Craig Venter unveils "synthetic life"

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

We're here today to announce

Ovdje smo danas kako bi smo najavili

the first synthetic cell,

prvu sintetičku stanicu,

a cell made by

stanicu stvorenu

starting with the digital code in the computer,

počevši s digitalnim kodom u kompjuteru,

building the chromosome

gradeći kromosom

from four bottles of chemicals,

iz četiri bočice kemikalija,

assembling that chromosome in yeast,

postavljajući taj kromosom u kvasac,

transplanting it into

premještajući ga u

a recipient bacterial cell

primalačku bakterijsku stanicu

and transforming that cell

i pretvarajući tu stanicu

into a new bacterial species.

u novu bakterijsku vrstu.

So this is the first self-replicating species

Ovo je prva samoumnožavajuća vrsta

that we've had on the planet

koja postoji na planetu

whose parent is a computer.

čiji roditelj je kompjuter.

It also is the first species

To je također prva vrsta

to have its own website

koja ima svoju web stranicu

encoded in its genetic code.

kodiranu u svom genetičkom kodu.

But we'll talk more about

Pričat ćemo više o

the watermarks in a minute.

vodenim žigovima za koju minutu.

This is a project that had its inception

Ovaj projekt je započet

15 years ago

Prije 15 godina

when our team then --

kada se naš tim tada-

we called the institute TIGR --

zvali smo ga TIGR institut -

was involved in sequencing

bavio sekvenciranjem

the first two genomes in history.

Prva dva genoma u povijesti.

We did Haemophilus influenzae

Uradili smo Haemophilus influenzae,

and then the smallest genome of a self-replicating organism,

a zatim najmanji genom samoreproducirajućeg organizma,

that of Mycoplasma genitalium.

a to je Mycoplasma genitalium.

And as soon as

I nakon što

we had these two sequences

smo dobili ove dvije sekvence

we thought, if this is supposed to be the smallest genome

pomislili smo, ako bi ovo trebao biti najmanji genom

of a self-replicating species,

samoumnožavajuće vrste,

could there be even a smaller genome?

može li postojati još manji genom?

Could we understand the basis of cellular life

Možemo li razumjeti osnove staničnog života

at the genetic level?

na genetičkoj razini?

It's been a 15-year quest

Bio je to 15-godišnji pothvat

just to get to the starting point now

samo kako bismo dospjeli na početnu točku

to be able to answer those questions,

kako bi mogli odgovoriti na ta pitanja,

because it's very difficult to eliminate

jer je jako teško ukloniti

multiple genes from a cell.

višestruke gene iz stanice.

You can only do them one at a time.

Možete ih obraditi jednog po jednog.

We decided early on

Ranije smo odlučili

that we had to take a synthetic route,

da moramo ići sintetičkim putem,

even though nobody had been there before,

čak iako nitko to nije učinio prije,

to see if we could synthesize

da vidimo možemo li sintetizirati

a bacterial chromosome

bakterijski kromosom

so we could actually vary the gene content

tako da možemo zapravo razlikovati genski sadržaj

to understand the essential genes for life.

kako bi smo razumjeli osnovne gene života.

That started our 15-year quest

To je započelo naš 15-godišnji pothvat

to get here.

da dođemo do ovdje.

But before we did the first experiments,

Ali prije no što smo uradili prvi eksperiment

we actually asked

pitali smo

Art Caplan's team at the University of Pennsylvania

tim Arta Caplana sa Sveučilišta Pennsylvania

to undertake a review

da učine provjeru

of what the risks, the challenges,

o tome koji su rizici, izazovi,

the ethics around creating new

etika oko stvaranja nove

species in the laboratory were

vrste u laboratoriju

because it hadn't been done before.

jer to nitko prije nije učinio.

They spent about two years

Proveli su dvije godine

reviewing that independently

provjeravajući to nezavisno

and published their results in Science in 1999.

I objavili svoje rezultate u Science 1999.

Ham and I took two years off

Ham i ja smo uzeli dvije godine

as a side project to sequence the human genome,

za projekt sa strane kako bi smo sekvencionirali ljudski genom,

but as soon as that was done

ali čim smo završili

we got back to the task at hand.

vratili smo se glavnom zadatku.

In 2002, we started

2002 smo započeli

a new institute,

novi institut,

the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives,

Institut za alternative biološke energije,

where we set out two goals:

gdje smo postavili dva cilja:

One, to understand

Prvi, da razumijemo

the impact of our technology on the environment,

učinak naše tehnologije na okoliš,

and how to understand the environment better,

i kako da bolje razumijemo okoliš,

and two, to start down this process

i drugi, da započnemo proces

of making synthetic life

stvaranja sintetičkog života

to understand basic life.

kako bi smo razumjeli osnove života.

In 2003,

2003. godine smo

we published our first success.

objavili naš prvi uspjeh.

So Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison

Ham Smith i Clyde Hutchison

developed some new methods

su razvili neke nove metode

for making error-free DNA

za stvaranje DNK bez grešaka,

at a small level.

na manjoj razini.

Our first task was

Naš prvi zadatak je bio

a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage,

bakteriofag od 5000 slova koda,

a virus that attacks only E. coli.

virus koji napada samo E.coli.

So that was

To je bio

the phage phi X 174,

fag phi X 174,

which was chosen for historical reasons.

koji je odabran zbog povijesnih razloga.

It was the first DNA phage,

To je bio prvi DNK fag,

DNA virus, DNA genome

DNK virus, DNK genom

that was actually sequenced.

koji je zapravo sekvencioniran.

So once we realized

Kada smo vidjeli

that we could make 5,000-base pair

da možemo napraviti dio veličine virusa

viral-sized pieces,

od 5000 parova baza,

we thought, we at least have the means

pomislili smo, bar imamo mogućnosti

then to try and make serially lots of these pieces

da onda probamo napraviti serijski mnogo ovih dijelova

to be able to eventually assemble them together

kako bi smo ih konačno spojili

to make this mega base chromosome.

i napravili kromosom koji je velika baza.

So, substantially larger than

To je puno veće no što smo

we even thought we would go initially.

mislili da ćemo ići u početku.

There were several steps to this. There were two sides:

Trebalo je proći nekoliko koraka do toga. Postojale su dvije strane:

We had to solve the chemistry

Morali smo riješiti kemiju

for making large DNA molecules,

za izgradnju velikih DNK molekula

and we had to solve the biological side

i morali smo riješiti biološku stranu

of how, if we had this new chemical entity,

kako, ako imamo ovaj novi kemijski kompleks,

how would we boot it up, activate it

kako ga podići, aktivirati ga

in a recipient cell.

u primalačkoj stanici.

We had two teams working in parallel:

Imali smo dva tima koja su radila paralelno:

one team on the chemistry,

jedan tim na kemiji,

and the other on trying to

a drugi je pokušavao

be able to transplant

omogućiti transplantaciju

entire chromosomes

cijelih kromosoma

to get new cells.

kako bi smo dobili novu stanicu.

When we started this out, we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem,

Kada smo započeli, mislili smo da će sinteza biti najveći problem

which is why we chose the smallest genome.

zbog čega smo odabrali najmanji genom.

And some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome

I neki od vas su primijetili da smo se prebacili sa najmanjeg genoma

to a much larger one.

na puno veći.

And we can walk through the reasons for that,

I možemo proći kroz razloge za to,

but basically the small cell

ali u osnovi, maloj stanici

took on the order of

je trebao

one to two months to get results from,

jedan ili dva mjeseca da se dobiju rezultati,

whereas the larger, faster-growing cell

dok kod velike stanice koja brže raste,

takes only two days.

treba samo dva dana.

So there's only so many cycles we could go through

Postoji puno ciklusa koje možemo preći

in a year at six weeks per cycle.

u godini ako je ciklus šest tjedana.

And you should know that basically

I trebate znati da

99, probably 99 percent plus

99, vjerovatno i više od 99 posto

of our experiments failed.

naših eksperimenata nije uspjelo.

So this was a debugging,

Ovo je bilo raspetljavanje,

problem-solving scenario from the beginning

stategija rješavanja problema od početka

because there was no recipe

jer nije postojao recept

of how to get there.

za kako doći do tog rezultata.

So, one of the most important publications we had

Jedna od važnijih publikacija koje smo imali

was in 2007.

je bila 2007. godine.

Carole Lartigue led the effort

Carole Lartigue je predvodila zalaganje

to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome

da se bakterijski kromosom zapravo transplantira

from one bacteria to another.

iz jedne bakterije u drugu.

I think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers

Filozofski mislim da je to jedan od najvažnijih studija

that we've ever done

koje smo učinili

because it showed how dynamic life was.

jer nam je pokazala dinamiku života.

And we knew, once that worked,

I znali smo, kad nam je to konačno uspjelo,

that we actually had a chance

da zapravo imamo šanse,

if we could make the synthetic chromosomes

ako uspijemo napraviti sintetičke kromosome,

to do the same with those.

učiniti isto i s njima.

We didn't know that it was going to take us

Nismo znali da će nam trebati

several years more to get there.

nekoliko dodatnih godina da stignemo tamo.

In 2008,

2008. godine

we reported the complete synthesis

objavili smo kompletnu sintezu

of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome,

genoma Mycoplasma genitalium,

a little over 500,000 letters of genetic code,

malo više od 500000 slova genetičkog koda,

but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome.

ali nismo još bili uspjeli pokrenuti kromosom.

We think in part, because of its slow growth

Mislimo da je djelom zbog njegovog sporog rasta,

and, in part,

a dijelom

cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms

zbog jedinstvenih obrambenih mehanizama koje stanice imaju

to keep these events from happening.

da se ti procesi ne bi događali.

It turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into

Ispalo je da stanice u koje smo pokušavali transplantirati

had a nuclease, an enzyme that chews up DNA on its surface,

imaju nukleaze, enzim koji kida DNK na njenoj površini,

and was happy to eat

i bio je sretan jedući

the synthetic DNA that we gave it

sintetički DNK koji smo mu dali

and never got transplantations.

i nikada se nije transplantirala.

But at the time, that was the largest

U to vrijeme, to je bila najveća

molecule of a defined structure

molekula poznate strukture

that had been made.

koja je bila stvorena.

And so both sides were progressing,

I obje strane su napredovale.

but part of the synthesis

ali dio sinteze

had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished

morao se postići ili se mogao postići

using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast

koristeći kvasce, stavljajući dijelove u kvasac

and yeast would assemble these for us.

i kvasac bi ih spojio za nas.

It's an amazing step forward,

Bio je to veliki korak naprijed,

but we had a problem because now we had

ali imali smo problem jer smo dobili

the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.

bakterijske kromosome koji rastu u kvascu.

So in addition to doing the transplant,

U dodatku na transplantaciju,

we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome

morali smo pronaći način kako bakterijski kromosom

out of the eukaryotic yeast

izvući iz eukariotskog kvasca

into a form where we could transplant it

u obliku u kojem ga možemo transplantirati

into a recipient cell.

u primateljsku stanicu.

So our team developed new techniques

Zato je naš tim razvio novu tehniku

for actually growing, cloning

za rast i kloniranje

entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.

cijelih bakterijskih kromosoma u kvascima.

So we took the same mycoides genome

Uzeli smo isti mikoidni genom

that Carole had initially transplanted,

koji je Carol u početku transplantirala,

and we grew that in yeast

i razvili smo ga u kvascu

as an artificial chromosome.

kao umjetni kromosom.

And we thought this would be a great test bed

I pomislili smo da će ovo biti dobra testna podloga

for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast

za učenje kako izvaditi kromosome iz kvasaca

and transplant them.

i transplantirati ih.

When we did these experiments, though,

No, kada smo radili te eksperimente,

we could get the chromosome out of yeast

mogli smo izvući kromosom iz kvasca

but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.

ali se on ne bi transplantirao i pokrenuo stanicu.

That little issue took the team two years to solve.

Trebalo je dvije godine timu kako bi riješio taj mali problem.

It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell

Ispalo je da je DNK u bakterijskoj stanici

was actually methylated,

zapravo metilirana,

and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme,

a metilacija ga štiti od restrikcijskih enzima,

from digesting the DNA.

od probavljanja DNK.

So what we found is if we took the chromosome

Ono što smo otkrili je da ako uzmemo kromosome

out of yeast and methylated it,

van iz kvasca i metiliramo ih,

we could then transplant it.

tada ih možemo transplantirati.

Further advances came

Daljnji napretci su došli

when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes

kada je tim uklonio gene za restrikcijske enzime

from the recipient capricolum cell.

iz primateljske stanice capricoluma.

And once we had done that, now we can take

I jednom kada smo to učinili, mogli smo

naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.

transplantirati gole DNA iz kvasaca.

So last fall

I prošle jeseni

when we published the results of that work in Science,

kad smo objavili rezultate tog rada u Science,

we all became overconfident

postali smo previše sigurni

and were sure we were only

i bili smo uvjereni da smo samo

a few weeks away

nekoliko tjedana daleko

from being able to now boot up

od toga da ćemo moći pokrenuti

a chromosome out of yeast.

kromosome iz kvasca.

Because of the problems with

Zbog problema s

Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth

Mycoplasma genitalium i njezinim sporim rastom

about a year and a half ago,

prije godinu i pol,

we decided to synthesize

odlučili smo sintetizirati

the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome,

mnogo veći kromosom, mikoidni kromosom,

knowing that we had the biology worked out on that

znajući da smo već obavili biologiju na njemu

for transplantation.

za transplantaciju.

And Dan led the team for the synthesis

Dan je vodio tim za sintezu

of this over one-million-base pair chromosome.

ovog kromosoma s više od jednog milijuna parova baza.

But it turned out it wasn't going to be as simple in the end,

Ispalo je da neće biti baš tako jednostavno na kraju,

and it set us back three months

i vratilo nas je natrag tri mjeseca

because we had one error

jer smo imali jednu grešku

out of over a million base pairs in that sequence.

u tih više od milijun parova baza u sekvenci.

So the team developed new debugging software,

Zato je tim razvio novi software za uklanjanje grešaka,

where we could test each synthetic fragment

u kojem smo mogli testirati svaki sintetizirani fragment

to see if it would grow in a background

i vidjeti bi li rastao u pozadini

of wild type DNA.

DNK divljeg tipa.

And we found that 10 out of the 11

I pronašli smo da su 10 od 11

100,000-base pair pieces we synthesized

dijelova od 100000 parova baza koje smo sintetizirali

were completely accurate

bili u potpunosti točni

and compatible with

i spojivi sa

a life-forming sequence.

sekvencom koja stvara život.

We narrowed it down to one fragment;

Suzili smo to na jedan dijelić,

we sequenced it

sekvencionirali smo ga,

and found just one base pair had been deleted

i otkrili smo da je samo jedan par baza bio obrisan

in an essential gene.

u jednom osnovnom genu.

So accuracy is essential.

Točnost je jako bitna.

There's parts of the genome

Postoje dijelovi genoma

where it cannot tolerate even a single error,

gdje se ne mogu tolerirati čak i najmanje greške,

and then there's parts of the genome

a postoje i dijelovi genoma

where we can put in large blocks of DNA,

u koje možemo umetnuti velike dijelove DNA,

as we did with the watermarks,

kao što smo učinili s vodenim žigovima,

and it can tolerate all kinds of errors.

i može tolerirati različite greške.

So it took about three months to find that error

Trebalo nam je oko tri mjeseca da pronađemo tu grešku

and repair it.

i popravimo je.

And then early one morning, at 6 a.m.

I rano jednog jutra, u 6 sati

we got a text from Dan

dobili smo poruku od Dana

saying that, now, the first blue colonies existed.

u kojoj je pisalo da postoje prve plave kolonije.

So, it's been a long route to get here:

Bilo je to dugačko putovanje kako bi smo stigli ovdje:

15 years from the beginning.

15 godina od početka.

We felt

Morali smo

one of the tenets of this field

potvrditi jedno od načela ovog područja

was to make absolutely certain

a to je da možemo u potpunosti

we could distinguish synthetic DNA

razlikovati sintetičku DNA

from natural DNA.

od prirodne DNA.

Early on, when you're working in a new area of science,

Kada se radi o novoj grani znanosti,

you have to think about all the pitfalls

moraš misliti o svim zamkama

and things that could lead you

i svim stvarima koje te mogu navesti

to believe that you had done something when you hadn't,

da vjeruješ kako si učinio nešto kada to nisi,

and, even worse, leading others to believe it.

i, još gore, navesti i druge da povjeruju u to.

So, we thought the worst problem would be

Mislili smo da bi najveći problem bio

a single molecule contamination

kontaminacije jednom molekulom

of the native chromosome,

prirodnog kromosoma,

leading us to believe that we actually had

koja bi nas navela na vjerovanje da smo

created a synthetic cell,

stvorili sintetičku stanicu,

when it would have been just a contaminant.

a da je to zapravo samo kontaminacija.

So early on, we developed the notion

Zato smo ranije dobili ideju

of putting in watermarks in the DNA

da stavljamo vodene žigove u DNA

to absolutely make clear

da budemo u potpunosti sigurno

that the DNA was synthetic.

da je DNA bila sintetizirana.

And the first chromosome we built

I prvi kromosom koji smo izgradili

in 2008 --

2008 --

the 500,000-base pair one --

onaj od 500000 parova baza

we simply assigned

jednostavno smo upisali

the names of the authors of the chromosome

imena autora kromosoma

into the genetic code,

u genetički kod,

but it was using just amino acid

ali samo koristeći aminokiseline,

single letter translations,

translaciju jednog slova,

which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.

što izostavlja određena slova alfabeta.

So the team actually developed a new code

Tim je razvio novi kod

within the code within the code.

unutar koda koji je unutar koda.

So it's a new code

To je novi kod

for interpreting and writing messages in DNA.

za interpretaciju i pisanje poruka u DNA.

Now, mathematicians have been hiding and writing

Sad, matematičati su bili skrivali i pisali

messages in the genetic code for a long time,

poruke u genetičkom kodu dosta dugo,

but it's clear they were mathematicians and not biologists

ali očigledno su bili matematičari, a ne biolozi,

because, if you write long messages

jer, ako se napišu dugačke poruke

with the code that the mathematicians developed,

unutar koda koji su razvili matematičari,

it would more than likely lead to

vjerojatno će to dovesti do

new proteins being synthesized

sinteze novog proteina

with unknown functions.

s nepoznatom funkcijom.

So the code that Mike Montague and the team developed

Stoga kod koji su razvili Mike Montague i tim

actually puts frequent stop codons,

zapravo često stavlja stop kodone,

so it's a different alphabet

pa je to drugačiji alfabet

but allows us to use

ali omogućava nam korištenje

the entire English alphabet

cijelog engleskog alfabeta

with punctuation and numbers.

s interpunkcijskim znakovima i brojevima.

So, there are four major watermarks

Postoje četiri velika vodena žiga

all over 1,000 base pairs of genetic code.

svi su preko 1000 parova baza genetičkog koda.

The first one actually contains within it

Prvi zapravo sadrži u sebi

this code for interpreting

kod za interpretaciju

the rest of the genetic code.

ostatka genetičkog koda.

So in the remaining information,

Pa u ostalim informacijama

in the watermarks,

u ostalim vodenim žigovima,

contain the names of, I think it's

sadrži imena, mislim da je

46 different authors

46 različitih autora

and key contributors

i glavnih suradnika

to getting the project to this stage.

koji su doveli projekt do ovog stadija.

And we also built in

Također smo ugradili i

a website address

web adresu

so that if somebody decodes the code

tako da ako netko dekodira kod

within the code within the code,

unutar koda koji je unutar koda,

they can send an email to that address.

mogu poslati email na tu adresu.

So it's clearly distinguishable

Očito se može razlikovati

from any other species,

od drugih vrsta,

having 46 names in it,

ima 46 imena u sebi,

its own web address.

ima svoju web adresu.

And we added three quotations,

I dodali smo tri citata,

because with the first genome

jer smo unutar prvog genoma

we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound

bili kritizirani jer nismo pokušali reći nešto dubokoumno

than just signing the work.

nego samo potpisati djelo.

So we won't give the rest of the code,

Nećemo vam dati ostatak koda,

but we will give the three quotations.

Ali dat ćemo vam tri citata.

The first is,

Prvi je:

"To live, to err,

„Živjeti, griješiti,

to fall, to triumph

pasti, pobijediti

and to recreate life out of life."

i ponovno stvoriti život iz života.“

It's a James Joyce quote.

To je citat Jamesa Joycea.

The second quotation is, "See things not as they are,

Drugi citat je: „Gledaj stvari ne kakve jesu,

but as they might be."

već kakve bi mogle biti.“

It's a quote from the "American Prometheus"

To je citat iz Američkog Prometeja,

book on Robert Oppenheimer.

knjige o Robertu Oppenheimeru.

And the last one is a Richard Feynman quote:

I zadnji citat je citat Richarda Feynmana:

"What I cannot build,

„Ono što ne mogu sagraditi,

I cannot understand."

ne mogu razumjeti.“

So, because this is as much a philosophical advance

Budući da je ovo jednako filozofski napredak

as a technical advance in science,

kao i napredak u znanosti

we tried to deal with both the philosophical

pokušali smo riješiti i filozofsku

and the technical side.

i tehničku stranu.

The last thing I want to say before turning it over to questions

Posljednje što želim reći prije no što pređemo na pitanja

is that the extensive work

je da opsežan posao

that we've done --

koji smo napravilii -

asking for ethical review,

tražeći etičke provjere,

pushing the envelope

pomičući granice

on that side as well as the technical side --

na toj strani kao i na tehničkoj strani -

this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community,

o ovome se naširoko razgovaralo u znanstvenom društvu

in the policy community

u političkom društvu

and at the highest levels of the federal government.

i najvišim razinama federalne vlasti.

Even with this announcement,

Čak i s najavom,

as we did in 2003 --

koja je bila 2003 -

that work was funded by the Department of Energy,

da je rad financiran od strane Ministarstva energije,

so the work was reviewed

rad je pregledan

at the level of the White House,

na razini Bijele kuće

trying to decide whether to classify the work or publish it.

pokušavajući odlučiti je li rad strogo povjerljiv ili se može objaviti.

And they came down on the side of open publication,

I dogovorili su se da se može slobodno objaviti,

which is the right approach --

što je pravi pristup -

we've briefed the White House,

izvještavali smo Bijelu kuću,

we've briefed members of Congress,

izvještavali smo članove Kongresa

we've tried to take and push

pokušali smo progurati

the policy issues

političke probleme

in parallel with the scientific advances.

paralelno sa znanstvenim napretcima.

So with that, I would like

I s tim bih htio

to open it first to the floor for questions.

započeti s pitanjima

Yes, in the back.

Da, u pozadini.

Reporter: Could you explain, in layman's terms,

Reporter: Možete li objasniti laički

how significant a breakthrough this is please?

koja je značajnost ovakvog otkrića?

Craig Venter: Can we explain how significant this is?

Craig Venter: Možemo li objasniti značajnost ovoga?

I'm not sure we're the ones that should be explaining how significant it is.

Nisam siguran jesmo li mi ti koji bi trebali objasniti značajnost ovoga.

It's significant to us.

Značajno je nama.

Perhaps it's a giant philosophical change

Možda je velika filozofska promjena

in how we view life.

pogleda na život.

We actually view it as a baby step in terms of,

Mi to zapravo vidimo kao male korake,

it's taken us 15 years to be able

trebalo nam je 15 godina da bismo

to do the experiment

napraviti eksperiment

we wanted to do 15 years ago

koji smo htjeli napraviti prije 15 godina

on understanding life at its basic level.

O razumijevanju života na osnovnoj razini.

But we actually believe

Ali zapravo vjerujemo

this is going to be a very powerful set of tools

da će ovo biti moćno oruđe

and we're already starting

i da već počinjemo

in numerous avenues

u različitim granama

to use this tool.

koristiti to oruđe.

We have, at the Institute,

Na Institutu imamo

ongoing funding now from NIH

stalno financiranje od strane NIH-a

in a program with Novartis

u programu s Novartisom

to try and use these new

da se pokuša iskoristiti ovo novo

synthetic DNA tools

oruđe za sintezu DNA

to perhaps make the flu vaccine

i možda napravi cjepivo protiv gripe

that you might get next year.

koje ćete možda dobiti sljedeće godine.

Because instead of taking weeks to months to make these,

Umjesto da se čeka tjednima i mjesecima kako bi se dobilo,

Dan's team can now make these

Danov tim ga može napraviti

in less than 24 hours.

za manje od 24 sata.

So when you see how long it took to get an H1N1 vaccine out,

Kada gledate koliko dugo je trebalo da se dobije H1N1 vakcina,

we think we can shorten that process

mislimo da možemo skratiti proces

quite substantially.

i to podosta.

In the vaccine area,

U području cjepiva

Synthetic Genomics and the Institute

Sintethic Genomic i Institut

are forming a new vaccine company

osnivaju novu kompaniju za cjepiva

because we think these tools can affect vaccines

jer mislimo da će ovo oruđe imati utjecaj na cjepiva

to diseases that haven't been possible to date,

za bolesti koje ne možemo datirati,

things where the viruses rapidly evolve,

kada virusi brzo evoluiraju,

such with rhinovirus.

ooput rinovirusa.

Wouldn't it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds?

Zar ne bi bilo lijepo imati nešto što će zapravo spriječiti običnu prehladu?

Or, more importantly, HIV,

Ili još važnije HIV,

where the virus evolves so quickly

gdje virus evoluira tako brzo

the vaccines that are made today

da cjepiva koje su napravljena danas

can't keep up

ne mogu sustići

with those evolutionary changes.

te evolucijske promjene.

Also, at Synthetic Genomics,

Također u Synthetic Genomics

we've been working

radimo na

on major environmental issues.

velikim problemima okoliša.

I think this latest oil spill in the Gulf

Mislim da je ova zadnja prolivena nafta u zaljevu

is a reminder.

podsjetnik.

We can't see CO2 --

Ne možemo vidjeti CO2

we depend on scientific measurements for it

zato ovisimo o znanstvenima mjerenjima

and we see the beginning results

i vidimo početne rezultate

of having too much of it --

gdje ga imamo previše -

but we can see pre-CO2 now

ali sada možemo vidjeti pre-CO2

floating on the waters

kako pluta na vodi

and contaminating the beaches in the Gulf.

i onečišćuje plaže zaljeva.

We need some alternatives

Trebamo alternative

for oil.

za naftu.

We have a program with Exxon Mobile

Radimo program s Exxon Mobile

to try and develop new strains of algae

gdje pokušavamo razviti novu vrstu algi

that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide

koje mogu učinkovito zarobiti ugljikov dioksid

from the atmosphere or from concentrated sources,

iz atmosfere ili koncentriranih izvora,

make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries

stvoriti nove ugljikovodike koji se mogu iskoristiti u rafinerijama

to make normal gasoline

kako bi se dobio normalan benzin

and diesel fuel out of CO2.

i diesel gorivo iz CO2.

Those are just a couple of the approaches

To su samo nekoliko pristupa

and directions that we're taking.

i smjerova kojima idemo.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)