The psychology of inequality and political division | Keith Payne

77,883 views ・ 2020-10-05

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Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:12
You've probably heard by now
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Dosad ste verovatno već čuli
00:14
that economic inequality is historically high,
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da je ekonomska nejednakost na istorijskom maksimumu,
00:17
that the wealthiest one-tenth of one percent in the United States
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da jedna desetina procenta najbogatijih u Sjedinjenim Državama
00:20
have as much wealth as the bottom 90 percent combined,
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poseduje bogatstvo koliko 90 procenata najsiromašnijih zajedno,
00:24
or that the wealthiest eight individuals in the world
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ili da osam najbogatijih pojedinaca u svetu
00:27
have as much wealth
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poseduje jednako bogatstva
00:28
as the poorest 3.5 billion inhabitants of the planet.
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koliko najsiromašnijih 3,5 milijardi stanovnika planete.
00:34
But did you know that economic inequality is associated with shorter lifespans,
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Da li znate da je ekonomska nejednakost povezana sa kraćim životnim vekom,
00:39
less happiness,
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manjim osećajem sreće,
00:41
more crime
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većom stopom kriminala
00:42
and more drug abuse?
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i većom stopom upotrebe droga?
00:44
Those sound like problems of poverty,
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Zvuče kao problemi siromašnih,
00:47
but among wealthy, developed nations
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ali među bogatim, razvijenim državama
00:49
those health and social problems
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ovi zdravstveni i društveni problemi
00:51
are actually more tightly linked to inequality between incomes
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su zapravo tešnje povezani sa nejednakošću u zaradi
00:56
than to absolute incomes.
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nego sa apsolutnom zaradom.
00:58
And because of that,
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I iz tog razloga,
01:00
the United States,
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Sjedinjene Države,
01:01
the wealthiest and the most unequal of nations,
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najbogatijia i najnejednakija od svih država,
01:04
actually fares worse than all other developed countries.
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zapravo ima gore rezultate od svih drugih razvijenih država.
01:10
Surveys show that large majorities of Americans,
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Ankete pokazuju da velika većina Amerikanaca,
01:13
both Democrats and Republicans,
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i demokrate i republikanci,
01:15
believe inequality is too high and want more equal pay.
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veruje da je nejednakost suviše visoka i žele uravnoteženije plate.
01:20
And yet as a society, we don't seem to be able to find the common ground,
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Pa ipak, kao društvo, čini se da ne možemo da nađemo zajednički jezik,
01:25
the consensus, the political will to do anything about it.
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konsenzus, političku volju da učinimo nešto po tom pitanju.
01:30
Because, as inequality has risen in recent decades,
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Iz razloga što je u poslednjim decenijama zajedno sa nejednakošću
01:33
political polarization has risen along with it.
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porasla i politička polarizacija.
01:38
We see those who disagree with us as idiots or as immoral.
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Gledamo na one koji se ne slažu s nama kao na idiote ili nemoralne.
01:44
Nearly half of Democrats and Republicans
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Skoro polovina demokrata i republikanaca
01:46
now think that the other side is not just mistaken
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trenutno smatra da druga strana ne samo da nije u pravu,
01:49
but a threat to the nation.
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već da je pretnja za državu.
01:52
And that animosity prevents us from finding the common ground
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A taj animozitet nas sprečava da nađemo zajednički jezik
01:55
to change things.
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da promenimo stvari.
01:59
I'm a social psychology professor at the University of North Carolina,
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Ja sam profesor socijalne psihologije na Univerzitetu Severna Karolina
02:02
and I study the effects of inequality on people's thinking and behavior.
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i izučavam uticaj nejednakosti na ljudsko razmišljanje i ponašanje.
02:07
I'm going to argue that it's not just an unfortunate coincidence
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Tvrdim da se ne radi o pukom nesrećnom podudaranju
02:11
that inequality and political division have risen together.
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da su nejednakost i politička podeljenost zajedno u usponu.
02:16
There are good psychological reasons
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Postoje valjani psihološki razlozi
02:18
that inequality drives wedges in our politics.
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zašto nejednakost pravi razdor u našoj politici.
02:22
That means there are good psychological paths
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To znači da postoje dobre psihološke staze
02:24
to improve both at once.
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da se oboje poprave istovremeno.
02:28
To understand why inequality is so powerful,
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Kako bismo razumeli zašto nejednakost ima toliku moć,
02:30
you have to first understand that we are constantly comparing ourselves
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morate pre svega da razumete da se mi stalno poredimo
02:34
to other people,
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sa drugim ljudima,
02:36
and when we do that,
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a kada to radimo,
02:38
we really like to come out on top,
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zaista želimo da budemo na vrhu,
02:40
and we find it painful to be on the bottom.
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i za nas je bolno kada smo na dnu.
02:44
Psychologists call it the "better-than-average effect."
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Psiholozi to nazivaju efektom „natprosečnosti".
02:47
Most people believe they're better than average
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Većina ljudi veruje da su bolji od proseka
02:50
at just about anything they care about,
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skoro u svemu do čega im je stalo,
02:55
which isn't strictly possible, because that's just what average means.
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što je praktično nemoguće jer je baš to definicija prosečnosti.
02:59
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:01
But that's the way people feel.
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Međutim, ljudi se tako osećaju.
03:04
Most people think they're smarter than average,
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Većina ljudi misli da su pametniji od proseka,
03:06
harder working than average
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vredniji od proseka
03:08
and more socially skilled.
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i da imaju bolje društvene veštine.
03:11
Most people think they're better drivers than average.
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Većina ljudi misli da su bolji vozači od proseka.
03:14
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:15
That's true even if you do the study with a sample of people
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To je tačno čak iako uradite istraživanje na uzorku ljudi
03:18
currently hospitalized for a car accident that they caused.
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koji su trenutno hospitalizovani zbog automobilske nesreće koju su uzrokovali.
03:22
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:25
So we really want to see ourselves as better than average,
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Dakle, mi zaista želimo da vdimo sebe kao natprosečne,
03:28
and if we find out otherwise,
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a ako otkrijemo da nije tako,
03:29
it's a painful experience that we have to cope with.
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radi se o bolnom iskustvu s kojim moramo da se nosimo.
03:33
And we cope with it by shifting how we see the world.
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A nosimo se s tim tako što menjamo svoj pogled na svet.
03:37
To understand how this works,
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Da bismo razumeli kako to deluje,
03:39
my collaborators and I ran an experiment.
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moji saradnici i ja smo obavili eksperiment.
03:42
We asked participants to complete a decision-making task to earn some money,
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Zatražili smo od učesnika da za novac odrade zadatak donošenja odluke,
03:47
and in reality, everyone earned the same amount of money.
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a u stvarnosti, svi su zaradili istu količinu novca.
03:51
But we randomly divided them into two groups,
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Međutim, nasumično smo ih podelili u dve grupe,
03:53
and we told one group that they had done better than average,
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jednoj grupi smo rekli da su bili bolji od proseka,
03:56
and we told the other group they had done worse than average.
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a drugoj grupi smo rekli da su bili gori od proseka.
03:59
So now we have one group that feels richer and one group that feels poorer,
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Sad imamo jednu grupu koja se oseća bogatije
i drugu koja se oseća siromašnije,
04:05
but for no objective reason.
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ali bez objektivnog razloga.
04:07
And then we asked them some questions.
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Potom smo im postavljali neka pitanja.
04:09
When we asked them, "How good are you at making decisions?"
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Kada smo ih upitali: „Koliko ste dobri u donošenju odluka?"
04:13
the better-than-average group said that they were more competent
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grupa natprosečnih je rekla da su bili sposobniji
04:17
than the below-average group.
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od ispodprosečne grupe.
04:20
The better-than-average group said that their success
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Grupa natprosečnih je rekla kako je njihov uspeh
04:23
was a fair outcome of a meritocracy.
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bio pravičan ishod meritokratije.
04:26
The below-average group thought the system was rigged,
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Grupa ispodprosečnih je smatrala da je sistem namešten,
04:29
and in this case, of course, they were right.
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a u ovom slučaju, naravno, bili su u pravu.
04:32
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:35
Even though the two groups had the same amount of money,
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Iako su obe grupe imale istu količinu novca,
04:38
the group that felt richer said we should cut taxes on the wealthy,
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grupa koja se osećala bogatije smatrala je da treba smanjiti porez bogatima,
04:43
cut benefits to the poor.
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smanjiti povlastice siromašnima.
04:45
Let them work hard and be responsible for themselves, they said.
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Pustite ih da vredno rade i budu odgovorni za sebe, rekli su.
04:50
These are attitudes that we normally assume are rooted in deeply held values
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Te stavove obično smatramo ukorenjenim u čvrstim ubeđenjima
04:55
and a lifetime of experience,
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i životnom iskustvu,
04:58
but a 10-minute exercise
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ali desetominutna vežba
05:00
that made people feel richer or poorer
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zbog koje su se ljudi osećali bogatijim ili siromašnijim
05:03
was enough to change those views.
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je bila dovoljna za izmenu datih stavova.
05:07
This difference between being rich or poor and feeling rich or poor is important,
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Ova razlika između bogatstva i siromaštva i utiska o bogatstvu i siromaštvu je važna
05:13
because the two don't always line up very well.
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jer se ovo dvoje uvek ne podudaraju najsjanije.
05:16
You often hear people say with nostalgia,
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Često čujete ljude kako sa nostalgijom kažu:
05:18
"We were poor, but we didn't know it."
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„Bili smo siromašni, ali nismo bili svesni toga.”
05:21
That was the case for me growing up,
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To je bio moj slučaj dok sam odrastao,
05:24
until one day,
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dok jednog dana,
05:25
in the fourth-grade lunch line,
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u redu četvrtaka za užinu,
05:27
we had a new cashier who didn't know the ropes,
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nismo imali novu kasirku koja nije znala pravila,
05:30
and she asked me for 1.25 dollars.
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i zatražila mi je 1,25 dolara.
05:34
I was taken aback, because I had never been asked to pay for my lunch before.
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Bio sam zatečen jer mi nikad pre nije traženo da platim svoju užinu.
05:39
I didn't know what to say, because I didn't have any money.
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Nisam znao šta da kažem jer nisam imao novca.
05:43
And suddenly, I realized for the first time
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I iznenda sam shvatio prvi put
05:46
that we free lunch kids were the poor ones.
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da su deca sa besplatnom užinom siromašna.
05:51
That awkward moment in the school lunch line
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Taj nelagodni trenutak u školskom redu za užinu
05:54
changed so much for me,
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je toliko toga promenio za mene
05:56
because for the first time, I felt poor.
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jer sam se prvi put osećao siromašno.
06:00
We didn't have any less money than the day before,
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Nismo imali manje novca nego prethodnog dana,
06:03
but for the first time,
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ali sam prvi put
06:05
I started noticing things differently.
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počeo da različito gledam na stvari.
06:07
It changed the way I saw the world.
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Promenio se moj pogled na svet.
06:10
I started noticing how the kids who paid for their lunch
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Počeo sam da primećujem kako se deca koja plaćaju užinu
06:13
seemed to dress better than the free lunch kids.
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oblače bolje od dece sa besplatnom užinom.
06:17
I started noticing the big yellow blocks of government cheese
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Počeo sam da primećujem velke žute kocke sira vladine pomoći
koje su se pojavljivale na našim vratima
06:20
that showed up at our door
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06:21
and the food stamps my mother would pull out at the grocery store.
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i bonove za hranu koje bi moja majka izvadila u piljarnici.
06:25
I was always a shy kid,
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Oduvek sam bio stidljivo dete,
06:27
but I hardly talked at all after that at school.
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ali nakon toga, gotovo da nisam progovarao u školi.
06:30
Who was I to speak up?
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Ko sam ja da govorim?
06:34
For decades, social scientists looked for evidence
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Decenijama su socijalni naučnici tragali za dokazima
06:38
that feeling deprived compared to other people
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da bi osećanje nestašice u odnosu na druge ljude
06:40
would motivate political action.
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motivisalo političko delanje.
06:42
They thought it would mobilize protests, strikes,
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Smatrali su da bi to pokrenulo proteste, štrajkove,
06:45
maybe even revolutions.
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možda čak i revolucije.
06:48
But again and again what they found was that it paralyzed people,
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Međutim, iznova i iznova su otkrivali da to parališe ljude
06:53
because the truth is,
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jer istina je
06:55
feeling less than other people
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da osećanje manje vrednosti
06:56
brings shame.
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sa sobom donosi stid.
06:58
It makes people turn away,
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Zbog toga ljudi okreću leđa,
07:00
disgusted with the system.
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zgađeni na sistem.
07:03
Feeling better than other people, though --
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Osećanje superiornosti, pak -
07:05
now that is motivating.
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e to je već podsticajno.
07:07
It motivates us to protect that position,
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Podstiče nas da štitimo tu poziciju
07:10
and it has important consequences for our politics.
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i ima važne posledice na našu politiku.
07:15
To see why, consider another experiment.
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Kako biste videli zašto, razmotrite sledeći eksperiment.
07:19
Again, we asked participants to make decisions to earn some money,
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Ponovo smo tražili od učesnika da za novac donesu neke odluke,
07:23
and we told one group that they had done better than average
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jednoj grupi smo rekli da su bili bolji od proseka,
07:26
and the other group that they had done worse than average.
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a drugoj grupi smo rekli da su bili gori od proseka.
07:29
And again, the better-than-average group said it's a fair meritocracy,
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I ponovo je grupa natprosečnih rekla da se radi o pravednoj meritokratiji,
07:33
cut taxes on the wealthy,
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smanjite porez bogatima,
07:35
cut benefits on the poor.
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smanjite povlastice siromašnima.
07:39
But this time, we also asked them what did they think
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Međutim, ovaj put smo takođe pitali šta misle
07:42
about other participants who disagree with them
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o drugim učesnicima koji se ne slažu s njima
07:45
on those issues.
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po datim pitanjima.
07:46
Are they smart or incompetent?
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Da li su pametni ili nesposobni?
07:49
Are they reasonable or are they biased?
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Da li su razumni ili pristrasni?
07:54
The better-than-average group said anybody who disagrees with them
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Grupa natprosečnih je rekla da svako ko se ne slaže s njima
07:58
must be incompetent, biased,
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mora da je nesposoban, pristrasan,
08:01
blinded by self-interest.
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zaslepljen ličnim interesima.
08:04
The below-average group
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Grupa ispodprosečnih
08:06
didn't assume that about their opponents.
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nije slično pretpostavljala o svojim protivnicima.
08:10
Now, there are lots of psychology studies
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Postoje mnoga psihološka istraživanja
08:12
showing that when people agree with us,
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koja pokazuju da kada se ljudi slažu s nama,
08:14
we think they're brilliant,
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smatramo ih bistrim,
08:16
and when people disagree with us,
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a kada se ne slažu s nama,
08:17
we tend to think they're idiots.
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smatramo da su idioti.
08:19
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:21
But this is new because we found it was driven entirely by the group
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Međutim, novina je što smo otkrili da to u potpunosti pokreće grupa
08:25
that felt better than average,
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koja se osećala boljom od proseka,
08:27
who felt entitled to dismiss those people who disagree with them.
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koja je osećala da ima pravo da odbaci sve te ljude koji se ne slažu s njima.
08:33
So think about what this is doing to our politics,
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Zato razmislite kako ovo utiče na našu politiku,
08:37
as the haves and have-nots spread further and further apart.
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dok se situirani i nesituirani sve više udaljavaju.
08:43
Yes, a lot of us think that people on the other side are idiots,
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Da, mnogi od nas smatraju da su ljudi na drugoj strani idioti,
08:48
but the people politically engaged enough to be yelling at each other about politics
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ali ljudi koji su dovoljno politički angažovani
da viču jedni na druge zbog politike
08:54
are actually mostly the well-off.
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su zapravo uglavnom dobrostojeći.
08:57
In fact, as inequality has grown in recent decades,
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Zapravo, kako je nejednakost rasla u skorašnjim decenijama,
09:01
political interest and participation among the poor has plummeted.
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zainteresovanost i učešće u politici među siromašnima je dotaklo dno.
09:06
Again, we see that people who feel left behind
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Iznova vidimo da ljudi koji se osećaju zapostavljeno
09:09
aren't taking to the streets to protest or organize voter registration drives.
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ne izlaze na ulice da protestuju
i ne organizuju kampanje za registraciju glasača.
09:14
Often, they aren't even voting.
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Često čak i ne glasaju.
09:17
Instead, they're turning away and dropping out.
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Umesto toga, okreću leđa i odustaju.
09:22
So if we want to do something about extreme inequality,
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Stoga, ako želimo da uradimo nešto po pitanju ekstremne nejednakosti,
09:25
we have to fix our politics.
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moramo da popravimo politiku.
09:27
And if we want to fix our politics,
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A ako želimo da popravimo našu politiku,
09:29
we have to do something about inequality.
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moramo da učinimo nešto po pitanju nejednakosti.
09:32
So what do we do?
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Dake, šta da radimo?
09:35
The wonderful thing about spirals
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Divna stvar kod spirala
09:37
is that you can interrupt at any point in the cycle.
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je što možete da prekinete ciklus u bilo kojoj tački.
09:42
I think our best bet starts with those of us
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Smatram da najviše šansi imamo započinjući sa onima od nas
09:45
who have benefited the most from inequality's rise,
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koji su imali najviše koristi od uspona nejednakosti,
09:49
those of us who have done better than average.
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onima od nas koji su bolji od proseka.
09:53
If you've been successful,
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Ako ste uspešni,
09:55
it's natural to chalk up your success to your own hard work.
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prirodno je da pripišete uspeh svom vrednom radu.
09:59
But, like the studies I showed you,
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Međutim, kao i u istraživanjima koja sam vam pokazao, svi to rade,
10:01
everybody does that,
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10:03
whether or not it really was the hard work that mattered most.
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bilo da je vredan rad uistinu bio najviše bitan ili ne.
10:10
Every successful person I know
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Svaka uspešna osoba koju znam
10:12
can think of times when they worked hard and struggled to succeed.
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može da se seti vremena kad su vredno radili i nije im išlo.
10:18
They can also think of times
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Takođe mogu da se sete vremena
10:20
when they benefited from good luck or a helping hand
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kada su imali korist od dobre sreće ili pomoći,
10:23
but that part is harder.
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ali taj deo je teži.
10:25
Psychologists Shai Davidai and Tom Gilovich
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Psiholozi Šaj Dejvidaj i Tom Gilovič
10:28
call it the "headwind-tailwind asymmetry."
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to nazivaju „asimetrijom vetra u lice i vetra u leđa".
10:32
When you're struggling against headwinds,
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Kada se borite s vetrom u lice,
10:34
those obstacles are all you can see.
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sve što vidite su prepreke.
10:37
It's what you notice and remember.
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To primećujete i pamtite.
10:40
But when the wind's at your back and everything's going your way,
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Međutim, s vetrom u leđa i kada vam sve ide po volji,
10:43
all you notice is yourself
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sve što primećujete ste vi sami
10:45
and our own amazing talents.
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i vaši neverovatni talenti.
10:48
So we have to stop and think for a minute
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Stoga moramo da zastanemo i razmislimo na trenutak
10:51
to recognize those tailwinds helping us along.
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kako bismo prepoznali sve vetrove u leđa koji su nam pomogli.
10:57
It's so easy to see what's wrong with people
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Lako je zapaziti šta nije u redu s ljudima
10:59
who disagree with you.
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koji se ne slažu s vama.
11:01
Some of you decided that I was an idiot in the first two minutes,
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Neki od vas su odlučili da sam idiot u prva dva minuta
11:04
because I said inequality was harmful.
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jer sam rekao da je nejednakost štetna.
11:06
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:08
The hard part is to recognize
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Teži deo je uvideti da
11:10
that if you were in a different position,
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da ste u različitoj poziciji,
11:12
you might see things differently,
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možda biste stvari posmatrali drugačije,
11:14
just like the subjects in our experiments.
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baš kao učesnici u našim eksperimentima.
11:19
So if you're in the above-average group in life --
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Dakle, ako ste u životu u grupi natprosečnih -
11:22
and if you're watching a TED talk, you most likely are --
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a ako gledate TED govor, najverovatnije jeste -
11:24
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:26
then I leave you with this challenge:
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ostavljam vam sledeći izazov:
11:29
the next time you're tempted to dismiss someone who disagrees with you
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sledeći put kad poželite da odbacite nekoga ko se ne slaže s vama
11:33
as an idiot,
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kao idiota,
11:34
think about the tailwinds that helped you get where you are.
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razmislite o vetrovima u leđa koji su vam pomogli da budete tu gde jeste.
11:39
What lucky breaks did you get
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Koje ste srećne olakšice imali
11:40
that might have turned out differently?
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koje su mogle da imaju drugačiji ishod?
11:43
What helping hands are you grateful for?
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Za koje pomoći ste zahvalni?
11:46
Recognizing those tailwinds gives us the humility we need
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Prepoznavanje vetrova u leđa nam pruža nužnu skromnost
11:49
to see that disagreeing with us doesn't make people idiots.
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da uvidimo da neslaganje s nama ne čini ljude idiotima.
11:54
The real hard work is in finding common ground,
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Istinski težak posao počiva u traženju zajedničkog jezika
11:57
because it's the well-off who have the power
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jer su dobrostojeći ti koji imaju moć
11:59
and the responsibility to change things.
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i odgovornost da promene stvari.
12:02
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:04
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
About this website

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