Craig Venter unveils "synthetic life"

246,146 views ・ 2010-05-21

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Jungsoo Kim κ²€ν† : JY Kang
00:16
We're here today to announce
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 였늘 이 μžλ¦¬μ—μ„œ
00:18
the first synthetic cell,
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졜초의 인곡세포에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ°œν‘œν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:21
a cell made by
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이 μΈκ³΅μ„Έν¬λŠ”
00:23
starting with the digital code in the computer,
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μ»΄ν“¨ν„°λ‘œ μƒμ„±ν•œ λ””μ§€ν„Έ μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έμ— κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜μ—¬,
00:26
building the chromosome
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λ„€ κ°€μ§€μ˜ ν™”ν•™ 물질둜
00:29
from four bottles of chemicals,
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염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ ,
00:32
assembling that chromosome in yeast,
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κ·Έ 염색체λ₯Ό 효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ— μ£Όμž…ν•˜μ—¬ μ‘°ν•©ν•œ λ’€,
00:34
transplanting it into
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이것을 λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 세포에
00:37
a recipient bacterial cell
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μ΄μ‹ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§€λ©°,
00:39
and transforming that cell
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이 인곡세포가 λΆ„μ—΄ν•˜λ©΄
00:41
into a new bacterial species.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 쒅이 νƒ„μƒν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
So this is the first self-replicating species
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이것은 지ꡬ상 졜초둜
00:47
that we've had on the planet
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컴퓨터λ₯Ό λͺ¨μ²΄λ‘œ 두고 μžˆλŠ”
00:49
whose parent is a computer.
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자기 증식이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 쒅인 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
It also is the first species
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λ˜ν•œ 이 쒅은 세계 졜초둜
00:54
to have its own website
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μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμ•ˆμ—
00:56
encoded in its genetic code.
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μ•”ν˜Έν™”λœ μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:59
But we'll talk more about
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이 μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ μžμ„Έν•œ μ„€λͺ…은
01:01
the watermarks in a minute.
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μž μ‹œν›„μ— ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
This is a project that had its inception
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλŠ” λŒ€λž΅
01:06
15 years ago
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15λ…„ μ „
01:08
when our team then --
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우리 νŒ€μ΄
01:10
we called the institute TIGR --
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타이거(TIGR)λΌλŠ” μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ—μ„œ
01:12
was involved in sequencing
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사상 처음으둜 κ²Œλ†ˆ 2개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄μ„
01:14
the first two genomes in history.
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λΆ„μ„ν•˜λŠ” 일에 μ°©μˆ˜ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ μ‹œμž‘λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:16
We did Haemophilus influenzae
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ν—€λͺ¨ν•„λ£¨μŠ€ μΈν”Œλ£¨μ—”μžκ· κ³Ό
01:18
and then the smallest genome of a self-replicating organism,
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μžκ°€μ¦μ‹μ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ’… μ€‘μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ κ°€μ§„
01:21
that of Mycoplasma genitalium.
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λ§ˆμ΄μ½”ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ μ œλ‹ˆνƒˆλ¦¬μ›€κ· μ˜ κ²Œλ†ˆμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:24
And as soon as
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이 2개 κ²Œλ†ˆμ˜
01:26
we had these two sequences
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뢄석을 λ§ˆμ³€μ„ λ•Œ,
01:28
we thought, if this is supposed to be the smallest genome
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ”, 이게 λ§Œμ•½ 자기 증식이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μ’… μ€‘μ—μ„œ
01:31
of a self-replicating species,
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κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ΄λΌλ©΄, 이 세상에
01:33
could there be even a smaller genome?
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이 보닀 더 μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ˜λ¬Έμ„ κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Could we understand the basis of cellular life
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λ˜ν•œ 세포 ν™œλ™μ˜ 원리λ₯Ό μœ μ „μ  κ°œλ…μ—μ„œ
01:38
at the genetic level?
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이해할 수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€λ„ κΆκΈˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:40
It's been a 15-year quest
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이 두가지 μ˜λ¬Έμ—
01:42
just to get to the starting point now
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λ‹΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹œλ°œμ μ„ ν–₯ν•΄
01:44
to be able to answer those questions,
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15년을 λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
because it's very difficult to eliminate
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬ 개의 μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό
01:49
multiple genes from a cell.
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μΆ”μΆœν•˜κΈ°λž€ 맀우 μ–΄λ ΅κ³ 
01:51
You can only do them one at a time.
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ν•œλ²ˆμ— ν•˜λ‚˜λ§Œμ΄ κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
01:54
We decided early on
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 연ꡬ μ΄ˆμ°½κΈ°μ—
01:56
that we had to take a synthetic route,
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œμ—λŠ” μ–΄λŠ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ‹œλ„ν•œ 적이 μ—†λŠ”
01:58
even though nobody had been there before,
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인곡합성 기법 연ꡬ가 ν•„μˆ˜μ μ΄λΌκ³  νŒλ‹¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:00
to see if we could synthesize
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이λ₯Ό 톡해, λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체λ₯Ό
02:02
a bacterial chromosome
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ν•©μ„±ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ•Œμ•„λ‚΄κ³ ,
02:04
so we could actually vary the gene content
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μœ μ „ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ λ‹€μ–‘ν™”ν•˜μ—¬ 생λͺ…에 ν•„μˆ˜μ μΈ
02:06
to understand the essential genes for life.
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것이 λͺ©μ μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:09
That started our 15-year quest
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이것이 μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  우리λ₯Ό μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 뢈러온,
02:12
to get here.
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15λ…„ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ‹œλ°œμ  μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
But before we did the first experiments,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 첫 번째 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν•˜κΈ° μ „,
02:16
we actually asked
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κ·Έ λ‹Ήμ‹œ νŽœμ‹€λ² λ‹ˆμ•„ λŒ€ν•™κ΅μ— 있던
02:19
Art Caplan's team at the University of Pennsylvania
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Art Caplan의 μ—°κ΅¬μ§„μ—κ²Œ
02:22
to undertake a review
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졜초둜 μ‹œλ„ λ˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ˜
02:24
of what the risks, the challenges,
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μœ„ν—˜μ„±κ³Ό 어렀움,
02:27
the ethics around creating new
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μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ—μ„œ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 쒅을
02:29
species in the laboratory were
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μ°½μ‘°ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ μœ€λ¦¬λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄
02:31
because it hadn't been done before.
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κ²€ν† ν•΄ 쀄것을 μš”μ²­ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:33
They spent about two years
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그듀은 2λ…„ λ™μ•ˆ
02:35
reviewing that independently
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λ…μžμ μœΌλ‘œ κ²€ν† ν•œ ν›„, 1999λ…„
02:37
and published their results in Science in 1999.
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό "μ‚¬μ΄μ–ΈμŠ€"지에 κ²Œμž¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:40
Ham and I took two years off
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Hamκ³Ό μ €λŠ” 인체 κ²Œλ†ˆ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν•˜μ—¬
02:42
as a side project to sequence the human genome,
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2λ…„ 정도 μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ λΉ μ Έ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
02:44
but as soon as that was done
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κ·Έ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈκ°€ λλ‚˜μž 마자
02:46
we got back to the task at hand.
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λ‹€μ‹œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œ λ³΅κ·€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
In 2002, we started
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2002λ…„, μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
02:52
a new institute,
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IBEA(Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives)λΌλŠ”
02:54
the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives,
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œλ₯Ό μ„€λ¦½ν–ˆκ³ ,
02:57
where we set out two goals:
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κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ 2개의 λͺ©ν‘œλ₯Ό μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
One, to understand
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첫 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”,
03:01
the impact of our technology on the environment,
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우리의 기술이 μƒνƒœκ³„μ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯κ³Ό
03:04
and how to understand the environment better,
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μƒνƒœκ³„λ₯Ό 더 잘 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ 방법을 μ°ΎλŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:06
and two, to start down this process
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그리고 두 λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”,
03:08
of making synthetic life
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이 인곡 생λͺ…μ²΄μ˜ μ°½μ‘°λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ
03:11
to understand basic life.
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생λͺ…μ˜ 기본을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
In 2003,
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2003λ…„,
03:16
we published our first success.
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첫 번째 μ„±κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
So Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison
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Ham Smith와 Clyde HutchisonλŠ”
03:20
developed some new methods
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초보적 μˆ˜μ€€μ˜
03:22
for making error-free DNA
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ DNAλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ”
03:25
at a small level.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 방법을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
Our first task was
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우리의 첫 번째 μž‘μ—… λŒ€μƒμ€,
03:29
a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage,
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λŒ€μž₯κ· μ—λ§Œ κΈ°μƒν•˜λŠ”
03:32
a virus that attacks only E. coli.
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5000개 μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ μ„Έκ· μ„±λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:36
So that was
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그것은
03:38
the phage phi X 174,
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phi X 174 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜€κ³ ,
03:40
which was chosen for historical reasons.
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역사적인 μ΄μœ λ•Œλ¬Έμ— μ„ νƒλ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:42
It was the first DNA phage,
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λ°”λ‘œ 세계 졜초의 DNA-세포,
03:45
DNA virus, DNA genome
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즉, μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄ 뢄석이 μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ λλ‚œ
03:48
that was actually sequenced.
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DNA λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€, DNA κ²Œλ†ˆμ΄μ—ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:50
So once we realized
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
03:53
that we could make 5,000-base pair
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5000개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ„ κ°€μ§„ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ 크기의 쑰각을
03:55
viral-sized pieces,
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λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŒμ„ μ•Œμ•˜μ„ λ•Œ,
03:57
we thought, we at least have the means
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ΅œμ†Œν•œ 이런 방법을 톡해
03:59
then to try and make serially lots of these pieces
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λ§Žμ€ 쑰각듀을 μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ„œ μ‘°ν•©ν•˜λ©΄
04:02
to be able to eventually assemble them together
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ꢁ극적으둜 100만개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ„ κ°€μ§„
04:05
to make this mega base chromosome.
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λ©”κ°€λ² μ΄μŠ€ 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:09
So, substantially larger than
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 초기 생각보닀 규λͺ¨κ°€
04:11
we even thought we would go initially.
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μƒλ‹Ήν•˜κ²Œ μ»€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
There were several steps to this. There were two sides:
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μ—¬κΈ°μ—λŠ” 거쳐야 ν•  μ—¬λŸ¬ 단계와 2개의 문제점이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
We had to solve the chemistry
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 큰 DNA λΆ„μžλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
04:20
for making large DNA molecules,
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화학적 문제λ₯Ό ν’€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆκ³ ,
04:22
and we had to solve the biological side
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒ, μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„
04:24
of how, if we had this new chemical entity,
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이식 λ°›λŠ” μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ
04:27
how would we boot it up, activate it
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ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚¬ 것인지 λŒ€ν•œ
04:30
in a recipient cell.
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문제λ₯Ό ν’€μ–΄μ•Ό ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
We had two teams working in parallel:
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” νŒ€μ„ 2개둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μ—ˆκ³ ,
04:35
one team on the chemistry,
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ν•œ νŒ€μ€ ν™”ν•™ 뢄야을 λ§‘κ³ ,
04:37
and the other on trying to
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그리고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ μͺ½μ€
04:40
be able to transplant
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄,
04:42
entire chromosomes
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염색체 전체λ₯Ό
04:44
to get new cells.
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μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:47
When we started this out, we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem,
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연ꡬλ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•ŒλŠ”, ν•©μ„± 과정이 κ°€μž₯ μ–΄λ €μšΈ 것 κ°™μ•„μ„œ,
04:50
which is why we chose the smallest genome.
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κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ μ„ νƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:53
And some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome
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λͺ‡ 뢄은 λˆˆμΉ˜μ±˜μ„μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ§€λ§Œ, κ°€μž₯ μž‘μ€ κ²Œλ†ˆμ—μ„œ
04:56
to a much larger one.
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λ”μš± 큰 κ²Œλ†ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ³€κ²½ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
And we can walk through the reasons for that,
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λ“€μ„ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄,
05:00
but basically the small cell
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기본적으둜, μž‘μ€ μ„Έν¬λŠ”
05:03
took on the order of
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연ꡬ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
05:05
one to two months to get results from,
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1~2달이 μ†Œμš”λ˜μ§€λ§Œ,
05:08
whereas the larger, faster-growing cell
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그에 λΉ„ν•΄, 크고 μ„±μž₯이 λΉ λ₯Έ μ„Έν¬λŠ”
05:10
takes only two days.
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였직 2일만 있으면 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:12
So there's only so many cycles we could go through
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 1μ£ΌκΈ°λ‹Ή λŒ€λž΅ 6μ£Όκ°€ μ†Œμš”λ˜μ–΄, 1λ…„λ™μ•ˆ
05:15
in a year at six weeks per cycle.
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κ½€ λ§Žμ€ 주기에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 κ°€λŠ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:18
And you should know that basically
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그리고 이 사싀을 μ•„μ…”μ•Ό ν•˜λŠ”λ°,
05:20
99, probably 99 percent plus
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99%, μ•„λ§ˆ 99% 보닀 더 λ§Žμ€
05:23
of our experiments failed.
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μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ‹€νŒ¨ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:25
So this was a debugging,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μˆ˜μ •ν•˜κ³ ,
05:27
problem-solving scenario from the beginning
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λ¬Έμ œν•΄κ²°μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œμ§œλŠ” κ³Όμ •μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:30
because there was no recipe
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 성곡에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ”
05:32
of how to get there.
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λ ˆμ‹œν”Όκ°€ μ—†μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:34
So, one of the most important publications we had
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κ²°κ΅­, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 2007년에 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό
05:37
was in 2007.
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λ°œν‘œν•˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:39
Carole Lartigue led the effort
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Carole Lartigueκ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
05:42
to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체λ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜μ—μ„œ λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„λ‘œ
05:45
from one bacteria to another.
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μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” 데에 μ„±κ³΅ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
I think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers
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μ œκ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κΈ°μ—, 그것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μž‘μ„±ν•œ
05:50
that we've ever done
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κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ λ…Όλ¬Έ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:52
because it showed how dynamic life was.
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ 생λͺ…이 정말 μ—­λ™μ μž„μ„ 보여쀀 λ…Όλ¬Έμ΄μ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:55
And we knew, once that worked,
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그리고 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ„±κ³΅ν•œ 이상,
05:57
that we actually had a chance
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
05:59
if we could make the synthetic chromosomes
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인곡 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 이식할 수 μžˆλŠ”
06:01
to do the same with those.
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κ°€λŠ₯성을 μ°Ύμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:04
We didn't know that it was going to take us
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜ 성곡에
06:06
several years more to get there.
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λͺ‡ 년이 걸릴지 λͺ°λžμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:08
In 2008,
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2008년에,
06:10
we reported the complete synthesis
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 500,000개 규λͺ¨μ˜ μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έλ₯Ό κ°€μ§„
06:12
of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome,
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λ§ˆμ΄μ½”ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ μ œλ‹ˆνƒˆλ¦¬μ›€κ·  κ²Œλ†ˆμ˜
06:15
a little over 500,000 letters of genetic code,
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μ™„λ²½ν•œ 합성을 λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
06:19
but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome.
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ κ·Έ 염색체λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
We think in part, because of its slow growth
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ”, ν•œνŽΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ”, 세포 μ„±μž₯이 느리기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄κ³ ,
06:26
and, in part,
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κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμœΌλ‘œλŠ”
06:28
cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms
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세포가 우리의 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ λ°©ν•΄ν•˜λŠ”
06:31
to keep these events from happening.
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특유의 λ°©μ–΄ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°€μ‘ŒκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μΆ”μΈ‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:33
It turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into
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μ•Œκ³  λ³΄λ‹ˆ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이식을 μ‹œλ„ν–ˆλ˜ μ„Έν¬μ—λŠ”
06:36
had a nuclease, an enzyme that chews up DNA on its surface,
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ν‘œλ©΄μ˜ DNAλ₯Ό μž‘μ•„λ¨ΉλŠ” λ‰΄ν΄λ ˆμ•„μ œλΌλŠ” νš¨μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
06:39
and was happy to eat
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이 νš¨μ†Œκ°€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄μ‹ν•œ DNAλ₯Ό
06:41
the synthetic DNA that we gave it
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μ‹ λ‚˜κ²Œ λ¨Ήμ–΄ μΉ˜μ› κΈ°μ—
06:43
and never got transplantations.
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이식은 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•  수 밖에 μ—†μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:46
But at the time, that was the largest
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ κ·Έ μ‹œμ μ—μ„œ, κ·Έ DNAλŠ”
06:48
molecule of a defined structure
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λ‚Έ νŠΉμ •ν•œ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„
06:50
that had been made.
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κ°€μž₯ 큰 DNA λΆ„μžμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:52
And so both sides were progressing,
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그리고, 두 λΆ„μ•Ό λͺ¨λ‘ 연ꡬ가 μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆκ³ ,
06:54
but part of the synthesis
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ν•©μ„± λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλŠ”
06:56
had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished
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DNA 쑰각듀을 효λͺ¨ 세포 속에 넣은 ν›„,
06:59
using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast
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효λͺ¨ 세포가 이λ₯Ό μ‘°λ¦½ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ§Œλ“œλŠ” 데에
07:02
and yeast would assemble these for us.
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거의 μ„±κ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 단계에 λ„λ‹¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
It's an amazing step forward,
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이것은 λ†€λΌμš΄ μ§„λ³΄μ˜€μ§€λ§Œ,
07:07
but we had a problem because now we had
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 효λͺ¨ 세포 μ•ˆμ—μ„œ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체가
07:09
the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.
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μ„±μž₯ν•΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ— μ§λ©΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
So in addition to doing the transplant,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이식은 λ¬Όλ‘ ,
07:15
we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체λ₯Ό
07:17
out of the eukaryotic yeast
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μ§„ν•΅μ„± 효λͺ¨ μ„Έν¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„°
07:19
into a form where we could transplant it
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이식할 수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ
07:21
into a recipient cell.
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κΊΌλ‚΄λŠ” 방법이 ν•„μš”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:25
So our team developed new techniques
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리 νŒ€μ€
07:28
for actually growing, cloning
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λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 염색체λ₯Ό 효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ ν‚€μš°κ³  λ³΅μ œν•˜λŠ”
07:30
entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κΈ°μˆ μ„ κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:32
So we took the same mycoides genome
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” Carole이 μ²˜μŒμ— μ΄μ‹ν•œ
07:35
that Carole had initially transplanted,
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λ§ˆμ΄μ½”μ΄λ°μŠ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ κ²Œλ†ˆμ„ κ°€μ§€κ³ 
07:37
and we grew that in yeast
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효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ•ˆμ—μ„œ 인곡 염색체λ₯Ό
07:39
as an artificial chromosome.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:42
And we thought this would be a great test bed
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이것은 염색체λ₯Ό 효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•˜κ³ 
07:44
for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast
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이λ₯Ό λ‹€μ‹œ μ΄μ‹ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 배울 수 μžˆλŠ”
07:46
and transplant them.
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쒋은 μ‹€ν—˜λŒ€μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:48
When we did these experiments, though,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ„ ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
07:50
we could get the chromosome out of yeast
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효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ 염색체λ₯Ό κΊΌλ‚Ό μˆ˜λŠ” μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
07:52
but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.
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이식에 μ‹€νŒ¨ν•˜κ³ , 세포도 ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:56
That little issue took the team two years to solve.
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이 μž‘μ€ 문제λ₯Ό ν•΄κ²°ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄, 연ꡬ진은 2년을 더 μ—°κ΅¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„ 세포에 μžˆλŠ” DNAλŠ”
08:02
was actually methylated,
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œ λ©”ν‹Έν™”λœ μƒνƒœλ‘œ μ‘΄μž¬ν•˜κ³ ,
08:04
and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme,
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이 λ©”ν‹Έν™” λ°˜μ‘μ΄ μ œν•œ νš¨μ†Œμ˜ DNA λΆ„ν•΄λ₯Ό
08:08
from digesting the DNA.
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λ§‰λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:11
So what we found is if we took the chromosome
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κ²°κ΅­ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 염색체λ₯Ό 효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ κΊΌλ‚Έ λ’€,
08:13
out of yeast and methylated it,
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λ©”ν‹Έν™” ν•œλ‹€λ©΄ 염색체 이식이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ”
08:15
we could then transplant it.
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사싀을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
Further advances came
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λ”μš± λ°œμ „ν•˜μ—¬,
08:19
when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes
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우리 νŒ€μ€ 이식받을 μΉ΄ν”„λ¦¬μ½œλ£Έ μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ
08:22
from the recipient capricolum cell.
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μ œν•œνš¨μ†Œ μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ œκ±°ν–ˆκ³ ,
08:25
And once we had done that, now we can take
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ…ΈμΆœλœ DNAλ₯Ό
08:27
naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.
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효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ κΊΌλ‚΄κ³  이식할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
So last fall
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ§€λ‚œ 가을,
08:32
when we published the results of that work in Science,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό "μ‚¬μ΄μ–ΈμŠ€"지에 λ°œν‘œν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
08:35
we all became overconfident
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우리 λͺ¨λ‘λŠ” μ§€λ‚˜μΉ˜κ²Œ μžμ‹ λ§Œλ§Œν–ˆκ³ ,
08:37
and were sure we were only
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단 λͺ‡ 주만 μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄
08:39
a few weeks away
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효λͺ¨μ„Έν¬μ—μ„œ μΆ”μΆœν•œ 염색체λ₯Ό
08:41
from being able to now boot up
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ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ
08:43
a chromosome out of yeast.
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ν™•μ‹ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:46
Because of the problems with
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λ§ˆμ΄μ½”ν”ŒλΌμ¦ˆλ§ˆ μ œλ‹ˆνƒˆλ¦¬μ›€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜
08:48
Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth
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느린 μ„±μž₯속도와 각쒅 λ¬Έμ œλ“€ λ•Œλ¬Έμ—,
08:51
about a year and a half ago,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 1λ…„ λ°˜μ „μ—
08:54
we decided to synthesize
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λͺ¨λ“  생물학적 λ¬Έμ œκ°€
08:57
the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome,
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ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” μ „μ œν•˜μ—
09:00
knowing that we had the biology worked out on that
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더 큰 염색체인 λ§ˆμ΄μ½”μ΄λ°μŠ€ λ°•ν…Œλ¦¬μ•„μ˜ 염색체λ₯Ό
09:03
for transplantation.
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합성에 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:05
And Dan led the team for the synthesis
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그리고 Dan이 백만 개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ„ κ°€μ§„
09:07
of this over one-million-base pair chromosome.
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염색체λ₯Ό ν•©μ„±ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ νŒ€μ„ μ΄λŒμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:12
But it turned out it wasn't going to be as simple in the end,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ€ μ‰½κ²Œ λ§ˆλ¬΄λ¦¬λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:15
and it set us back three months
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백만 개 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ—ΌκΈ°μŒ μ€‘μ—μ„œ
09:17
because we had one error
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1개의 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκ³ ,
09:19
out of over a million base pairs in that sequence.
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3κ°œμ›”μ˜ λ…Έλ ₯은 수포둜 λŒμ•„κ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:22
So the team developed new debugging software,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 연ꡬ진은 각각의 ν•©μ„± 쑰각이
09:25
where we could test each synthetic fragment
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μžμ—° μƒνƒœμ˜ DNA와 같은 ν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ μ„±μž₯ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
09:28
to see if it would grow in a background
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μ‹œν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 였λ₯˜κ²€μΆœ μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό
09:30
of wild type DNA.
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κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:33
And we found that 10 out of the 11
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” ν•©μ„±λœ 10만개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ„ κ°–λŠ”
09:36
100,000-base pair pieces we synthesized
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11개의 쑰각 μ€‘μ—μ„œ 10개만
09:39
were completely accurate
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μ™„μ „ν•˜κ²Œ μ •ν™•ν•˜κ³ 
09:41
and compatible with
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생λͺ…을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄κ³Ό
09:43
a life-forming sequence.
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ν˜Έν™˜μ„±μ„ 가짐을 μ•Œμ•„λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:47
We narrowed it down to one fragment;
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆλŠ” ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 쑰각을 μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄μ–΄
09:49
we sequenced it
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μ—ΌκΈ°μ„œμ—΄μ„ λΆ„μ„ν–ˆκ³ ,
09:51
and found just one base pair had been deleted
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ν•„μˆ˜ μœ μ „μž μ€‘μ—μ„œ 1개의 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ΄
09:53
in an essential gene.
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μ‚­μ œλœ 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
So accuracy is essential.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 정확성은 ν•„μˆ˜ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:58
There's parts of the genome
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κ²Œλ†ˆμ—λŠ” 심지어 단 ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 였λ₯˜λ„
10:00
where it cannot tolerate even a single error,
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ν—ˆμš©λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 뢀뢄이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:03
and then there's parts of the genome
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반면, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬λ₯Ό 해두기 μœ„ν•΄
10:05
where we can put in large blocks of DNA,
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큰 DNA블둝을 λ„£μ—ˆλ˜ λΆ€λΆ„μ²˜λŸΌ
10:07
as we did with the watermarks,
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μ—¬λŸ¬ κ°€μ§€ 였λ₯˜λ“€μ΄
10:09
and it can tolerate all kinds of errors.
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ν—ˆμš©λ˜λŠ” 뢀뢄도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:12
So it took about three months to find that error
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, λŒ€λž΅ 3κ°œμ›” λ™μ•ˆ 였λ₯˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύκ³ 
10:15
and repair it.
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κ³ μ³€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:17
And then early one morning, at 6 a.m.
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그리고, μ–΄λŠ λ‚  이λ₯Έ μ•„μΉ¨, μ˜€μ „ 6μ‹œ,
10:20
we got a text from Dan
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DanμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°, 이제 처음으둜
10:23
saying that, now, the first blue colonies existed.
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ν‘Έλ₯Έ 색 ꡰ체가 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” 문자λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:26
So, it's been a long route to get here:
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 였기 μœ„ν•œ 여정은 정말 κΈΈμ—ˆκ³ ,
10:29
15 years from the beginning.
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15λ…„μ΄λΌλŠ” 세월이 ν˜λ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:32
We felt
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λŠλΌκΈ°μ—,
10:34
one of the tenets of this field
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이 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œμ˜ 기본원칙 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ”
10:36
was to make absolutely certain
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μžμ—° μƒνƒœμ˜ DNA와
10:39
we could distinguish synthetic DNA
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인곡 DNAλ₯Ό ν™•μ‹€ν•˜κ²Œ ꡬ뢄할 수 μžˆλ„λ‘
10:42
from natural DNA.
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ν•΄ 두어야 ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:44
Early on, when you're working in a new area of science,
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당신이 κ³Όν•™μ˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λΆ„μ•Όλ₯Ό μ—°κ΅¬ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
10:47
you have to think about all the pitfalls
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당신이 μ„±μ·¨ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ 것을
10:50
and things that could lead you
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μ„±μ·¨ν•œ 것이라고 μ°©κ°ν•˜κ²Œ λ§Œλ“€κ³ 
10:52
to believe that you had done something when you hadn't,
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심지어 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€κΉŒμ§€λ„ κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ 믿게 λ§Œλ“€μ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Ό
10:55
and, even worse, leading others to believe it.
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λͺ¨λ“  잠재적 μœ„ν—˜μ„ μ—°κ΅¬μ΄ˆκΈ° λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλΆ€ν„° κ³ λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
So, we thought the worst problem would be
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒκ°ν•œ μ΅œμ•…μ˜ λ¬Έμ œλŠ” λ°”λ‘œ
11:00
a single molecule contamination
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μžμ—°μƒνƒœμ˜ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ
11:03
of the native chromosome,
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단일 λΆ„μžμ˜ μ˜€μ—Όμ΄,
11:05
leading us to believe that we actually had
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μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ˜€μ—Όλœ 것일 λΏμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
11:08
created a synthetic cell,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•©μ„± 세포λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλ‹€κ³ 
11:10
when it would have been just a contaminant.
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믿게 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:12
So early on, we developed the notion
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄ˆμ°½κΈ°μ— μš°λ¦¬λŠ”,
11:14
of putting in watermarks in the DNA
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DNA에 μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬λ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄
11:16
to absolutely make clear
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κ·Έ DNAκ°€ ν•©μ„±μ΄λΌλŠ” 사싀을
11:18
that the DNA was synthetic.
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확인 ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법을 κ°œλ°œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:21
And the first chromosome we built
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그리고 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 2008년에
11:24
in 2008 --
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처음 λ§Œλ“ 
11:26
the 500,000-base pair one --
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500,000 μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ„ κ°€μ§„ μ—Όμƒ‰μ²΄μ—λŠ”
11:28
we simply assigned
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κ·Έ 염색체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ 
11:31
the names of the authors of the chromosome
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μ œμž‘μžμ˜ 이름을 μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έμ—
11:34
into the genetic code,
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ν¬ν•¨μ‹œμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:37
but it was using just amino acid
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 단지 아미노산을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
11:39
single letter translations,
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³ 문자λ₯Ό λ‚¨κ²¨λ‘λŠ”
11:41
which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.
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ν•œ κΈ€μž 짜리 λΆ€ν˜Έμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:45
So the team actually developed a new code
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 우리 연ꡬ진은 μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έμ•ˆμ— λ“€μ–΄κ°ˆ
11:48
within the code within the code.
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•”ν˜Έμ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:51
So it's a new code
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즉, 이것은 DNA에 λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μ“°κ³ 
11:53
for interpreting and writing messages in DNA.
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해석할 수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ•”ν˜Έμ²΄κ³„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
Now, mathematicians have been hiding and writing
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였랫 λ™μ•ˆ, μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ€
11:59
messages in the genetic code for a long time,
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μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έ μ•ˆμ— λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μˆ¨κ²¨μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:02
but it's clear they were mathematicians and not biologists
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 그듀은 μˆ˜ν•™μžμ΄μ§€, μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλŠ” μ•„λ‹ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:05
because, if you write long messages
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, μˆ˜ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ•”ν˜Έμ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ
12:08
with the code that the mathematicians developed,
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κΈ΄ λ©”μ‹œμ§€λ₯Ό μ“΄λ‹€λ©΄,
12:11
it would more than likely lead to
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μ•Œ 수 μ—†λŠ” κΈ°λŠ₯을 κ°€μ§„ λ‹¨λ°±μ§ˆμ΄
12:13
new proteins being synthesized
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ν•©μ„±λ˜λŠ” κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό
12:16
with unknown functions.
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μ΄ˆλž˜ν•  μˆ˜λ„ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
So the code that Mike Montague and the team developed
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, Mike Montague와 그의 νŒ€μ΄ κ°œλ°œν•œ μ•”ν˜Έμ²΄κ³„λŠ”
12:22
actually puts frequent stop codons,
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λ°˜λ³΅ν•΄μ„œ λŠμ–΄μ§€λŠ” μ½”λˆμ„ μ‚½μž…ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. (*μ½”λˆ;μœ μ „μ •λ³΄μ˜ μ΅œμ†Œλ‹¨μœ„)
12:24
so it's a different alphabet
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, 이것은 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ€ν˜Έμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
12:27
but allows us to use
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ¨λ“  μ˜μ–΄ μ•ŒνŒŒλ²³κ³Ό
12:29
the entire English alphabet
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숫자 그리고 κΈ°ν˜Έλ“€μ„
12:32
with punctuation and numbers.
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μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:34
So, there are four major watermarks
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4개의 μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬κ°€
12:36
all over 1,000 base pairs of genetic code.
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1000κ°œκ°€ λ„˜λŠ” μ—ΌκΈ°μŒμ˜ μœ μ „ μ•”ν˜Έ ν˜•νƒœλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:39
The first one actually contains within it
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첫 번째 것은 사싀
12:42
this code for interpreting
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έλ“€μ„ 해석할 수 μžˆλŠ”
12:45
the rest of the genetic code.
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μ½”λ“œλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:49
So in the remaining information,
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μ›Œν„°λ§ˆν¬μ— μžˆλŠ”
12:51
in the watermarks,
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λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ •λ³΄λ“€μ—λŠ”
12:53
contain the names of, I think it's
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염색체 μ œμž‘μžλ“€ 46λͺ…μ˜ 이름과
12:56
46 different authors
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό
12:58
and key contributors
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μ—¬κΈ°κΉŒμ§€ 올 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•œ
13:00
to getting the project to this stage.
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μ£Όμš” ν›„μ›μžλ“€μ˜ 이름을 λ‹΄κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:04
And we also built in
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λ˜ν•œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
13:06
a website address
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μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό 첨뢀해
13:09
so that if somebody decodes the code
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λ§Œμ•½ λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€
13:11
within the code within the code,
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μœ μ „μ•”ν˜Έ μ†μ˜ μ•”ν˜Έμ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό ν•΄λ…ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
13:13
they can send an email to that address.
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κ·Έ μ£Όμ†Œλ‘œ 이메일을 보낼 수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:15
So it's clearly distinguishable
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λ”°λΌμ„œ, 이것은 46λͺ…μ˜ 이름과
13:18
from any other species,
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μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ μ£Όμ†Œλ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ
13:20
having 46 names in it,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…κ³Ό λšœλ ·ν•˜κ²Œ
13:23
its own web address.
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κ΅¬λΆ„λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:27
And we added three quotations,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ˜ν•œ 3개의 인용ꡬλ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:30
because with the first genome
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 첫 번째 μœ μ „μžμ—μ„œ
13:32
we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ­”κ°€ μ’€ 더 μ‹¬μ˜€ν•œ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ„£μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€λŠ” 이유둜
13:35
than just signing the work.
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λΉ„λ‚œ λ°›μ•„ μ™”κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:37
So we won't give the rest of the code,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, λ‚˜λ¨Έμ§€ μ½”λ“œλŠ” μ œμ™Έν•˜κ³ ,
13:39
but we will give the three quotations.
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3개의 인용ꡬλ₯Ό 말씀 λ“œλ¦¬κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:41
The first is,
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첫 번째 것은,
13:43
"To live, to err,
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"μ‚΄μ§€μ–΄λ‹€. 과였λ₯Ό λ²”ν• μ§€μ–΄λ‹€.
13:45
to fall, to triumph
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타락할지어닀. μŠΉλ¦¬ν• μ§€μ–΄λ‹€.
13:47
and to recreate life out of life."
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그리고 μ‚Άμ†μ—μ„œ 삢을 μž¬μ°½μ‘°ν• μ§€μ–΄λ‹€."
13:49
It's a James Joyce quote.
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μ œμž„μŠ€ 쑰이슀의 인용ꡬ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:53
The second quotation is, "See things not as they are,
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έ μΈμš©κ΅¬λŠ” "사물을 μžˆλŠ” κ·ΈλŒ€λ‘œ 보지말고,
13:56
but as they might be."
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λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것과 λ‹€λ₯Όμ§€λ„ λͺ¨λ₯Έλ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λΌ."
13:58
It's a quote from the "American Prometheus"
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이것은 "American Prometheus"λΌλŠ”
14:01
book on Robert Oppenheimer.
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λ‘œλ²„νŠΈ μ˜€νŽœν•˜μ΄λ¨Έμ˜ μ „κΈ°μ—μ„œ μΈμš©ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:03
And the last one is a Richard Feynman quote:
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ€ λ¦¬μ²˜λ“œ 파인만의 인용ꡬ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:06
"What I cannot build,
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"λ‚΄κ°€ μ°½μ‘°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 것은
14:08
I cannot understand."
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λ‚΄κ°€ 이해할 수 μ—†λŠ” 것이닀."
14:13
So, because this is as much a philosophical advance
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이것은 κ³Όν•™μ˜ 진보 λͺ»μ§€ μ•Šκ²Œ
14:16
as a technical advance in science,
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철학적 진보이기도 ν•˜λ©°,
14:19
we tried to deal with both the philosophical
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ² ν•™κ³Ό κ³Όν•™, μ–‘λ©΄ λͺ¨λ‘λ₯Ό
14:22
and the technical side.
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κ³ λ €ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:24
The last thing I want to say before turning it over to questions
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ°›κΈ° μ „ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κ³  싢은 말은
14:26
is that the extensive work
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄λ‚Έ
14:29
that we've done --
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λ§Žμ€ λ…Έλ ₯,
14:31
asking for ethical review,
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기술적인 λΆ€λΆ„ 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ,
14:33
pushing the envelope
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윀리문제의 κ²€ν† λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
14:35
on that side as well as the technical side --
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ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄λ„˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œλŠ”
14:38
this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community,
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과학계와 μ •μ±… 곡동체
14:41
in the policy community
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그리고 μ—°λ°©μ •λΆ€μ˜ κ°€μž₯ 높은 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œκΉŒμ§€
14:43
and at the highest levels of the federal government.
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κ΄‘λ²”μœ„ν•˜κ²Œ λ…Όμ˜λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:46
Even with this announcement,
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심지어 이 λ°œν‘œλ„,
14:49
as we did in 2003 --
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2003년에 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜
14:51
that work was funded by the Department of Energy,
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λ―Έκ΅­ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λΆ€ μ§€μ›μ˜ 연ꡬ결과 λ°œν‘œλ•Œμ™€ λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ,
14:54
so the work was reviewed
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λ°±μ•…κ΄€μ—μ„œ 이 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό
14:56
at the level of the White House,
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κ²€ν† ν•œ 후에,
14:58
trying to decide whether to classify the work or publish it.
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κΈ°λ°€ν™”ν• μ§€, λ°œν‘œν• μ§€λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:01
And they came down on the side of open publication,
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그리고 그듀은 곡개 λ°œν‘œλ‘œ 결둠을 μ§€μ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
15:04
which is the right approach --
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μ˜¬λ°”λ₯Έ 선택이라고 μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
we've briefed the White House,
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 백악관에 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆκ³ ,
15:09
we've briefed members of Congress,
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μ˜μ›λ“€μ—κ²Œλ„ λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:12
we've tried to take and push
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ³Όν•™ λ°œμ „μ— μˆ˜λ°˜ν•˜λŠ”
15:14
the policy issues
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정책적 문제의 해결을 μœ„ν•΄
15:16
in parallel with the scientific advances.
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λ™λ“±ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:20
So with that, I would like
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그럼 이제
15:22
to open it first to the floor for questions.
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ λ°›κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:25
Yes, in the back.
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λ„€, μ €κΈ° 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” λΆ„.
15:27
Reporter: Could you explain, in layman's terms,
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리포터: 이 연ꡬ가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€
15:29
how significant a breakthrough this is please?
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μ‰¬μš΄ 말둜 μ„€λͺ…해쀄 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
15:33
Craig Venter: Can we explain how significant this is?
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Craig Venter: μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•΄ 쀄 수 μžˆλƒκ³ μš”?
15:35
I'm not sure we're the ones that should be explaining how significant it is.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이 μ‹€ν—˜μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ€‘μš”ν•œμ§€ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜λŠ” μ μž„μžμΈμ§€ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:38
It's significant to us.
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이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:41
Perhaps it's a giant philosophical change
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이것은 μ•„λ§ˆ, 생λͺ…을 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 바라볼 것인가에 λŒ€ν•œ
15:44
in how we view life.
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μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ 철학적 변화일 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:46
We actually view it as a baby step in terms of,
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15λ…„ 전에 생λͺ…을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” κΈ°μ΄ˆλ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ
15:49
it's taken us 15 years to be able
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν–ˆλ˜ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ„
15:51
to do the experiment
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ν•  수 있게 λ˜κΈ°κΉŒμ§€
15:53
we wanted to do 15 years ago
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15λ…„μ΄λž€ 세월이 ν˜λ €κ³ ,
15:55
on understanding life at its basic level.
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이제 막 걸음마λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν•˜λŠ” λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:58
But we actually believe
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 연ꡬ결과가
16:00
this is going to be a very powerful set of tools
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μ•„μ£Ό κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 도ꡬ가 될 것이라고 λ―ΏμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:04
and we're already starting
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이미
16:06
in numerous avenues
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이 도ꡬλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”
16:08
to use this tool.
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œλ„λ₯Ό μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:10
We have, at the Institute,
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우리 μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ” 이미
16:12
ongoing funding now from NIH
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λ―Έκ΅­ ꡭ립 λ³΄κ±΄μ›μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 지원을 λ°›μ•„
16:15
in a program with Novartis
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Novartis μ œμ•½μ‚¬μ™€ 연ꡬ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ„ μ§„ν–‰ 쀑이며,
16:17
to try and use these new
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이 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨μ˜ λͺ©ν‘œλŠ”
16:19
synthetic DNA tools
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ DNA ν•©μ„± κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ΄μš©ν•΄
16:21
to perhaps make the flu vaccine
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독감백신을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 것이고,
16:24
that you might get next year.
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λ‚΄λ…„μ—λŠ” μ•„λ§ˆ μ ‘μ’…ν•  수 μžˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:27
Because instead of taking weeks to months to make these,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, λͺ‡ μ£Ό ν˜Ήμ€ λͺ‡ κ°œμ›”μ΄ κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” 과정을
16:30
Dan's team can now make these
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Dan의 연ꡬ진은 이제
16:33
in less than 24 hours.
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24μ‹œκ°„μ΄λ©΄ μΆ©λΆ„ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:36
So when you see how long it took to get an H1N1 vaccine out,
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μ‹ μ’…ν”Œλ£¨(H1N1) λ°±μ‹  개발이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ 였래 κ±Έλ ΈλŠ”μ§€λ₯Ό 보면,
16:39
we think we can shorten that process
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μƒλ‹Ήν•œ μ‹œκ°„μ„
16:41
quite substantially.
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μ•„λ‚„ 수 μžˆμ„ 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:43
In the vaccine area,
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λ°±μ‹  λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλŠ”,
16:45
Synthetic Genomics and the Institute
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Synthetic Genomics사와 우리 μ—°κ΅¬μ†ŒλŠ”
16:47
are forming a new vaccine company
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ λ°±μ‹  νšŒμ‚¬λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:49
because we think these tools can affect vaccines
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, 이 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 도ꡬλ₯Ό 톡해
16:52
to diseases that haven't been possible to date,
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ν•΄κ²°ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν–ˆλ˜ λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ μ§„ν™”ν•˜λŠ” λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜
16:55
things where the viruses rapidly evolve,
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백신도 λ§Œλ“€ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
such with rhinovirus.
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예λ₯Ό λ“€λ©΄, 코감기 λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:00
Wouldn't it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds?
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일반 감기λ₯Ό λ§‰λŠ” 것이 있으면 μ’‹μ§€ μ•Šμ„κΉŒμš”?
17:03
Or, more importantly, HIV,
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더 μ€‘μš”ν•œ 것은 μ—μ΄μ¦ˆ λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€(HIV)둜,
17:06
where the virus evolves so quickly
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€κ°€ λ„ˆλ¬΄ 빨리 μ§„ν™”ν•΄μ„œ
17:08
the vaccines that are made today
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ν˜„μž¬ μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” λ°±μ‹ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
17:10
can't keep up
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λ°”μ΄λŸ¬μŠ€μ˜ μ§„ν™”λ₯Ό
17:12
with those evolutionary changes.
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λ”°λΌμž‘μ„ 수 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:15
Also, at Synthetic Genomics,
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그리고, Synthetic Genomicsμ‚¬μ—μ„œ
17:17
we've been working
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ€‘λŒ€ν•œ
17:19
on major environmental issues.
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ν™˜κ²½ λ¬Έμ œμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μΌν•΄μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:21
I think this latest oil spill in the Gulf
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졜근 λ©•μ‹œμ½”λ§Œ 기름 μœ μΆœμ„
17:23
is a reminder.
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μ°Έκ³  ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ 될 것 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:25
We can't see CO2 --
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ(CO2)λŠ” λˆˆμ— 보이지 μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:27
we depend on scientific measurements for it
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 과학적 츑정을 ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
17:29
and we see the beginning results
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό λ„ˆλ¬΄ 많이
17:31
of having too much of it --
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λ°°μΆœν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 결둠을 λ‚΄λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:33
but we can see pre-CO2 now
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μ§€κΈˆ λ©•μ‹œμ½”λ§Œμ˜ λ°”λ‹€λ₯Ό λ– λ‹€λ‹ˆκ³ 
17:35
floating on the waters
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해변을 μ˜€μ—Όμ‹œν‚€κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이
17:37
and contaminating the beaches in the Gulf.
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œμ˜ μ „μ‹ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:40
We need some alternatives
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ„μœ λ₯Ό λŒ€μ²΄ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것이
17:43
for oil.
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ν•„μš”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:45
We have a program with Exxon Mobile
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” Exxon Mobileμ‚¬μ™€μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬κ³„νšμ΄ 있고,
17:47
to try and develop new strains of algae
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ‘°λ₯˜λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•΄μ„œ
17:50
that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œλ₯Ό λŒ€κΈ°λ‚˜ λ†μΆ•λœ κ·Όμ›μ—μ„œ
17:53
from the atmosphere or from concentrated sources,
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효과적으둜 μž‘μ•„λ‚΄κ³ ,
17:56
make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries
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μ •μ œν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ νƒ„ν™”μˆ˜μ†Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
17:59
to make normal gasoline
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μ΄μ‚°ν™”νƒ„μ†Œ(CO2)둜 λΆ€ν„°
18:01
and diesel fuel out of CO2.
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νœ˜λ°œμœ μ™€ λ””μ €μ—°λ£Œλ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:03
Those are just a couple of the approaches
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이것듀이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 진행쀑인
18:05
and directions that we're taking.
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ°©ν–₯의 μ˜ˆμ‹œ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:08
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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