What's the connection between sleep and Alzheimer's disease? | Sleeping with Science, a TED series

Transcriber: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Ivana Korom

We're now becoming aware of a significant relationship

Translator: Jana Macková Reviewer: Zuzana Munzarová Dziaková

Zistili sme, že existuje významné prepojenie medzi

between sleep and Alzheimer's disease.

spánkom a Alzheimerovou chorobou.

[Sleeping with Science]

[Spánok s vedou]

Now, Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia

Alzheimerova choroba je forma demencie,

typified usually by memory loss and memory decline.

ktorá sa prejavuje stratou a zhoršením pamäte.

And what we've started to understand

Už sme zistili, že existuje niekoľko proteínov,

is that there are several different proteins

that seem to go awry in Alzheimer's disease.

ktoré pri tejto chorobe nesprávne fungujú.

One of those proteins is a sticky, toxic substance

Jedným z nich je lepkavá, toxická látka

nazývaná beta amyloid a vytvára sa v mozgu.

called beta-amyloid that builds up in the brain.

The other is something called tau protein.

Druhý sa volá tau proteín.

How are these things related to sleep?

A čo majú spoločné so spánkom?

Well first, if we look at a large-scale epidemiological level,

Ak sa na to pozrieme z epidemiologického hľadiska,

what we know is that individuals

vieme, že u ľudí, ktorí v noci spia menej ako šesť hodín,

who report sleeping typically less than six hours a night,

have a significantly higher risk

sa v ich mozgu v neskoršom veku výrazne zvyšuje riziko

of going on to develop high amounts

of that beta-amyloid in their brain later in life.

výskytu beta amyloidov.

We also know that two sleep disorders,

Tiež vieme, že poruchy spánku,

including insomnia and sleep apnea, or heavy snoring,

ako insomnia, spánkové apnoe či hlasné chrápanie,

are associated with a significantly higher risk

majú spojitosť s vysokým rizikom

of Alzheimer's disease in late life.

Alzheimerovej choroby v neskoršom veku.

Those are, of course, simply associational studies.

Toto všetko sú len asociačné štúdie.

Nedokazujú príčinnú súvislosť.

They don't prove causality.

But more recently,

Nedávno sme však objavili dôkaz o tejto súvislosti.

we actually have identified that causal evidence.

In fact, if you take a healthy human being

Ak zdravému človeku odopriete spánok počas jednej noci,

and you deprive them of sleep for just one night,

and the next day, we see an immediate increase

hneď na druhý deň môžeme vidieť okamžitý nárast

in that beta-amyloid,

beta amyloidov, prúdiacich v krvnom obehu

both circulating in their bloodstream,

circulating in what we call the cerebrospinal fluid,

i v cerebrospinálnej tekutine.

and most recently, after just one night of sleep,

Takže už po jednej noci za pomoci technológie na snímanie mozgu

using special brain-imaging technology,

scientists have found that there is an immediate increase

našli vedci okamžitý nárast beta amyloidov priamo v mozgu.

in beta-amyloid directly in the brain itself.

So that's the causal evidence.

To by bolo k príčinnej súvislosti.

What is it then about sleep

Takže ako spánok pôsobí na mechanizmy,

that seems to provide a mechanism

that prevents the escalation

ktoré zabraňujú výskytu proteínov spôsobujúcich Alzheimera?

of these Alzheimer's-related proteins?

Well, several years ago,

Pred niekoľkými rokmi vedkyňa Maiken Nedergaard

a scientist called Maiken Nedergaard

made a remarkable discovery.

objavila niečo pozoruhodné.

What she identified was a cleansing system in the brain.

Identifikovala čistiaci systém mozgu.

Now, before that,

Už predtým sme vedeli, že telo má čistiaci systém.

we knew that the body had a cleansing system

and many of you may be familiar with this.

Väčšina z vás ho zrejme pozná.

It's called the lymphatic system.

Volá sa lymfatický systém.

But we didn't think that the brain had its own cleansing system.

No nevedeli sme, že mozog má svoj vlastný čistiaci systém.

And studying mice,

Štúdiom myší zistila, že mozog má tzv. odpadový systém,

she was actually able to identify a sewage system within the brain

called the glymphatic system,

ktorý sa volá glymfatický systém.

named after the cells that make it up,

Volá sa podľa buniek, ktoré ho tvoria – gliové bunky.

called these glial cells.

Now, if that wasn't remarkable enough,

Aby toho nebolo málo,

she went on to make two more incredible discoveries.

urobila dva ďalšie neuveriteľné objavy.

First, what she found is that that cleansing system in the brain

Ako prvé zistila, že čistiaci systém v mozgu

is not always switched on in high-flow volume

nie je počas celého dňa zapnutý na plné obrátky.

across the 24-hour period.

Instead, it was when those mice were actually sleeping,

Čistiaci systém sa naplno spustil až vtedy, keď myši spali.

particularly when they went into deep non-REM sleep,

Presnejšie, keď boli v hlbokom non-REM spánku.

that that cleansing system kicked into high gear.

The third component that she discovered,

Tretia časť jej objavu priamo súvisí

and this is what makes it relevant

to our discussion on Alzheimer's disease,

s našou diskusiou o Alzheimerovej chorobe.

is that one of the metabolic by-products,

Jeden z vedľajších produktov látkovej výmeny je toxín,

one of the toxins that was cleared away during sleep,

ktorý sa počas spánku vylučuje preč.

was that sticky, toxic protein, beta-amyloid,

A tým je práve lepkavý toxický proteín – beta amyloid

linked to Alzheimer's disease.

spájaný s Alzheimerovou chorobou.

And just recently, scientists in Boston have discovered

A len nedávno vedci v Bostone zistili,

a very similar type of pulsing, cleansing brain-mechanism

že v ľudskom tele existuje podobný pulzujúci

in human beings as well.

a mozog čistiaci mechanizmus.

Now, some of this discussion may sound perhaps a little depressing.

Tieto informácie môžu znieť trochu depresívne.

We know that as we get older in life,

Vieme, že s vekom sa množstvo spánku znižuje

our sleep seems to typically decline,

and our risk for Alzheimer's generally increases.

a riziko Alzheimera sa vo všeobecnosti zvyšuje.

But I think there's actually a silver lining here,

No všetko zlé je na niečo dobré.

because unlike many of the other factors

Na rozdiel od iných faktorov súvisiacich so starnutím a s Alzheimerom,

that are associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease,

for example, changes in the physical structure of the brain,

ako napríklad zmeny vo fyzickej štruktúre mozgu.

those are fiendishly difficult to treat

Tie sú veľmi náročné na liečbu

and medicine doesn't have any good wholesale approaches right now.

a medicína zatiaľ nenašla žiadnu vhodnú metódu.

But that sleep is a missing piece

Práve spánok je ten chýbajúci kúsok puzzle,

in the explanatory puzzle of aging and Alzheimer's disease

ktorý objasňuje starnutie a s ním spojený Alzheimer.

is exciting because we may be able to do something about it.

Čo je veľmi vzrušujúce, pretože s tým môžeme niečo spraviť.

What if we could actually augment human sleep

Čo ak by sme dokázali predĺžiť spánok

and try to improve the quality

a zlepšiť kvalitu hlbokého spánku človeka v strednom veku,

of that deep sleep in midlife,

which is when we start to see the decline in deep sleep

kedy sa kvalita spánku začína zhoršovať?

beginning to happen.

What if we could actually shift

Čo ak by sme dokázali prejsť

od modelu liečenia Alzheimera v neskorom štádiu

from a model of late-stage treatment in Alzheimer's disease

to a model of midlife prevention?

k modelu prevencie v strednom veku?

Could we go from sick care to actually healthcare?

Dá sa prejsť od starostlivosti o chorobu k starostlivosti o zdravie?

And by modifying sleep,

A mohli by sme úpravou spánku skutočne znížiť

could we actually bend the arrow

of Alzheimer's disease risk down on itself?

riziko vzniku Alzheimerovej choroby?

That's something that I'm incredibly excited about

To je niečo, z čoho som neuveriteľne nadšený

and something that we're actively researching right now.

a čo práve teraz aktívne skúmame.