What's the connection between sleep and Alzheimer's disease? | Sleeping with Science, a TED series

Transcriber: TED Translators admin Reviewer: Ivana Korom

We're now becoming aware of a significant relationship

Translator: TED Translators Admin Reviewer: Hafizh Alfarisi

Kami mulai menyadari hubungan yang erat antara tidur dengan penyakit Alzheimer.

between sleep and Alzheimer's disease.

[Sleeping with Science]

[Tidur Berlandaskan Sains]

Now, Alzheimer's disease is a form of dementia

Penyakit alzheimer adalah wujud dari penyakit demensia

yang ditandai oleh hilang ingatan dan penurunan daya ingat.

typified usually by memory loss and memory decline.

And what we've started to understand

Kami mulai mengetahui adanya beberapa zat protein berbeda

is that there are several different proteins

that seem to go awry in Alzheimer's disease.

yang tampak menjadi kacau di tubuh pengidap penyakit Alzheimer.

One of those proteins is a sticky, toxic substance

Salah satu protein itu adalah zat kimia beracun dan lengket

yang bernama beta amiloid yang menumpuk di otak.

called beta-amyloid that builds up in the brain.

The other is something called tau protein.

Yang satunya lagi bernama protein tau.

How are these things related to sleep?

Bagaimana semua protein ini berkaitan dengan tidur?

Well first, if we look at a large-scale epidemiological level,

Pertama, kita lihat dari lingkup besar tingkat epidemiologinya.

what we know is that individuals

Orang-orang yang mengaku terbiasa tidur kurang dari enam jam per malam

who report sleeping typically less than six hours a night,

have a significantly higher risk

memiliki risiko yang jauh lebih besar

of going on to develop high amounts

dalam mengembangkan banyak beta amiloid di otaknya saat hari tuanya.

of that beta-amyloid in their brain later in life.

We also know that two sleep disorders,

Selain itu, dua gangguan tidur,

including insomnia and sleep apnea, or heavy snoring,

yakni insomnia dan apnea tidur atau dengkuran yang keras,

dihubungkan dengan lebih tingginya risiko mengidap penyakit Alzheimer di hari tua.

are associated with a significantly higher risk

of Alzheimer's disease in late life.

Studinya tentu sekadar membahas kaitan dan tidak membuktikan sebab akibat.

Those are, of course, simply associational studies.

They don't prove causality.

But more recently,

Namun, belakangan ini, kami telah menemukan bukti penyebabnya.

we actually have identified that causal evidence.

In fact, if you take a healthy human being

Kalaupun kau mengambil sampel orang yang sehat

and you deprive them of sleep for just one night,

dan memintanya mengurangi waktu tidurnya semalam saja,

and the next day, we see an immediate increase

besoknya kita akan melihat kenaikan langsung zat beta amiloid

in that beta-amyloid,

both circulating in their bloodstream,

yang beredar di aliran darahnya dan juga di cairan serebrospinalnya.

circulating in what we call the cerebrospinal fluid,

and most recently, after just one night of sleep,

Pada pengamatan terbaru terhadap tidur dalam waktu semalam

using special brain-imaging technology,

menggunakan teknologi pencitraan saraf,

scientists have found that there is an immediate increase

para ilmuwan menemukan kenaikan drastis di zat beta amiloid, langsung di otak.

in beta-amyloid directly in the brain itself.

So that's the causal evidence.

Itulah bukti penyebabnya.

What is it then about sleep

Lantas, apa bagian dari tidur yang dianggap memberikan mekanisme

that seems to provide a mechanism

that prevents the escalation

untuk mencegah kenaikan zat-zat protein yang berhubungan dengan Alzheimer ini?

of these Alzheimer's-related proteins?

Well, several years ago,

Beberapa tahun lalu, ilmuwan bernama Maiken Nedergaard

a scientist called Maiken Nedergaard

menciptakan penemuan menakjubkan.

made a remarkable discovery.

What she identified was a cleansing system in the brain.

Dia menyingkap adanya sistem pembersihan di otak.

Now, before that,

Sebelumnya, kita sudah tahu bahwa tubuh kita memiliki sistem pembersihan

we knew that the body had a cleansing system

and many of you may be familiar with this.

dan kau mungkin tak asing dengan ini.

It's called the lymphatic system.

Sebutannya adalah sistem limfatik.

Namun, kita tidak merasa otak kita juga punya sistem pembersihannya sendiri.

But we didn't think that the brain had its own cleansing system.

And studying mice,

Dengan mempelajari tikus,

she was actually able to identify a sewage system within the brain

Nedergaard ternyata bisa menemukan sistem penyalur kotoran di otak.

Inilah sistem glymphatic.

called the glymphatic system,

named after the cells that make it up,

Namanya diambil dari sel-sel yang menciptakan sistemnya, yaitu sel glial.

called these glial cells.

Now, if that wasn't remarkable enough,

Keajaibannya tak sampai di situ, dia pun menemukan dua hal luar biasa lagi.

she went on to make two more incredible discoveries.

First, what she found is that that cleansing system in the brain

Pertama, dia menemukan bahwa sistem pembersihan otak itu

is not always switched on in high-flow volume

tak selalu aktif dalam jumlah aliran yang tinggi selama kurun waktu 24 jam.

across the 24-hour period.

Instead, it was when those mice were actually sleeping,

Justru, selagi tikus-tikus itu sedang tidur,

terutama saat mereka memasuki tahap tidur non-REM yang nyenyak,

particularly when they went into deep non-REM sleep,

that that cleansing system kicked into high gear.

sistem pembersihan itu berada di level maksimum.

The third component that she discovered,

Komponen ketiga yang dia temukan

and this is what makes it relevant

dan relevan dengan diskusi kita mengenai penyakit Alzheimer

to our discussion on Alzheimer's disease,

adalah salah satu produk metabolisme sertaan

is that one of the metabolic by-products,

one of the toxins that was cleared away during sleep,

atau salah satu tipe racun yang dikeluarkan selagi tikus tidur.

was that sticky, toxic protein, beta-amyloid,

Produk sertaan itu adalah protein beracun lengket,

beta amiloid yang berkaitan dengan Alzheimer.

linked to Alzheimer's disease.

And just recently, scientists in Boston have discovered

Baru-baru ini, para ilmuwan di Boston telah menemukan

a very similar type of pulsing, cleansing brain-mechanism

mekanisme pembersihan otak yang begitu mirip di tubuh manusia juga.

in human beings as well.

Now, some of this discussion may sound perhaps a little depressing.

Beberapa diskusi ini mungkin terdengar agak menggelisahkan.

Kita tahu bahwa seiring berjalannya waktu, kualitas tidur kita biasanya menurun

We know that as we get older in life,

our sleep seems to typically decline,

and our risk for Alzheimer's generally increases.

dan risiko terkena penyakit Alzheimer umumnya meningkat.

But I think there's actually a silver lining here,

Namun, kupikir ada hikmah di sini.

because unlike many of the other factors

Sebab, ada banyak faktor terkait pertambahan usia dan penyakit Alzheimer,

that are associated with aging and Alzheimer's disease,

seperti perubahan struktur fisik di dalam otak.

for example, changes in the physical structure of the brain,

those are fiendishly difficult to treat

Semua itu sangat sulit untuk disembuhkan

dan belum ada penanganan obat yang dijual secara bebas.

and medicine doesn't have any good wholesale approaches right now.

But that sleep is a missing piece

Namun, tidur merupakan kepingan yang hilang

in the explanatory puzzle of aging and Alzheimer's disease

dari teka-teki yang mencerahkan bagi pertambahan usia dan penyakit Alzheimer.

is exciting because we may be able to do something about it.

Hal ini menarik karena kita punya peluang mengatasi Alzheimer.

What if we could actually augment human sleep

Bagaimana kalau ternyata kita bisa memodifikasi cara tidur manusia

and try to improve the quality

dan memperbaiki kualitas tidur yang nyenyak pada usia paruh baya.

of that deep sleep in midlife,

which is when we start to see the decline in deep sleep

Sebab, pada usia itulah kita melihat penurunan kualitas tidur mulai terjadi.

beginning to happen.

What if we could actually shift

Bagaimana bila rupanya kita bisa mengubah

model perawatan penyakit Alzheimer pada tahap akhir

from a model of late-stage treatment in Alzheimer's disease

to a model of midlife prevention?

ke model pencegahan pada usia paruh baya?

Could we go from sick care to actually healthcare?

Bisakah kita beralih dari pengobatan ke gaya hidup sehat?

And by modifying sleep,

Dengan memodifikasi tidur,

bisakah risiko penyakit Alzheimer hilang dengan sendirinya?

could we actually bend the arrow

of Alzheimer's disease risk down on itself?

Inilah hal yang membuatku bersemangat

That's something that I'm incredibly excited about

and something that we're actively researching right now.

dan terus kami teliti saat ini.