Craig Venter unveils "synthetic life"

Prevodilac: Radica Stojanović Lektor: Ivana Korom

We're here today to announce

Ovde smo danas da objavimo

the first synthetic cell,

prvu sintetičku ćeliju,

a cell made by

ćeliju napravljenu

starting with the digital code in the computer,

počevši od digitalnog koda u kompjuteru,

building the chromosome

čiji je hromozom

from four bottles of chemicals,

nastao iz bočice hemikalija,

assembling that chromosome in yeast,

sakupljen u kvascu,

transplanting it into

a potom prebačen u

a recipient bacterial cell

primaoca - ćeliju bakterije

and transforming that cell

koja je potom transformisala tu ćeliju

into a new bacterial species.

u novu vrstu bakterija.

So this is the first self-replicating species

Tako je ovo prva samo-reprodukujuća vrsta

that we've had on the planet

koju smo ikada imali ma planeti

whose parent is a computer.

a čiji je roditelj kompjuter.

It also is the first species

To je takođe i prva vrsta

to have its own website

koja ima sopstveni vebsajt

encoded in its genetic code.

šifrovan u genetički kod.

But we'll talk more about

Ali pričaćemo više o

the watermarks in a minute.

vodenim žigovima za koji minut.

This is a project that had its inception

Ovo je projekat koji je započet

15 years ago

pre 15 godina

when our team then --

kada je naš tim --

we called the institute TIGR --

tada znan kao Institut TIGR --

was involved in sequencing

bio uključen u sekvencioniranje

the first two genomes in history.

prva dva genoma u istoriji.

We did Haemophilus influenzae

Radili smo sa Haemophilus influenzae (vrsta aerobne bakterije)

and then the smallest genome of a self-replicating organism,

i potom sa najmanjim genomom samo-reprodukujućeg organizma,

that of Mycoplasma genitalium.

a to je Mycoplasma genitalium. (namanja poznata bakterija, od skoro razmatrana i kao organizam sa najamnjim genomom)

And as soon as

I čim smo

we had these two sequences

imali te dve sekvence,

we thought, if this is supposed to be the smallest genome

pomislili smo, ako se za ovo pretpostavlja da je najmanji genom

of a self-replicating species,

samo-reprodukujuće vrste,

could there be even a smaller genome?

može li biti da postoji još i manji genom?

Could we understand the basis of cellular life

Možemo li razumeti osnove ćelijskog života

at the genetic level?

na genetičkom nivou?

It's been a 15-year quest

Bilo je to petnaestogodišnje traganje

just to get to the starting point now

samo da bismo stigli do startne pozicije,

to be able to answer those questions,

da bismo bili u stanju da damo odgovore na ova pitanja.

because it's very difficult to eliminate

Veoma je teško eliminisati

multiple genes from a cell.

višestruke gene iz ćelije,

You can only do them one at a time.

možete uraditi samo jedan po jedan.

We decided early on

Na početku smo već odlučili

that we had to take a synthetic route,

da moramo ići sintetičkom rutom,

even though nobody had been there before,

iako niko na njoj do sada nije bio,

to see if we could synthesize

kako vidimo da li je moguće sintetizovati

a bacterial chromosome

bakterijski hromozom,

so we could actually vary the gene content

da bismo uopšte mogli varirati genetski sadržaj

to understand the essential genes for life.

da bismo razumeli osnovu gena za život.

That started our 15-year quest

Tako je krenulo naše petnaestogodišnje traganje

to get here.

koje nas je dovelo ovde.

But before we did the first experiments,

Pre nego što smo započeli prve eksperimente,

we actually asked

zapitali smo

Art Caplan's team at the University of Pennsylvania

tim Arta Kaplana, koji je tada bio na Univerzitetu Pensilvanija,

to undertake a review

da preuzme proces revizije

of what the risks, the challenges,

u pogledu rizika, izazova,

the ethics around creating new

etičke pozadine vezane za kreiranje nove

species in the laboratory were

vrste u laboratoriji

because it hadn't been done before.

jer do tada to nije bilo rađeno.

They spent about two years

Proveli su oko dve godine

reviewing that independently

nezavisno ispitujući to

and published their results in Science in 1999.

i objavili rezultate u "Nauci" 1999.

Ham and I took two years off

Hem i ja smo uzeli dve godine slobodno

as a side project to sequence the human genome,

da bi smo sa strane radili na projektu sekvencioniranja ljudskih genoma,

but as soon as that was done

ali čim je to bilo gotovo,

we got back to the task at hand.

vratili smo se na prvobitni zadatak.

In 2002, we started

2002. godine, započeli smo

a new institute,

sa novom institucijom,

the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives,

Institut za Biološke Energetske Alternative,

where we set out two goals:

gde smo odredili dva cilja.

One, to understand

Prvi, razumeti

the impact of our technology on the environment,

uticaj naše tehnologije na sredinu,

and how to understand the environment better,

i kako bolje razumeti sredinu.

and two, to start down this process

I drugi, da započnemo ovaj proces

of making synthetic life

kreiranja sintetičkog života

to understand basic life.

kako bi se bolje razumele osnove života.

In 2003,

2003. godine,

we published our first success.

objavili smo prve uspehe.

So Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison

Tako su Hem Smit i Klajd Hačison

developed some new methods

razvili neke nove metode

for making error-free DNA

pravljenja DNK čije su greške

at a small level.

svedene na najniži nivo.

Our first task was

Naš prvi zadatak je bio

a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage,

bakteriofag koda veličine 5000 slova,

a virus that attacks only E. coli.

virus koji napada samo E. coli.

So that was

Tako da je to bila

the phage phi X 174,

faga "phi X 174",

which was chosen for historical reasons.

koja je izabrana iz istorijskih razloga.

It was the first DNA phage,

To je bila prva DNK faga,

DNA virus, DNA genome

DNK virus, DNK genom

that was actually sequenced.

koji je sekvencioniran.

So once we realized

Tako da kada smo jednom shvatili

that we could make 5,000-base pair

da je moguće napraviti 5000 bazičnih parova

viral-sized pieces,

delova veličine virusa,

we thought, we at least have the means

pomislili smo, imamo makar sredstva

then to try and make serially lots of these pieces

da se trudimo i pravimo serijski mnogo ovakvih delova,

to be able to eventually assemble them together

i da ćemo eventualno biti u mogućnosti da ih sakupimo

to make this mega base chromosome.

kako bi načinili mega-bazni hromozom.

So, substantially larger than

Dakle, znatno veći nego

we even thought we would go initially.

što smo na početku mislili da će biti.

There were several steps to this. There were two sides:

Postojalo je nekoliko koraka do ovoga. Postojale su dve strane.

We had to solve the chemistry

Morali smo da rešimo hemijski deo

for making large DNA molecules,

pravljenje velikih DNK molekula,

and we had to solve the biological side

i morali smo da rešimo biološku stranu

of how, if we had this new chemical entity,

kako, ukoliko bismo imali taj novi hemijski entitet,

how would we boot it up, activate it

kako bismo to pokrenuli, aktivirali,

in a recipient cell.

u prijemnoj ćeliji.

We had two teams working in parallel:

Tako smo imali dva tima koja su radila paralelno,

one team on the chemistry,

jedan na hemiji,

and the other on trying to

i druga dva koja su pokušavala

be able to transplant

da omoguće transplantaciju

entire chromosomes

čitavog hromozoma

to get new cells.

da bi se dobila nova ćelija.

When we started this out, we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem,

Kada smo započeli sa ovim, mislili smo da će nam sinteza biti najveći problem,

which is why we chose the smallest genome.

zbog čega smo izabrali najmanji genom.

And some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome

I neki od vas su primetili da smo se prebacili sa najmanjeg genoma

to a much larger one.

na jedan prilično velik.

And we can walk through the reasons for that,

I možemo proći kroz razloge za to,

but basically the small cell

ali u suštini, za malu ćeliju

took on the order of

je potrebno

one to two months to get results from,

jedan do dva meseca da bi se dobili rezultati,

whereas the larger, faster-growing cell

dok je velikoj, brže rastućoj ćeliji

takes only two days.

potrebno svega dva dana.

So there's only so many cycles we could go through

Dakle postoji toliko ciklusa kroz koje je moguće proći

in a year at six weeks per cycle.

za godinu dana, sa šest nedelja po ciklusu.

And you should know that basically

I trebalo bi da znate to,

99, probably 99 percent plus

99, verovatno 99 procenata i više

of our experiments failed.

naših eksperimenata je bilo neuspešno.

So this was a debugging,

Tako da je ovo bilo otklanjanje grešaka,

problem-solving scenario from the beginning

scenario rešavanja problema od početka

because there was no recipe

zato što nije postojao recept

of how to get there.

kako stići do tamo.

So, one of the most important publications we had

Jedan od najvažnijih publikacija koje smo imali

was in 2007.

bila je 2007. godine.

Carole Lartigue led the effort

Kerol Lartig je vodila napore

to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome

da se transplatuje bakterijski hromozom

from one bacteria to another.

iz jedne bakterije u drugu.

I think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers

Mislim, filozofski, da je jedna od najvažnijih objava

that we've ever done

koje smo ikada uradili

because it showed how dynamic life was.

jer pokazuje koliko je život zapravo dinamičan.

And we knew, once that worked,

I znali smo, jednom kada je to proradilo,

that we actually had a chance

da smo zapravo imali šansu,

if we could make the synthetic chromosomes

ukoliko bismo napravili sintetički hromozom

to do the same with those.

da uradi isto to.

We didn't know that it was going to take us

Nismo znali da će nam trebati

several years more to get there.

više od nekoliko godina da stignemo do tamo.

In 2008,

2008. godine,

we reported the complete synthesis

snimili smo kompletnu sintezu

of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome,

"Mycoplasma genitalium" genoma,

a little over 500,000 letters of genetic code,

nešto preko 500 000 slova genetičkog koda,

but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome.

ali još nismo uspeli da pokrenemo taj hromozom.

We think in part, because of its slow growth

Mislimo, delimice, da je to zbog sporog rasta,

and, in part,

i delom,

cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms

što ćelije imaju jedinstvene odbrambene mehanizme

to keep these events from happening.

koji sprečavaju da se ovakvi događaji dese.

It turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into

Ispostavilo se da je ćelija na kojoj je trebal izvršiti transplataciju

had a nuclease, an enzyme that chews up DNA on its surface,

imala nukleozu, enzim koji izbacuje DNK na svoju površinu

and was happy to eat

i bila je "srećna" što može pojesti

the synthetic DNA that we gave it

sintetički DNK koji smo joj dali,

and never got transplantations.

te tako transplataciju nismo ni dobili.

But at the time, that was the largest

Ali u to vreme, to je bio najveći

molecule of a defined structure

molekul definisane strukture

that had been made.

koji je ikada bio napravljen.

And so both sides were progressing,

Tako su obe strane napredovale,

but part of the synthesis

ali deo sinteze

had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished

je morao biti postignut ili bar bio u stanju da bude ostvaren,

using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast

kosristeći kvasac, stavljajući fragmente u njega,

and yeast would assemble these for us.

i on bi izvršio prikupljanje umesto nas.

It's an amazing step forward,

To je bio neverovatan korak napred,

but we had a problem because now we had

ali imali smo problem jer smo imali

the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.

bakterijski hromozom koji raste u kvascu.

So in addition to doing the transplant,

U cilju izvođenja transplantacije,

we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome

morali smo da otkrijemo kako da dobijemo bakterijski hromozom

out of the eukaryotic yeast

iz eukariotskog kvasca,

into a form where we could transplant it

u formi u kojoj bi ga mogli transplantovati

into a recipient cell.

u prijemnu ćeliju.

So our team developed new techniques

Tako je naš tim razvio nove tehnike

for actually growing, cloning

za rast, kloniranje

entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.

celih bakterijskih hromozoma u kvascu.

So we took the same mycoides genome

Uzeli smo iste mikoidne genome

that Carole had initially transplanted,

koje je Kerol prvobitno transplantovala,

and we grew that in yeast

i stavili smo ih u kvasac da rastu

as an artificial chromosome.

kao veštački hromozom.

And we thought this would be a great test bed

Smatrali smo da će ovo biti sjajan test

for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast

za otkrivanje kako izvaditi hromozome iz kvasca

and transplant them.

i transplantovati ih.

When we did these experiments, though,

Kada smo pak izveli ove eksperimente,

we could get the chromosome out of yeast

mogli smo izvući hromozom iz kvasca

but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.

ali on se nije mogao transplantovati i pokrenuti ćeliju.

That little issue took the team two years to solve.

Za rešenje te male stavke bile su potrebne dve godine.

It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell

Ispostavilo se da je DNK bekterijske ćelije

was actually methylated,

metilizovana (metilizacija - proces nadogradnje metil grupe na DNK spiralu)

and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme,

a metilizacija štiti ćeliju od restrikcionog enzima,

from digesting the DNA.

od proždiranja DNK.

So what we found is if we took the chromosome

Ono što smo, dakle, otkrili je to da ako uzmemo hromozom

out of yeast and methylated it,

iz kvasca i metilizujemo ga,

we could then transplant it.

tada bismo ga mogli transplantovati.

Further advances came

Dalji napredak je došao

when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes

kada je tim odstranio restrikcione enzime

from the recipient capricolum cell.

iz prijemne ćelije.

And once we had done that, now we can take

I jednom kada smo to uradili, mogli smo uzeti

naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.

ogoljeni DNK iz kvasca i transplatovati ga.

So last fall

Dakle, prošle jeseni,

when we published the results of that work in Science,

kada smo objavili rezultate našeg rada u "Nauci",

we all became overconfident

svi smo postali previše samopouzdani

and were sure we were only

i bili uvereni da smo samo

a few weeks away

nekoliko nedelja daleko

from being able to now boot up

od toga da sada pokrenemo

a chromosome out of yeast.

hromozom iz kvasca.

Because of the problems with

Zbog problema sa

Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth

Mycoplasma genitalium i njenim sporim rastom,

about a year and a half ago,

pre oko godinu i po dana

we decided to synthesize

odlučili smo da sintetizujemo

the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome,

mnogo veći hromozom, mikoidni hromozom,

knowing that we had the biology worked out on that

znajući da imamo biologe koji rade na tome

for transplantation.

za transplantaciju.

And Dan led the team for the synthesis

Den je vodio tim za sintezu

of this over one-million-base pair chromosome.

ovog hromozoma sa preko milion baznih parova.

But it turned out it wasn't going to be as simple in the end,

Ali ispostavilo se da neće biti tako jednostavno na kraju.

and it set us back three months

Vratili smo se tri meseca unazad

because we had one error

jer smo imali jednu grešku

out of over a million base pairs in that sequence.

u tih milion baznih parova.

So the team developed new debugging software,

Tako je tim razvio novi softver za ispravljanje grešaka,

where we could test each synthetic fragment

gde smo mogli testirati svaki sintetički fragment

to see if it would grow in a background

da vidimo da li će rasti u pozadini

of wild type DNA.

divljeg tipa DNK.

And we found that 10 out of the 11

I pronašli smo da je 10 od 11

100,000-base pair pieces we synthesized

delova 100 000 baznih parova koje smo sintetizovali

were completely accurate

bilo potpuno ispravno

and compatible with

i kompatibilno

a life-forming sequence.

sa sekvencom za formiranje života.

We narrowed it down to one fragment;

Suzili smo to na jedan fragment.

we sequenced it

Sekvencionirali

and found just one base pair had been deleted

i pronašli da je samo jedan bazni par bio izbrisan

in an essential gene.

u osnovnom genu.

So accuracy is essential.

Tako da je tačnost osnova.

There's parts of the genome

Postoje delovi genoma

where it cannot tolerate even a single error,

gde se ne može tolerisati niti najmanja greška,

and then there's parts of the genome

i postoje delovi genoma

where we can put in large blocks of DNA,

gde možemo postaviti velike blokove DNK,

as we did with the watermarks,

kao što smo učinili sa vodenim žigovima,

and it can tolerate all kinds of errors.

i tu se mogu tolerisati različite vrste grešaka.

So it took about three months to find that error

Tako je nama bilo potrebno oko tri meseca da pronađemo tu grešku

and repair it.

i popravimo je.

And then early one morning, at 6 a.m.

I onda, rano jednog jutra, oko 6 sati,

we got a text from Dan

dobili smo poruku od Dena

saying that, now, the first blue colonies existed.

u kojoj je pisalo da su prve plave kolonije opstale.

So, it's been a long route to get here:

Bio je to dug put da bi se stiglo do tamo --

15 years from the beginning.

15 godina od kako smo počeli.

We felt

Osećali smo se,

one of the tenets of this field

jedno od načela ove oblasti

was to make absolutely certain

je bilo da se uverimo

we could distinguish synthetic DNA

da možemo razdvojiti sintetički DNK

from natural DNA.

od prirodnog DNK.

Early on, when you're working in a new area of science,

Na početku, ukoliko radite u novim oblastima nauke,

you have to think about all the pitfalls

morate da mislite na sve zamke

and things that could lead you

i stvari koje bi vas mogle navesti

to believe that you had done something when you hadn't,

da poverujete da ste uradili nešto, a kada niste,

and, even worse, leading others to believe it.

i što je još gore, da i drugi poveruju u to.

So, we thought the worst problem would be

Tako smo mi mislili da će najgori problem biti

a single molecule contamination

jednostruka molekularna kontaminacija

of the native chromosome,

osnovnog hromozoma,

leading us to believe that we actually had

koja bi učinila da poverujemo da smo zapravo

created a synthetic cell,

stvorili sintetičku ćeliju,

when it would have been just a contaminant.

a ono je bila samo kontaminacija.

So early on, we developed the notion

Zbog toga smo ranije razvili ideju

of putting in watermarks in the DNA

stavljanja vodenih žigova u DNK

to absolutely make clear

da bismo sa sigurnošću raščistili

that the DNA was synthetic.

da je DNK zbilja sintetička.

And the first chromosome we built

I prvi hromozom koji smo stvorili,

in 2008 --

2008. godine,

the 500,000-base pair one --

onaj sa 500 000 baznih parova,

we simply assigned

smo jednostavno označili

the names of the authors of the chromosome

imenima tvoraca hromozoma

into the genetic code,

u genetički kod.

but it was using just amino acid

Ali to je bila upotreba samo amino kiseline

single letter translations,

prevod od jednog slova,

which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.

što nam izostavlja određena slova alfabeta.

So the team actually developed a new code

Tako je tim razvio novi kod

within the code within the code.

unutar koda unutar koda.

So it's a new code

Tako je to bio novi kod

for interpreting and writing messages in DNA.

za interpretaciju i pisanje poruka unutar DNK.

Now, mathematicians have been hiding and writing

Sada, matematičari su se krili i pisali

messages in the genetic code for a long time,

poruke u genetičkom kodu dugo vremena,

but it's clear they were mathematicians and not biologists

ali očito je da su oni ipak bili matematičari, a ne biolozi

because, if you write long messages

jer, ukoliko pišete dugačku poruku

with the code that the mathematicians developed,

kodom koji su razvili matematičari,

it would more than likely lead to

više je nego očigledno da bi vas to odvelo

new proteins being synthesized

sintezi novih proteina

with unknown functions.

sa nepoznatim funkcijama.

So the code that Mike Montague and the team developed

Kod koji su Majk Montegi i tim razvili

actually puts frequent stop codons,

zapravo ubacuje učestale prekid - kodove.

so it's a different alphabet

Tako da je to jedan drugačiji alfabet,

but allows us to use

ali nam dozvoljava da koristimo

the entire English alphabet

kompletnu englesku abecedu

with punctuation and numbers.

sa interpunkcijama i brojevima.

So, there are four major watermarks

Tako, postoje 4 ključna vodena žiga

all over 1,000 base pairs of genetic code.

od svih hiljada baznih parova genetičkog koda.

The first one actually contains within it

Prvi u sebi sadrži

this code for interpreting

kod za interpretaciju

the rest of the genetic code.

ostatka genetičkog koda.

So in the remaining information,

U ostatku informacija,

in the watermarks,

u vodenim žigovima

contain the names of, I think it's

sadržana su imena, ja mislim,

46 different authors

46 različitih autora

and key contributors

i ključnih osoba koje su dale svoj doprinos

to getting the project to this stage.

da bi se projekat doveo u ovu fazu.

And we also built in

Takođe smo izradili

a website address

vebsajt adresu,

so that if somebody decodes the code

da bi, ukoliko neko dekodira kod,

within the code within the code,

kod unutar koda,

they can send an email to that address.

mogao poslati e-mail na tu adresu.

So it's clearly distinguishable

Tako da je očigledno različit

from any other species,

od bilo koje druge vrste,

having 46 names in it,

i ima 46 imena u njemu,

its own web address.

i svoju sopstvenu veb adresu.

And we added three quotations,

I dodali smo tri citata

because with the first genome

jer, sa prvim genomom,

we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound

bili smo kritikovani da se ne trudimo da saopštimo nešto dubokoumno

than just signing the work.

nego se samo potpisujemo.

So we won't give the rest of the code,

Tako nećemo dati ostatak koda,

but we will give the three quotations.

ali ćemo navesti ova tri citata.

The first is,

Prvi je,

"To live, to err,

"Živeti, grešiti,

to fall, to triumph

pasti, trijumfovati,

and to recreate life out of life."

i stvarati život iz života."

It's a James Joyce quote.

To je citat Džejms Džojsa.

The second quotation is, "See things not as they are,

Drugi citat je, "Videti stvari, ne kakve one jesu,

but as they might be."

već kakve bi mogle biti."

It's a quote from the "American Prometheus"

To je citat iz "Američkog Prometeja"

book on Robert Oppenheimer.

knjige o Robertu Openhajmeru.

And the last one is a Richard Feynman quote:

I poslednji citat je od Ričarda Fejnmana.

"What I cannot build,

"Šta ne mogu napraviti,

I cannot understand."

ja ne mogu razumeti."

So, because this is as much a philosophical advance

Iz razloga što je ovo jednako filozofski napredak

as a technical advance in science,

kao i tehnički u nauci,

we tried to deal with both the philosophical

potrudili smo se da obuhvatimo i filozofsku

and the technical side.

i tehničku stranu.

The last thing I want to say before turning it over to questions

Poslednja stvar koju želim da kažem pre nego pređemo na pitanja

is that the extensive work

jeste da ovaj obiman posao

that we've done --

koji smo uradili,

asking for ethical review,

traženje etičke provere,

pushing the envelope

izlaženje iz okvira

on that side as well as the technical side --

na toj strani jednako kao i na tehničkoj,

this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community,

to je široko diskutovano među naučnim krugovima,

in the policy community

u pravnoj zajednici

and at the highest levels of the federal government.

i na najvišim nivoima savezne vlade.

Even with this announcement,

Čak i sa ovom objavom,

as we did in 2003 --

kao što smo uradili 2003. --

that work was funded by the Department of Energy,

taj rad je bio pod pokroviteljstvom Odseka za Energiju --

so the work was reviewed

tako je projekat bio pod revizijom

at the level of the White House,

najviših nivoa Bele Kuće,

trying to decide whether to classify the work or publish it.

koji su doneli odluku da li da rad bude poverljiv ili da se objavi.

And they came down on the side of open publication,

I doneli su odluku da se objavi,

which is the right approach --

što je ispravan pristup.

we've briefed the White House,

Napravili smo dopis Beloj Kući.

we've briefed members of Congress,

Takođe i dopis kongresmenima.

we've tried to take and push

Pokušali smo da vodimo računa

the policy issues

o pravnim pitanjima

in parallel with the scientific advances.

paralelno sa naučnim pristupom.

So with that, I would like

Tako da sa ovim, želeo bih

to open it first to the floor for questions.

da otvorim deo za pitanja.

Yes, in the back.

Da, vi pozadi.

Reporter: Could you explain, in layman's terms,

Reporter: Možete li laički objasniti

how significant a breakthrough this is please?

koliko je ovo značajan prodor?

Craig Venter: Can we explain how significant this is?

Kreg Venter: Možemo li objasniti koliko je ovo značajno?

I'm not sure we're the ones that should be explaining how significant it is.

Nisam siguran da smo mi prave osobe koje bi trebalo da objašnjavaju koliko je ovo značajno.

It's significant to us.

Značajno je nama.

Perhaps it's a giant philosophical change

Možda je ovo ogromna filozofska promena

in how we view life.

u načinu na koji posmatramo život.

We actually view it as a baby step in terms of,

Mi ovo posmatramo kao prvi dečji korak,

it's taken us 15 years to be able

za koji nam je trebalo 15 godina, da bismo bili u mogućnosti

to do the experiment

da napravimo eksperiment

we wanted to do 15 years ago

koji smo želeli pre 15 godina

on understanding life at its basic level.

kako bismo razumeli osnove života.

But we actually believe

Ali mi zapravo verujemo

this is going to be a very powerful set of tools

da će ovo biti veoma moćan skup alata.

and we're already starting

I mi već započinjemo

in numerous avenues

u brojnim poljima

to use this tool.

da koristimo ovaj alat.

We have, at the Institute,

Na institutu je u toku

ongoing funding now from NIH

program sa Novartisom,

in a program with Novartis

koji finansira NIH (Nacionalni institut zdravlja),

to try and use these new

i koji pokušava da ovaj novi

synthetic DNA tools

sintetički DNK alat

to perhaps make the flu vaccine

upotrebi za kreiranje vakcine protiv gripa

that you might get next year.

koju ćete možda dobiti iduće godine.

Because instead of taking weeks to months to make these,

I umesto nedelja i meseci koji bi vam bili potrebni za spravljanje ove vakcine,

Dan's team can now make these

Denov tim sada može to odraditi

in less than 24 hours.

za manje od 24 časa.

So when you see how long it took to get an H1N1 vaccine out,

I kada pogledate koliko je vremena bilo potrebno da se napravi vakcina protiv H1N1,

we think we can shorten that process

smatramo da možemo skratiti taj proces

quite substantially.

i to prilično značajno.

In the vaccine area,

U području vakcina,

Synthetic Genomics and the Institute

"Sintetički Genomi" i Institut

are forming a new vaccine company

formiraju novu kompaniju za vakcine

because we think these tools can affect vaccines

jer smatramo da ovaj alat može uticati na pravljenje vakcina

to diseases that haven't been possible to date,

protiv bolesti za koje nije bilo moguće ni precizirati datum nastanka,

things where the viruses rapidly evolve,

kao kod virusa koji se brzo razvijaju,

such with rhinovirus.

kao što je rino-virus.

Wouldn't it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds?

Zar ne bi bilo sjajno da imamo nešto što može blokirati uobičajenu groznicu?

Or, more importantly, HIV,

Ili, što je još važnije, HIV,

where the virus evolves so quickly

gde se virus razvija toliko brzo,

the vaccines that are made today

da vakcine koje su napravljene danas

can't keep up

ne mogu pratiti

with those evolutionary changes.

tolike evolutivne promene.

Also, at Synthetic Genomics,

Takođe, u "Sintetičkim Genomima",

we've been working

radimo

on major environmental issues.

i na osnovnim pitanjima prirodnog okruženja.

I think this latest oil spill in the Gulf

Mislim da je ova poslednja naftna mrlja u meksičkom zalivu

is a reminder.

dobar podsetnik.

We can't see CO2 --

Ne možemo videti CO2;

we depend on scientific measurements for it

zavisimo od naučnih merenja CO2,

and we see the beginning results

i vidimo rezultate

of having too much of it --

toga što ga imamo previše.

but we can see pre-CO2 now

Ali sada možemo videti pre - CO2

floating on the waters

koji pliva u vodi

and contaminating the beaches in the Gulf.

i koji zagađuje plaže.

We need some alternatives

Potrebne su nam neke alternative

for oil.

za naftu.

We have a program with Exxon Mobile

Imamo program sa "Exxon Mobile"

to try and develop new strains of algae

sa kojim pokušavamo da razvijemo nove vrste algi

that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide

koje efikasno hvataju ugljen dioksid

from the atmosphere or from concentrated sources,

iz atmosfere ili koncentrovanih izvora,

make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries

i prave novi ugljovodonik koji može ići direktno u njihove rafinerije

to make normal gasoline

i od kog se pravi benzin

and diesel fuel out of CO2.

i dizel gorivo od CO2.

Those are just a couple of the approaches

Ovo su samo neki od pristupa

and directions that we're taking.

i puteva kojima se krećemo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)