane?
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๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋Š”์š”?
13:35
How do we make ourselves aware of our own unconscious bias?
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์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:40
Who do those assumptions keep safe?
233
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ
13:44
Who do they put at risk?
234
824615
1932
์œ„ํ—˜์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
13:47
Until we ask these questions
235
827649
2354
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:50
and insist that our schools and our courts and our police departments
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4624
ํ•™๊ต์™€ ๋ฒ•์ •, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์„œ,
13:55
and every institution do the same,
237
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2542
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ฃผ์žฅํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
13:59
we will continue to allow bias
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ๋“ค๋กœ
14:03
to blind us.
239
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1278
๋ˆˆ์ด ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:05
And if we do,
240
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1409
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
14:08
none of us are truly safe.
241
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ ํ…Œ์ฃ .
14:14
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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