David Anderson: Your brain is more than a bag of chemicals

163,597 views ・ 2013-03-12

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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λ²ˆμ—­: K Bang κ²€ν† : Surie Lee
00:15
So raise your hand if you know someone
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그럼 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ κ°€μ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ μΉœκ΅¬μ€‘
00:19
in your immediate family or circle of friends
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μœΌλ‘œ κ³ ν†΅λ°›λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒμ„ μ•„μ‹œλŠ” 뢄듀은
00:21
who suffers from some form of mental illness.
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손을 λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ‹œκ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?
00:25
Yeah. I thought so. Not surprised.
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예, μƒκ°λŒ€λ‘œλ„€μš”, λ†€λžμ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
And raise your hand if you think that
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그리고 μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„ 쀑 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ— λŒ€ν•œ 기본적인 연ꡬ가
00:30
basic research on fruit flies has anything to do
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인간 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 연ꡬ와 μ–΄λ–€ 관계가 μžˆμ„κ±°λΌκ³ 
00:33
with understanding mental illness in humans.
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μƒκ°λ˜μ‹œλŠ” 뢄듀은 손을 λ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”.
00:37
Yeah. I thought so. I'm also not surprised.
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예 μ—­μ‹œ, λ†€λžμ§€ μ•Šμ€ κ²°κ³Όλ„€μš”.
00:40
I can see I've got my work cut out for me here.
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μ œκ°€ μ ν•©ν•œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ±Έ μ•Œ 수 μžˆκ΅°μš”.
00:43
As we heard from Dr. Insel this morning,
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인셀 박사가 아침에 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°ν•˜μ…¨λ“―μ΄,
00:46
psychiatric disorders like autism, depression and schizophrenia
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자폐증, 우울증, μ •μ‹  뢄열증 같은 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μœΌλ‘œ
00:50
take a terrible toll on human suffering.
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λ§Žμ€ 인λ₯˜κ°€ 고톡받고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:53
We know much less about their treatment
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 기본적인 λ§€μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”
00:56
and the understanding of their basic mechanisms
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신체와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ μ§ˆλ³‘λ³΄λ‹€
00:59
than we do about diseases of the body.
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잘 μ•Œμ§€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:01
Think about it: In 2013,
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μƒˆ μ²œλ…„μ„ λ§žμ€μ§€ 십년도 더 μ§€λ‚œ
01:04
the second decade of the millennium,
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2013λ…„ ν˜„μž¬
01:06
if you're concerned about a cancer diagnosis
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•” 검진을 λ°›μ•„μ•Όκ² λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄
01:08
and you go to your doctor, you get bone scans,
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μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ κ°€μ„œ 골수 검사λ₯Ό λ°›κ±°λ‚˜,
01:11
biopsies and blood tests.
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쑰직 검사λ₯Ό λ°›κ±°λ‚˜ ν˜ˆμ•‘ 검사λ₯Ό λ°›μœΌλ©΄ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
In 2013, if you're concerned about a depression diagnosis,
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같은 2013λ…„μ΄μ§€λ§Œ μš°μšΈμ¦μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 걱정이 λ˜μ–΄
01:18
you go to your doctor, and what do you get?
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μ˜μ‚¬μ—κ²Œ κ°€λ©΄, 무슨 검사λ₯Ό λ°›μ§€μš” ?
01:20
A questionnaire.
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μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„œμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:22
Now, part of the reason for this is that we have
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 된 뢀뢄적인 μ΄μœ λŠ”
01:24
an oversimplified and increasingly outmoded view
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 생리적 κΈ°μ΄ˆμ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ„ˆλ¬΄ λ‹¨μˆœν™”λ˜κ³ 
01:28
of the biological basis of psychiatric disorders.
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뒀떨어진 생각을 κ°–κ³  있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:32
We tend to view them --
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 원인을
01:33
and the popular press aids and abets this view --
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μΈκΈ°μžˆλŠ” κΈ°μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λ§ν•˜λ“―μ΄
01:36
as chemical imbalances in the brain,
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λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό, μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œ, λ…Έλ₯΄μ—ν”Όλ„€ν”„λ¦° λ“±μ˜ ν™”ν•™ 물질둜
01:39
as if the brain were some kind of bag of chemical soup
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가득 μ±„μ›Œμ§„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 보고,
01:42
full of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine.
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이듀 ν™”ν•™ 물질 λΆˆκ· ν˜• λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌκ³  μƒκ°ν•˜κ³€ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
This view is conditioned by the fact
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이런 μ‹œκ°μ€ 사싀 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ„ 닀루기 μœ„ν•΄
01:49
that many of the drugs that are prescribed to treat these disorders,
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ν”„λ‘œμž‘κ°™μ€ 약듀이 μ „λ°˜μ μΈ λ‡Œν™”ν•™ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό
01:52
like Prozac, act by globally changing brain chemistry,
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λ°”κΎΌλ‹€λŠ” 사싀에 κΈ°μ΄ˆν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:57
as if the brain were indeed a bag of chemical soup.
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마치 정말 λ‡Œκ°€ ν™”ν•™ 물질둜 가득 μ°¨ μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ‹€λ£¨λŠ” 것이죠.
02:01
But that can't be the answer,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이것은 닡이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
because these drugs actually don't work all that well.
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이런 μ•½ν’ˆμœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ λ˜μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:06
A lot of people won't take them, or stop taking them,
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λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 이 약을 λ³΅μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šκ±°λ‚˜ μ€‘λ‹¨ν•˜λŠ”λ°
02:09
because of their unpleasant side effects.
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λΆˆμΎŒν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ 많기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:12
These drugs have so many side effects
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이 μ•½ν’ˆλ“€μ€ 맀우 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:14
because using them to treat a complex psychiatric disorder
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 치유λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ 약을 λ³΅μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것은
02:18
is a bit like trying to change your engine oil
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마치 μžλ™μ°¨ 엔진 μ˜€μΌμ„ λ°”κΎΈκΈ° μœ„ν•΄
02:21
by opening a can and pouring it all over the engine block.
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엔진 μ˜€μΌμ„ 엔진 전체에 νΌλΆ“λŠ” 것과 κ°™κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:25
Some of it will dribble into the right place,
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μΌλΆ€λŠ” μš°μ—°νžˆ λ§žμ•„λ“€μ–΄ μ•½νš¨λ₯Ό λ³Ό μˆ˜λ„ μžˆκ² μ§€λ§Œ
02:27
but a lot of it will do more harm than good.
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λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ λ‚˜μœ 영ν–₯을 μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
Now, an emerging view
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이미 인셀 λ°•μ‚¬λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 아침에 λ“€μœΌμ…¨κ² μ§€λ§Œ
02:32
that you also heard about from Dr. Insel this morning,
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μš”μ¦˜ λŒ€λ‘λ˜λŠ” μ˜κ²¬μ€
02:35
is that psychiatric disorders are actually
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ€ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μœΌλ‘œ
02:38
disturbances of neural circuits that mediate
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감정, κΈ°λΆ„μ΄λ‚˜ 영ν–₯을 μ‘°μ •ν•˜λŠ”
02:41
emotion, mood and affect.
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λ‡Œμ‹ κ²½ 회둜 κ³„ν†΅μ˜ 문제둜 보고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:45
When we think about cognition,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 인식에 λŒ€ν•΄ 생각해 λ³Ό λ•Œ
02:47
we analogize the brain to a computer. That's no problem.
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보톡 λ‡Œλ₯Ό 컴퓨터와 κ°™λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. 문제 μ—†μ§€μš”.
02:50
Well it turns out that the computer analogy
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컴퓨터에 λΉ„μœ ν•˜λŠ” 것이
02:53
is just as valid for emotion.
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κ°μ •μ—λŠ” μœ νš¨ν•œ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:55
It's just that we don't tend to think about it that way.
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단지 그런 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ”λ‹€λŠ” 것뿐 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:58
But we know much less about the circuit basis
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 회둜의 κ΄€μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ”
03:01
of psychiatric disorders
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 잘 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
because of the overwhelming dominance
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그것은 ν™”ν•™ 물질의 λΆˆκ· ν˜•μ΄ μ›μΈμ΄λΌλŠ”
03:05
of this chemical imbalance hypothesis.
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가정이 μ£Όλ₯˜λ₯Ό 이루기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
Now, it's not that chemicals are not important
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자, μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ— ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€
03:12
in psychiatric disorders.
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:14
It's just that they don't bathe the brain like soup.
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λ‡Œμ— ν™”ν•™ 물질이 μŠ€ν”„μ²˜λŸΌ κ³ μ—¬μžˆλŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:18
Rather, they're released in very specific locations
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그보닀 ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λ‡Œ μ‹ κ²½ μ²΄κ³„μ˜ νŠΉμ • λΆ€μœ„μ—μ„œ λΆ„λΉ„λ˜μ–΄
03:22
and they act on specific synapses
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νŠΉμ •ν•œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ— μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³ 
03:24
to change the flow of information in the brain.
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λ‡Œμ—μ„œ μ •λ³΄μ˜ 흐름을 λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:28
So if we ever really want to understand
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λ”°λΌμ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 생리적 원인을
03:30
the biological basis of psychiatric disorders,
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μ •ν™•ν•˜κ²Œ μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λ €λ©΄
03:33
we need to pinpoint these locations in the brain
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이 ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ λ‡Œμ˜ μ–΄λŠ λΆ€μœ„μ— λΆ„λΉ„λ˜μ–΄
03:36
where these chemicals act.
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μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ •ν™•νžˆ μ•Œμ•„μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
Otherwise, we're going to keep pouring oil all over our mental engines
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμœΌλ©΄ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ •μ‹ μ˜ 엔진인 우리의 λ‡Œμ—
03:41
and suffering the consequences.
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μ˜€μΌμ„ λΆ“κ³ κ·Έ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ„ κ²ͺμ–΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν•  κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
Now to begin to overcome our ignorance
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λ‡Œμ „λ‹¬ 회둜의 ν™”ν•™ λ¬Όμ§ˆμ— λŒ€ν•œ 무지λ₯Ό
03:47
of the role of brain chemistry in brain circuitry,
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κ·Ήλ³΅ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œ
03:51
it's helpful to work on what we biologists call
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우리 μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄ λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”
03:54
"model organisms,"
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"유기체 λͺ¨λΈ"둜 μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜λŠ” 것이 μœ μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:55
animals like fruit flies and laboratory mice,
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ‚˜ μ‹€ν—˜μš© μ₯ 같은 동물듀이죠.
03:58
in which we can apply powerful genetic techniques
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이런 λͺ¨λΈμ— κ°•λ ₯ν•œ μœ μ „μž κΈ°μˆ μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ—¬
04:02
to molecularly identify and pinpoint
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λΆ„μžν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ νŠΉμ • μ‹ κ²½ 세포λ₯Ό μ •ν™•νžˆ
04:06
specific classes of neurons,
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μ°Ύμ•„λ‚Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:07
as you heard about in Allan Jones's talk this morning.
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아침에 μ•¨λŸ° 쑴슀의 κ°•μ—°μ—μ„œ λ“€μœΌμ…¨λ“―μ΄ 말이죠.
04:10
Moreover, once we can do that,
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λ”μš±μ΄ 이걸 ν•  수만 있게 λœλ‹€λ©΄,
04:12
we can actually activate specific neurons
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹€μ œλ‘œ νŠΉμ • 신경세포λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”μ‹œν‚€κ±°λ‚˜,
04:15
or we can destroy or inhibit the activity of those neurons.
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λ˜λŠ” μ—†μ• λ²„λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ μ–΅μ œν•  수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:19
So if we inhibit a particular type of neuron,
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λ§Œμ•½ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ νŠΉμ • 신경세포λ₯Ό μ–΅μ œν•˜κ³ ,
04:22
and we find that a behavior is blocked,
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μ–΄λ–€ 행동이 μ œμ–΄λœλ‹€λ©΄
04:25
we can conclude that those neurons
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κ·Έ 신경세포가 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν•œ 행동에
04:27
are necessary for that behavior.
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μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:30
On the other hand, if we activate a group of neurons
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ°λ„λ‘œ μ–˜κΈ°ν•˜μžλ©΄, 신경세포 그룹을 ν™œμ„±ν™” μ‹œκΈ΄ λ‹€μŒ,
04:32
and we find that that produces the behavior,
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νŠΉμ • 행동듀을 생성할 수 있으면
04:35
we can conclude that those neurons are sufficient for the behavior.
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이런 신경세포듀이 행동을 μ΄‰λ°œν•œλ‹€κ³  κ²°λ‘  지을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:39
So in this way, by doing this kind of test,
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이런 방법, 이런 ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈλ₯Ό 톡해
04:42
we can draw cause and effect relationships
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νŠΉμ • λ‡ŒνšŒλ‘œμ˜ κ±°λ™μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
04:46
between the activity of specific neurons
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인과관계,
04:48
in particular circuits and particular behaviors,
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특히, νšŒλ‘œμ™€ νŠΉμ • ν–‰λ™κ°„μ˜ 인과 관계λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•  수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:51
something that is extremely difficult, if not impossible,
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λ¬Όλ‘  이것을 μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œ μ§€κΈˆ λ‹Ήμž₯ μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜κΈ°λŠ”
04:53
to do right now in humans.
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맀우 μ–΄λ €μš΄ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:58
But can an organism like a fruit fly, which is --
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ‹€ν—˜ λͺ¨λΈ 개체둜 맀우 ν›Œλ₯­ν•œ,
05:01
it's a great model organism
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ™€ 같은 μ‹€ν—˜μ²΄λ‘œλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:03
because it's got a small brain,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” λ‡ŒλŠ” μž‘μ§€λ§Œ
05:06
it's capable of complex and sophisticated behaviors,
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λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ³  λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ 행동을 ν•  수 있으며,
05:10
it breeds quickly, and it's cheap.
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ν‚€μš°κΈ°λ„ 쉽고, μ €λ ΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:13
But can an organism like this
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이런 개체둜
05:15
teach us anything about emotion-like states?
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우리의 감정 μƒνƒœ 같은 것을 μ•Œμ•„ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš” ?
05:18
Do these organisms even have emotion-like states,
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이런 κ°œμ²΄λ“€μ΄ λ„λŒ€μ²΄ κ°μ •μ΄λΌλŠ” 건 μžˆλŠ” 건지,
05:22
or are they just little digital robots?
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μ•„λ‹ˆλ©΄ μ΄ˆμ†Œν˜• 디지털 λ‘œλ΄‡ 같은 것인지 ?
05:25
Charles Darwin believed that insects have emotion
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찰슀 λ‹€μœˆμ€ 곀좩듀이 감정이 μžˆλ‹€κ³  λ―Ώμ—ˆλŠ”λ°,
05:28
and express them in their behaviors, as he wrote
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ν–‰λ™μ—μ„œ 그런 κ±Έ ν‘œν˜„ν•œλ‹€κ³ , 1872λ…„ μ €μˆ ν•œ
05:31
in his 1872 monograph on the expression of the emotions in man and animals.
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'인간과 λ™λ¬Όμ˜ 감정 ν‘œν˜„'μ΄λΌλŠ” λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:36
And my eponymous colleague, Seymour Benzer, believed it as well.
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저와 이름이 λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 세이λͺ¨μ–΄ 밴져도 κ·Έλ ‡κ²Œ λ―Ώμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:40
Seymour is the man that introduced the use of drosophila
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세이λͺ¨μ–΄λŠ” 이곳 μΉΌν…μ—μ„œ 60λ…„λŒ€λΆ€ν„° 초파리λ₯Ό
05:43
here at CalTech in the '60s as a model organism
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μ‹€ν—˜ 개체둜 λ„μž…ν–ˆλ˜ 인물 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:47
to study the connection between genes and behavior.
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μœ μ „μžμ™€ ν–‰λ™μ˜ 연결성을 μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œμ˜€μ£ .
05:50
Seymour recruited me to CalTech in the late 1980s.
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μ„Έμ΄λ§ˆλ₯΄κ°€ 80λ…„λŒ€μ— μ €λ₯Ό μΉΌν…μœΌλ‘œ λ°λ €μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:54
He was my Jedi and my rabbi while he was here,
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κ·Έκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ μ €μ˜ 슀승이며 λžλΉ„μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:58
and Seymour taught me both to love flies
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κ·ΈλŠ” μ €μ—κ²Œ 초파리λ₯Ό μ‚¬λž‘ν•˜κ³ 
06:01
and also to play with science.
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과학을 즐기도둝 κ°€λ₯΄μ³ μ£Όμ…¨μ£ .
06:04
So how do we ask this question?
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그럼 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 이런 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš” ?
06:07
It's one thing to believe that flies have emotion-like states,
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νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 감정 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό κ°€μ‘Œλ‹€κ³  λ―ΏλŠ”λ‹€λ©΄,
06:11
but how do we actually find out whether that's true or not?
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이게 사싀일지 아닐지 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš” ?
06:14
Now, in humans we often infer emotional states,
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μ‚¬λžŒμ€ κ²‰μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œν˜„λ˜λŠ” ν‘œμ •μ„ 보고
06:18
as you'll hear later today, from facial expressions.
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감정 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ’…μ’… μΆ”μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:22
However, it's a little difficult to do that in fruit flies.
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” 이게 μ’€ μ–΄λ ΅μ£ .
06:26
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
06:29
It's kind of like landing on Mars
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이건 화성에 μ°©λ₯™ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ
06:32
and looking out the window of your spaceship
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μš°μ£Όμ„  밖을 λ³΄λ‹ˆ
06:35
at all the little green men who are surrounding it
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ— λ‘˜λŸ¬μ‹Έμ—¬ μžˆμ„ λ•Œ
06:37
and trying to figure out, "How do I find out
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"이듀이 감정이 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ—†λŠ”μ§€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ•Œμ§€?"라고
06:40
if they have emotions or not?"
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 것과 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:42
What can we do? It's not so easy.
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 뭘 ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒμš”? μ‰½μ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ£ .
06:45
Well, one of the ways that we can start
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κΈ€μŽ„μš”, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹œμž‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법은
06:48
is to try to come up with some general characteristics
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감정 μƒνƒœμ˜ 일반적인
06:52
or properties of emotion-like states
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νŠΉμ§•μ΄λ‚˜ μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•΄
06:56
such as arousal, and see if we can identify
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특히 ν₯뢄상 νƒœ 같은 것듀을
06:59
any fly behaviors that might exhibit some of those properties.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œμ„œ 찾을 수 있으면 될 것 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:04
So three important ones that I can think of
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ œκ°€ 생각할 μˆ˜μžˆλŠ” μ€‘μš”ν•œ 3κ°€μ§€λŠ”
07:07
are persistence, gradations in intensity, and valence.
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항상성, λ°€λ„μ˜ 단계적 차이, 그리고 μœ μ˜μ„± λ“± μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
Persistence means long-lasting.
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항상성은 였래 κ²¬λ””λŠ” 것을 μ˜λ―Έν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:14
We all know that the stimulus that triggers an emotion
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” κ°μ •μ˜ μžκ·Ήμ„ λ°›μœΌλ©΄
07:18
causes that emotion to last long after the stimulus is gone.
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자극이 없어져도 그둜 μΈν•œ 감정은 였래 κ°„λ‹€λŠ”κ±΄ μ•Œμ£ .
07:23
Gradations of intensity means what it sounds like.
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λ°€λ„μ˜ 단계적 μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 그게 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬λŠ”κ°€μ™€ κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:26
You can dial up the intensity or dial down the intensity of an emotion.
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κ°μ •μ˜ 강도λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ λ‚΄λ¦¬κ±°λ‚˜ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ±°μ£ .
07:31
If you're a little bit unhappy, the corners of your mouth
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ˜ μ’€ 기뢄이 μ•ˆμ’‹μœΌλ©΄ μž…μˆ μ΄ 쳐지고
07:33
turn down and you sniffle,
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ν›Œμ©κ±°λ¦¬μ§€μš”.
07:35
and if you're very unhappy, tears pour down your face
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맀우 기뢄이 μ•ˆμ’‹μœΌλ©΄ 눈물이 흘러 내리고
07:38
and you might sob.
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μšΈμŒμ„ ν„°νŠΈλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:40
Valence means good or bad, positive or negative.
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μœ μ˜μ„±μ€ λ‚˜μ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ’‹κ±°λ‚˜ λ˜λŠ” κΈμ •μ μ΄κ±°λ‚˜ 뢀정적인 것을 의미 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:44
So we decided to see if flies could be provoked into showing
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ λ§λ²Œλ“€μ΄ 피크닉 ν…Œμ΄λΆˆ
07:49
the kind of behavior that you see
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햄버거에 달렀듀고
07:51
by the proverbial wasp at the picnic table,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€ 그것을 μ«“μ•„λ‚΄λ €κ³  κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ
07:54
you know, the one that keeps coming back to your hamburger
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λ…Έλ ₯해도 λ‹€μ‹œ λŒμ•„μ˜€λŠ”,
07:57
the more vigorously you try to swat it away,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ„ μ§œμ¦λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
07:59
and it seems to keep getting irritated.
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행동을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ‚΄κΈ°λ‘œ ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:02
So we built a device, which we call a puff-o-mat,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ "퍼프-였-맀트"λΌλŠ” μž₯치λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°
08:05
in which we could deliver little brief air puffs to fruit flies
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이 μž₯μΉ˜λŠ” μ‹€ν—˜μ‹€μ˜ ν”ŒλΌμŠ€ν‹± νŠœλΈŒμ— μžˆλŠ”
08:10
in these plastic tubes in our laboratory bench
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 곡기λ₯Ό λΆˆμ–΄
08:12
and blow them away.
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λ‚ λ € λ³΄λ‚΄λŠ” μž₯치 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:14
And what we found is that if we gave these flies
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이 νŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ΄ μ—°μ†μ μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬μ°¨λ‘€
08:17
in the puff-o-mat several puffs in a row,
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퍼프-였-λ§€νŠΈμ—μ„œ 곡기λ₯Ό 맞으면
08:20
they became somewhat hyperactive
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점점 항진적인 ν™œλ™μ„ 보여
08:23
and continued to run around for some time after the air puffs actually stopped
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곡기가 λ©ˆμΆ°λ„ κ³„μ†ν•΄μ„œ μ–΄λŠ 정도 λ‚ μ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆλ‹€κ°€
08:27
and took a while to calm down.
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λ©ˆμΆ”λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:30
So we quantified this behavior
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이런 행동듀을 μ •λŸ‰ν™”ν–ˆλŠ”λ°
08:32
using custom locomotor tracking software
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이 ν•™κ΅μ˜ 전기곡학뢀에 κ·Όλ¬΄ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ”
08:35
developed with my collaborator Pietro Perona,
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제 λ™λ£Œ ν”Όμ—νŠΈλ‘œ νŽ˜λ‘œλ‚˜μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ κ°œλ°œν•œ
08:38
who's in the electrical engineering division here at CalTech.
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이동 좔적 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:42
And what this quantification showed us is that,
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이 μ •λŸ‰ν™”λœ
08:45
upon experiencing a train of these air puffs,
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일련의 곡기 λΆ„μ‚¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 보면
08:48
the flies appear to enter a kind of state of hyperactivity
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ΄ ν™œλ™μ΄ ν•­μ§„λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”λ°
08:52
which is persistent, long-lasting,
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이것듀은 항상성이 있고, μ§€μ†λ˜λ©°
08:55
and also appears to be graded.
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츑정이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:57
More puffs, or more intense puffs,
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쒀더 많고 μ§‘μ€‘μ μœΌλ‘œ 곡기λ₯Ό λΆ„μ‚¬ν•˜λ©΄
09:00
make the state last for a longer period of time.
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이런 κΈ΄μž₯ μƒνƒœκ°€ 였래 μ§€μ†λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:04
So now we wanted to try to understand something
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이런 κΈ΄μž₯ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ§€μ†μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 무언가λ₯Ό
09:06
about what controls the duration of this state.
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μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄κΈ°λ‘œ 마음 λ¨Ήμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
So we decided to use our puff-o-mat
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이 퍼프-였-λ§€νŠΈμ™€
09:13
and our automated tracking software
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μžλ™ 좔적 μ†Œν”„νŠΈμ›¨μ–΄λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
09:15
to screen through hundreds of lines of mutant fruit flies
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수백 마리의 μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜• 초파리의 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬
09:19
to see if we could find any that showed abnormal responses to the air puffs.
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이 곡기 뢄사에 이상 λ°˜μ‘μ„ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 것듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜λ € ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:24
And this is one of the great things about fruit flies.
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이것은 초파리λ₯Ό μ‹€ν—˜μ²΄λ‘œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” μ•„μ£Ό 쒋은 μ˜ˆμ΄μ§€μš”.
09:26
There are repositories where you can just pick up the phone
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μ „ν™” ν•œ ν†΅μœΌλ‘œ μœ μ „μžκ°€ λ³€ν˜•λœ μ—¬λŸ¬ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜
09:29
and order hundreds of vials of flies of different mutants
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초파리λ₯Ό μ£Όλ¬Έν•˜κ³ 
09:32
and screen them in your assay and then find out
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이것듀을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹€ν—˜ν•˜μ—¬ μ–΄λŠ μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜•μ΄
09:35
what gene is affected in the mutation.
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이런 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‹€ν—˜ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ €μž₯μ†ŒλŠ” λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:38
So doing the screen, we discovered one mutant
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이 μ‹€ν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό μš°λ¦¬λŠ”
09:41
that took much longer than normal to calm down
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ν•œ μœ μ „μž 변이가 정상보닀 였랜 기간이 κ±Έλ €
09:45
after the air puffs,
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μ§„μ •λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
09:47
and when we examined the gene that was affected in this mutation,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ°œκ²¬ν•œ μœ μ „μž λ³€ν˜•μ²΄λŠ”
09:51
it turned out to encode a dopamine receptor.
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μˆ˜μš©μ„ λ‹΄λ‹Ήν•˜λŠ” μœ μ „μž μ½”λ“œμ— μ˜ν•œ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:55
That's right -- flies, like people, have dopamine,
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λ§žμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€λ„ 인간과 같이
09:58
and it acts on their brains and on their synapses
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λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ΄ 있고, 또 이게 λ‡Œμ— μž‘μš©ν•˜κ³  있고
10:00
through the same dopamine receptor molecules
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό μ œκ°€ κ°–κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ™μΌν•œ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체λ₯Ό 톡해
10:03
that you and I have.
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λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:05
Dopamine plays a number of important functions in the brain,
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λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ€ λ‡Œμ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬ 뢀뢄에 μ€‘μš”ν•˜κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”λ°
10:09
including in attention, arousal, reward,
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특히 주의λ ₯, λΆ„λ…Έ λ˜λŠ” 보상 심리에 μž‘μš©ν•˜λ©°
10:12
and disorders of the dopamine system have been linked
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특히 μ•½λ¬Ό λ‚¨μš©, νŒŒν‚¨μŠ€λ³‘, 주의λ ₯ 결핍증 λ“±μ˜ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ„ ν¬ν•¨ν•œ
10:15
to a number of mental disorders including drug abuse,
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ μž₯애와
10:19
Parkinson's disease, and ADHD.
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연관성이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:23
Now, in genetics, it's a little counterintuitive.
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μœ μ „ κ³΅ν•™μ—μ„œλŠ” 이건 μ’€ μ§κ΄€κ³ΌλŠ” λ°˜λŒ€μ˜ 경우인데,
10:26
We tend to infer the normal function of something
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 일반적 κΈ°λŠ₯듀을 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ κ·Έκ±Έ 없앴을 λ•Œ
10:29
by what doesn't happen when we take it away,
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λ°œμƒν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 것을 κ΄€μ°°ν•˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄λŠ” κ²½ν–₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:33
by the opposite of what we see when we take it away.
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ, 없앴을 λ•Œ κ΄€μ°°ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ”κ²Œ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ 말이죠.
10:36
So when we take away the dopamine receptor
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체λ₯Ό 없앴을 λ•Œ
10:39
and the flies take longer to calm down,
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ •ν•˜λŠ”λ° 였래 걸리면
10:41
from that we infer that the normal function of this receptor and dopamine
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ™€ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ μ§„μ •λ˜λŠ” 것이
10:45
is to cause the flies to calm down faster after the puff.
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원인과 결과라고 해석할 수 μžˆμ§€μš”.
10:49
And that's a bit reminiscent of ADHD,
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이건 주의λ ₯ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό μ—°μƒμ‹œν‚€λŠ”λ°μš”.
10:52
which has been linked to disorders of the dopamine system in humans.
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주의λ ₯ 결핍은 μΈκ°„μ˜ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μž₯애와 연관이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:56
Indeed, if we increase the levels of dopamine in normal flies
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사싀 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œ DEAμ—μ„œ 인증된
11:01
by feeding them cocaine
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λ§ˆμ•½μ„ μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ˜ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό λ ˆλ²¨μ„
11:03
after getting the appropriate DEA license
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올리게 되면
11:06
β€” oh my God -- (Laughter) β€”
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μ„Έμƒμ—λ‚˜! (μ›ƒμŒ)
11:10
we find indeed that these cocaine-fed flies
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 사싀 λ§ˆμ•½μ„ 먹은 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€
11:13
calm down faster than normal flies do,
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일반적인 μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ³΄λ‹€ 빨리 μ§„μ •λ˜λŠ” 것을 λ°œκ²¬ν–ˆκ³ 
11:16
and that's also reminiscent of ADHD,
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주의λ ₯ μž₯애에 μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ”
11:19
which is often treated with drugs like Ritalin
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λ§ˆμ•½ μ„±λΆ„κ³Ό λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ λ¦¬νƒˆλ¦° 같은 μ•½ν’ˆλ„
11:21
that act similarly to cocaine.
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λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λΌλŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:24
So slowly I began to realize that what started out
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ μ μ§„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ €λŠ” μΈκ°„μ˜ μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜κ³Ό
11:27
as a rather playful attempt to try to annoy fruit flies
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ„ ν™”λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ”
11:31
might actually have some relevance to a human psychiatric disorder.
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ν–‰λ™κ°„μ˜ 연관성에 λŒ€ν•΄ κΉ¨λ‹«κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:35
Now, how far does this analogy go?
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이 연ꡬ가 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ§„ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμ„κΉŒμš”?
11:37
As many of you know, individuals afflicted with ADHD
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ΄ μ•„μ‹œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό 주의λ ₯ 결핍 μž₯μ• λ₯Ό 가진 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
11:40
also have learning disabilities.
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ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯에 λ¬Έμ œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:43
Is that true of our dopamine receptor mutant flies?
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이게 λ„νŒŒλ―Ό μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ λ³€μ΄λœ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬μ—κ²Œλ„ μ μš©λ κΉŒμš” ?
11:46
Remarkably, the answer is yes.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ 닡은 "예" μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:49
As Seymour showed back in the 1970s,
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세이λͺ¨μ–΄κ°€ 1970λ…„λŒ€μ— λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όμ—ˆλ“―μ΄
11:52
flies, like songbirds, as you just heard,
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λ…Έλž˜ν•˜λŠ” μƒˆλ“€κ³Ό λ§ˆμ°¬κ°€μ§€λ‘œ
11:54
are capable of learning.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ„ ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:56
You can train a fly to avoid an odor, shown here in blue,
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μ—¬κΈ° νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μœΌλ‘œ, λƒ„μƒˆμ™€ μ „κΈ° 좩격을 ν•¨κ»˜ μ£Όλ©΄
12:00
if you pair that odor with a shock.
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νŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ 이 λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό ν”Όν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•™μŠ΅μ‹œν‚¬ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:03
Then when you give those trained flies the chance to choose
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그리고 이 ν›ˆλ ¨λœ μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ
12:06
between a tube with the shock-paired odor and another odor,
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좩격기가 뢙은 κ΄€κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ κ΄€μ˜ λƒ„μƒˆλ₯Ό μ„ νƒν•˜κ²Œ ν•˜λ©΄
12:09
it avoids the tube containing the blue odor that was paired with shock.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λŠ” 좩격기가 μžˆλŠ” νŒŒλž€μƒ‰κ΄€μ„ ν”Όν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:13
Well, if you do this test on dopamine receptor mutant flies,
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κ·Έλ ‡μ§€λ§Œ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체 λ³€ν˜• μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ€
12:17
they don't learn. Their learning score is zero.
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ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 그듀은 ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:19
They flunk out of CalTech.
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그듀은 μΉΌν…μ—°κ΅¬μ†Œμ— μ‹€νŒ¨λ₯Ό μ•ˆκ²Όμ§€μš”.
12:23
So that means that these flies have two abnormalities,
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이것은 이 νŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ΄ 두 가지 비정상적인 것
12:28
or phenotypes, as we geneticists call them,
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λ˜λŠ” μœ μ „ν•™μ  μš©μ–΄λ‘œ μœ μ „μž ν˜•μ§ˆμ„ κ°€μ‘ŒλŠ”λ°
12:31
that one finds in ADHD: hyperactivity and learning disability.
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ADHDμ—μ„œ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆλŠ” κ³Όμž‰ ν–‰λ™μ΄λ‚˜ ν•™μŠ΅ μž₯μ• μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:36
Now what's the causal relationship, if anything, between these phenotypes?
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이 두 가지 μœ μ „ ν˜•μ§ˆμ˜ 인과 κ΄€κ³„λŠ” μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμΌκΉŒμš” ?
12:41
In ADHD, it's often assumed that the hyperactivity
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주의λ ₯ μž₯μ• λŠ” κ³Όμž‰ 행동이 ν•™μŠ΅ μž₯μ• λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“ λ‹€κ³ 
12:45
causes the learning disability.
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μ’…μ’… κ°€μ •ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:47
The kids can't sit still long enough to focus, so they don't learn.
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아이듀이 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ 집쀑을 λͺ»ν•˜λ‹ˆ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ λͺ»ν•˜μ£ .
12:50
But it could equally be the case that it's the learning disabilities
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ ν•™μŠ΅ μž₯μ• κ°€ λ™μΌν•˜κ²Œ κ³Όμž‰ ν–‰λ™μ˜
12:54
that cause the hyperactivity.
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원인이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:55
Because the kids can't learn, they look for other things to distract their attention.
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ν•™μŠ΅ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 아이듀은 관심을 끌 λ‹€λ₯Έ 것을 μ°ΎκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
13:00
And a final possibility is that there's no relationship at all
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λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ κ°€λŠ₯성은 이 두가지에 연관성이 μ „ν˜€ μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:03
between learning disabilities and hyperactivity,
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ν•™μŠ΅ μž₯애와 κ³Όμž‰ ν–‰λ™κ°„μ—μš”.
13:05
but that they are caused by a common underlying mechanism in ADHD.
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 이 두가지가 주의λ ₯ μž₯μ• μ—μ„œ λ°œκ²¬λ˜λŠ” 곡톡적 νŠΉμ§•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:10
Now people have been wondering about this for a long time
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ 이에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ˜€λžœλ™μ•ˆ 생각해 μ™”λŠ”λ°,
13:13
in humans, but in flies we can actually test this.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 파리둜 이것을 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ μ‹€ν—˜ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:16
And the way that we do this is to delve deeply into the mind
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μœ μ „ 곡학을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 초파리의 인식을 μ‹¬λ„μžˆκ²Œ νŒŒμ•…ν•˜μ—¬
13:19
of the fly and begin to untangle its circuitry using genetics.
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μœ μ „μžλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” νšŒλ‘œμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•œ 것이죠.
13:23
We take our dopamine receptor mutant flies
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체 λ³€ν˜• 초파리λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬
13:26
and we genetically restore, or cure, the dopamine receptor
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μœ μ „ κ³΅ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체λ₯Ό λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆλŠ”λ°
13:30
by putting a good copy of the dopamine receptor gene
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체λ₯Ό λ³΅μ œν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μ‹œ μ£Όμž…μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 방법을
13:34
back into the fly brain.
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μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:36
But in each fly, we put it back only into certain neurons
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ νŒŒλ¦¬λ§ˆλ‹€ 일정 λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ λ‰΄λŸ°λ§Œ λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜μ—¬
13:40
and not in others, and then we test each of these flies
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μ–΄λŠ λ‹¨κ³„λ‘œ ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜κ³  ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ”μ§€
13:43
for their ability to learn and for hyperactivity.
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ν…ŒμŠ€νŠΈν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:47
Remarkably, we find we can completely dissociate these two abnormalities.
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λ†€λžκ²Œλ„ 이 두가지 비정상을 μ™„μ „νžˆ λΆ„λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ„±κ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:52
If we put a good copy of the dopamine receptor back
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체 볡제체λ₯Ό 쀑앙 볡합체라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ”
13:54
in this elliptical structure called the central complex,
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νƒ€μ›ν˜• ꡬ쑰에 λ‹€μ‹œ μ™„μ „νžˆ λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄
13:57
the flies are no longer hyperactive, but they still can't learn.
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μ΄ˆνŒŒλ¦¬κ°€ κ³Όμž‰ 행동은 ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ§€λ§Œ μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•™μŠ΅μ€ λͺ»ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:01
On the other hand, if we put the receptor back in a different structure
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ ꡬ름체라 λΆ€λ₯΄λŠ” λ‹€λ₯Έ μ§€μ μœΌλ‘œ
14:04
called the mushroom body,
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체λ₯Ό λ³΅κ΅¬ν•˜λ©΄
14:06
the learning deficit is rescued, the flies learn well,
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ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯은 볡ꡬ되고 잘 ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ
14:09
but they're still hyperactive.
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그듀은 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κ³Όμž‰ 행동을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:11
What that tells us is that dopamine
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ€ 파리의 λ‡Œμ—
14:13
is not bathing the brain of these flies like soup.
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μŠ€ν”„μ²˜λŸΌ μžˆλŠ” 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌκ³  μ•Œκ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:16
Rather, it's acting to control two different functions
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κ·Έλ³΄λ‹€λŠ” λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ€ 두가지 κΈ°λŠ₯을
14:19
on two different circuits,
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두가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ νšŒλ‘œμ—μ„œ μ œμ–΄ν•œλ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:21
so the reason there are two things wrong with our dopamine receptor flies
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λ„νŒŒλ―Ό 수용체 λ³€ν˜• νŒŒλ¦¬λ“€μ—κ²Œ 잘λͺ»λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 원인은
14:25
is that the same receptor is controlling two different functions
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같은 μˆ˜μš©μ²΄κ°€ 두 가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ λ‡Œμ˜ 지점에 μžˆλŠ”
14:29
in two different regions of the brain.
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κΈ°λŠ₯을 μ œμ–΄ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ°œμƒν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:32
Whether the same thing is true in ADHD in humans
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주의λ ₯ μž₯애인 μΈκ°„μ—κ²Œλ„
14:35
we don't know, but these kinds of results
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아직은 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ§€λ§Œ 이런 결과둜 λ³Ό λ•Œ
14:37
should at least cause us to consider that possibility.
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적어도 같은 κ°€λŠ₯성을 생각해 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
So these results make me and my colleagues more convinced than ever
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 이 연ꡬ 결과에 μ˜ν•΄ 저와 λ™λ£Œλ“€μ€ μ–΄λŠ λ•Œλ³΄λ‹€λ„
14:45
that the brain is not a bag of chemical soup,
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λ‡ŒλŠ” ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆ μŠ€ν”„λ‘œ 가득찬 덩어리가 μ•„λ‹ˆκ³ 
14:48
and it's a mistake to try to treat complex psychiatric disorders
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이 μŠ€ν”„μ˜ λ§›λ§Œ λ‹€λ₯΄κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” λ§žμ§€ μ•Šλ‹€λŠ” 것을
14:52
just by changing the flavor of the soup.
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ν™•μ‹ ν•˜κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:55
What we need to do is to use our ingenuity and our scientific knowledge
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우리의 독창성과 κ³Όν•™ 지식을 톡해
14:59
to try to design a new generation of treatments
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μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ„ΈλŒ€μ˜ μΉ˜λ£Œλ²•μ„ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:01
that are targeted to specific neurons and specific regions of the brain
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즉 μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” νŠΉμ • λ‰΄λŸ°κ³Ό λ‡Œ μ˜μ—­μ— λŒ€ν•΄
15:06
that are affected in particular psychiatric disorders.
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μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜λŠ” 방법을 λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:09
If we can do that, we may be able to cure these disorders
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λœλ‹€λ©΄,
15:12
without the unpleasant side effects,
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μ •μ‹ μ˜ 엔진에 μ˜€μΌμ„ 퍼뢀어 μƒκΈ°λŠ”
15:14
putting the oil back in our mental engines,
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λΆˆμΎŒν•œ λΆ€μž‘μš©μ—†μ΄
15:17
just where it's needed. Thank you very much.
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μ •μ‹  μ§ˆν™˜μ„ μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€λ‹¨νžˆ κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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