The case for a decentralized internet | Tamas Kocsis

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Three years ago,

Pre tri godine

I started building a decentralized web

počeo sam da gradim decentralizovani internet

because I was worried about the future of our internet.

jer sam bio zabrinut za budućnost interneta.

The current internet we are using is about gatekeepers.

Sadašnji internet koji koristimo se svodi na čuvare kapija.

If you want to reach something on the web,

Ako želite da pronađete nešto na mreži,

then you need to go through multiple middlemen.

onda morate da prođete preko nekoliko posrednika.

First, a domain name server,

Prvo, server internet domena,

then a server hosting company,

potom kompaniju za hosting servera,

which usually points you to a third party,

koja vas obično usmerava na treću stranu,

to a web hosting service.

do hosting servisa.

And this happens every time you want to reach a website on the web.

A ovo se dešava svaki put kada želite da uđete na internet sajt.

But these gatekeepers are vulnerable to internet attacks

Međutim, ovi čuvari kapija su podložni napadima na internetu

and also makes the censorship and the surveillance easier.

i zbog njih su olakšani cenzura i nadzor.

And the situation is getting worse.

A situacija postaje sve gora.

Everything is moving to the cloud,

Sve se prebacuje na oblak,

where the data is hosted by giant corporations.

gde hosting podataka obavljaju ogromne korporacije.

This move creates much, much more powerful middlemen.

Ovaj potez stvara mnogo, mnogo moćnije posrednike.

Now, move to the cloud makes sense

Sad, prelaz na oblak ima smisla

because this way it's easier and cheaper

jer je to lakši i jeftiniji način

for the developers and the service operators.

za developere i servisne operatere.

They don't have to worry about maintaining the physical servers.

Ne moraju da brinu o održavanju fizičkih servera.

I can't blame them, but I found this trend to be very dangerous,

Ne mogu da ih krivim, ali mislim da je ovaj trend veoma opasan

because this way, these giant corporations

jer na taj način ove ogromne korporacije

have unlimited control over the hosting services.

imaju neograničenu kontrolu nad uslugama hostinga.

And it's very easy to abuse this power.

A veoma je lako zloupotrebiti ovu moć.

For example, last year, a CEO of a company

Na primer, prošle godine, izvršni direktor jedne firme

that acts as a gatekeeper for nine million websites

koja služi kao čuvar kapija za devet miliona sajtova

decided, after some public pressure,

je odlučio, nakon pritiska javnosti,

that one of the sites it manages,

da jedan od sajtova kojima upravlja,

a far right page, should be blocked.

stranicu ekstremne desnice, treba blokirati.

He then sent an internal email to his coworkers.

Potom je poslao interni mejl svojim saradnicima.

"This was an arbitrary decision.

„Ovo je bila proizvoljna odluka.

I woke up this morning in a bad mood

Probudio sam se jutros loše raspoložen

and decided to kick them off the Internet."

i odlučio da ih izbacim s interneta.“

Even he admits,

Čak i on priznaje:

"No one should have this power."

„Niko ne bi trebalo da ima ovoliku moć.“

As a response, one of the employees asked him,

Kao odgovor, jedan od zaposlenih ga je upitao:

"Is this the day the Internet dies?"

„Da li je ovo dan smrti interneta?“

I don't think we are actually killing the internet,

Ne smatram da zaista ubijamo internet,

ali smatram da smo u središtu

but I do think that we are in the middle

of a kind of irresponsible centralization process

nekakvog neodgovornog procesa centralizacije

that makes our internet more fragile.

zbog koga je naš internet daleko krhkiji.

The decentralized, people-to-people web

Decentralizovana mreža „ljudi ljudima“

solves this problem by removing the central points,

rešava ovaj problem tako što uklanja centralne tačke,

the web-hosting services.

servise za veb-hosting.

It empowers the users

Ona osnažuje korisnike

to have host sites they want to preserve.

da imaju hosting sajtove koje žele da sačuvaju.

On this network, the sites get downloaded directly from other visitors.

Na ovoj mreži se sajtovi preuzimaju direktno od drugih posetilaca.

This means, if you have a site with 100 visitors,

To znači da, ako imate sajt sa 100 posetilaca,

then it's hosted [by] 100 computers around the world.

onda je njegov hosting na 100 kompjutera širom sveta.

Basically, this is a people-powered version of the internet.

U suštini, radi se o verziji interneta kojeg pokreću ljudi.

The security of the network is provided by public-key cryptography.

Bezbednost mreže je obezbeđena asimetričnom kriptografijom.

This makes sure that no one can modify the sites

Ovo se stara za to da niko ne može da menja sajtove

but only the real owner.

osim stvarnog vlasnika.

Think of it like instead of getting electricity from big power plants,

Razmišljajte o tome kao da, umesto da dobijate struju iz velike elektrane,

you put solar panels on top of your house,

postavite solarne panele na vašu kuću

and if your neighbor down the street needs some extra energy,

i, ako je vašem komšiji iz ulice potrebna dodatna energija,

then they can just download some from your house.

onda prosto može da preuzme određenu količinu iz vaše kuće.

So by using the decentralized web,

Dakle, upotrebom decentralizovanog veba,

we can help to keep content accessible for other visitors.

možemo da pripomognemo u održavanju sadržaja dostupnim za druge posetioce.

And by that, it means

A pod tim mislim

that we can also fight against things

da takođe možemo da se borimo protiv stvari

that we feel are unjust,

koje smatramo nepravednim,

like censorship.

poput cenzure.

In China, the internet is tightly controlled.

U Kini je internet strogo kontrolisan.

They can't criticize the government,

Ne mogu da kritikuju vladu,

organize a protest,

organizuju protest,

and it's also forbidden to post

a takođe je zabranjeno postavljati

a kind of emoticon to remember the victims of the Tiananmen Square Massacre.

bilo kakve emotikone u znak sećanja na žrtve Masakra na Tjenanmenu.

With the decentralized web, it's not the government that decides

Sa decentralizovanim vebom, nije na vladama da odlučuju

what gets seen and what doesn't.

šta će da bude vidljivo, a šta ne.

It's the people,

Ljudi će da odlučuju,

which makes the web more democratic.

a zbog toga će veb da bude demokratičniji.

But at the same time, it's hard to use this network

Međutim, istovremeno je teško koristiti ovu mrežu

to do something that is clearly illegal

za obavljanje nečega što je očito nezakonito

everywhere in the world,

svuda u svetu,

as the users probably don't want to endanger themselves

kako korisnici verovatno neće želeti da dovedu sebe u opasnost

hosting these kinds of problematic content.

pružajući hosting ovakvom problematičnom sadržaju.

Another increasing threat

Još jedna rastuća opasnost

to internet freedom

za slobodu interneta

is overregulation.

je prekomerna regulacija.

I have the impression

Stekao sam utisak

that our delegates

da naši predstavnici

who vote on the internet regulation laws

koji glasaju o zakonima za regulaciju interneta

are not fully aware of their decisions.

nisu u potpunosti svesni svojih odluka.

For example, the European Parliament has a new law on the table,

Na primer, pred Evropskim parlamentom je novi zakon,

a new copyright protection law,

novi zakon o zaštiti autorskih prava

that has a part called Article 13.

koji ima deo koji se naziva Član 13.

If it passes, it would require every big website

Ukoliko bude usvojen, zahtevaće od svakog većeg sajta

to implement a filter

da ugradi filter

that automatically blocks content

koji automatski blokira sadržaj

based on rules controlled by big corporations.

zasnovan na pravilima koja kontrolišu velike korporacije.

The original idea is to protect copyrighted materials,

Prvobitna zamisao je da se zaštite autorski materijali,

but it would endanger many other things we do on the internet:

ali ovo bi ugrozilo razne druge stvari koje obavljamo na internetu:

blogging, criticizing, discussing, linking and sharing.

pisanje blogova, kritikovanje, rasprave, povezivanje i deljenje.

Google and YouTube already have similar systems

Gugl i Jutjub već imaju slične sisteme

and they are receiving 100,000 takedown requests every hour.

i primaju 100 000 zahteva za ukidanje sadržaja svakog sata.

Of course, they can't process this amount of data by hand,

Naravno, ne mogu da obrade ovoliku količinu podataka ručno,

so they are using machine learning

te zato koriste mašinsko učenje

to decide if it's really a copyright violation or not.

da bi odlučili da li se zaista radi o kršenju autorskih prava ili ne.

But these filters do make mistakes.

Međutim, ovi filteri greše.

They're removing everything from documentation of human rights abuses,

Uklanjaju sve, od dokumentovanja kršenja ljudskih prava,

lectures about copyrights

preko lekcija o autorskim pravima

and search results

do rezultata pretrage

that point to criticism of this new Article 13.

koji ukazuju na kritike ovog novog Člana 13.

Beside of that, they are also removing many other things.

Pored toga, uklanjaju i mnoge druge stvari.

And sometimes, these filters aren't just removing the specific content,

A ponekad ovi filteri ne uklanjaju samo specifičan sadržaj,

but it could also lead to loss of your linked accounts:

već takođe mogu da uzrokuju gubitak vaših ličnih povezanih naloga:

your email address, your documents, your photos,

vaše imejl adrese, dokumenata, slika

or your unfinished book,

ili vaše nedovršene knjige,

which happened with the writer Dennis Cooper.

što se desilo piscu Denisu Kuperu.

It's not hard to see how a system like this could be abused

Nije teško videti na koji način ovakav sistem mogu da zloupotrebe

by politicians and corporate competitors.

političari i korporativni konkurenti.

This Article 13, the extension of these automated filters to the whole internet,

Ovom Članu 13, ekstenziji automatizovanih filtera na čitav internet,

got strong opposition

oštro su se usprotivili

from Wikipedia, Github, Mozilla, and many others,

Vikipedija, Githab, Mozila i mnogi drugi,

including the original founders of the internet and the World Wide Web,

uključujući prvobitne osnivače interneta i svetske mreže,

Vint Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee.

Vinta Serfa i Tima Berners-Lija.

But despite this strong opposition,

Međutim, uprkos ovom oštrom protivljenju,

on the last European Parliament vote,

na poslednjem glasanju Evropskog parlamenta,

two thirds of the representatives supported this law.

dve trećine zastupnika je podržalo ovaj zakon.

The final vote will be early 2019.

Konačno glasanje će da bude početkom 2019. godine.

The result is important,

Rezultat je važan,

but whatever happens,

ali šta god da se desi,

I'm pretty sure it will be followed by many other similar proposals

prilično sam siguran da će da ga prate brojni drugi slični predlozi

around the world.

širom sveta.

These kinds of regulations would be very hard to enforce

Ovakve regulative bi bilo teško nametnuti

through a decentralized web,

preko decentralizovanog veba

as there is no hosting companies.

pošto ne postoje hosting kompanije.

The websites are served by the visitors themselves.

Sajtove dostavljaju sami posetioci.

I started to build this network three years ago.

Počeo sam da gradim ovu mrežu pre tri godine.

Since then, I've spent thousands, tens of thousands of hours

Otad, potrošio sam hiljade, desetine hiljada sati

on the development.

na njegov razvoj.

Why?

Zašto?

Why would anyone spend thousands of hours on something anyone can freely copy,

Zašto bi iko trošio hiljade sati na nešto što bilo ko može slobodno da kopira,

rename, or even sell?

preimenuje, pa čak i proda?

Well, in my case,

Pa, u mom slučaju,

one of the reasons was to do something meaningful.

jedan od razloga je bio da učinim nešto značajno.

During my daily regular job as a web developer,

Tokom svog dnevnog običnog posla kao veb-developer

I didn't have the feeling that I'm working on something

nisam imao osećaj da radim na nečemu

that had a chance to be a bigger than me.

što ima naznake da bude veće od mene.

Simply, I just wanted to make my short presence in this world

Prosto sam želeo da učinim svoje kratko prisustvo na ovom svetu smislenim.

to be meaningful.

Last year, the Great Firewall of China started blocking this network I created.

Prošle godine, Veliki kineski fajervol je počeo da blokira moju mrežu.

This move officially made me the enemy

Zbog ovog poteza sam zvanično postao neprijatelj

of the government-supported internet censorship.

internet cenzure u službi vlade.

Since then, it's been really a game of cat and mouse.

Otad, zaista se radi o igri mačke i miša.

They make new rules in the firewall

Naprave nova pravila unutar fajervola,

and I try to react to it as fast as I can

a ja pokušavam da reagujem što brže mogu

so the users can keep hosting content and create websites

kako bi korisnici mogli da nastave da hostinguju sadržaj i prave sajtove

that otherwise would be censored by the centralized Chinese internet.

koje bi inače cenzurisao centralizovani kineski internet.

My other motivation to create this network was worry.

Moja druga motivacija za stvaranje ove mreže je bila zabrinutost.

I fear that the future of our internet is out of our control.

Strahujem da je budućnost našeg interneta van naše kontrole.

The increasing centralization and the proposed laws

Sve veća centralizacija, kao i predloženi zakoni,

are threatening our freedom of speech

predstavljaju pretnju našoj slobodi govora,

and, by that, our democracy.

a time i našoj demokratiji.

So for me, building a decentralized web

Dakle, za mene, izgradnja decentralizovane mreže

means creating a safe harbor,

znači stvaranje sigurne luke,

a space where the rules are not written by big corporations and political parties,

prostora gde pravila ne pišu velike korporacije i političke partije,

but by the people.

već ljudi.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)