The history of human emotions | Tiffany Watt Smith

190,509 views ใƒป 2018-01-31

TED


ไธ‹ใฎ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใงใใพใ™ใ€‚

็ฟป่จณ: Shiho Kioka ๆ กๆญฃ: Moe Shoji
00:12
I would like to begin with a little experiment.
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ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจใ—ใŸๅฎŸ้จ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅง‹ใ‚ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
00:15
In a moment, I'm going to ask if you would close your eyes
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซ ็›ฎใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใฆใ‚‚ใ‚‰ใ„ใพใ™
00:18
and see if you can work out
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ใใ—ใฆ ไปŠใ“ใฎ็žฌ้–“ใซ
00:20
what emotions you're feeling right now.
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ใฉใ‚“ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ ่ฆณๅฏŸใ—ใฆใฟใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:23
Now, you're not going to tell anyone or anything.
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่ชฐใ‹ใซๆ•™ใˆใŸใ‚Šใ™ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
00:25
The idea is to see how easy or perhaps hard you find it
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ใ“ใฎๅฎŸ้จ“ใฎ็‹™ใ„ใฏ ่‡ชๅˆ†ใŒ ไฝ•ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚’ๆญฃ็ขบใซๆŠŠๆกใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใŒ
00:29
to pinpoint exactly what you're feeling.
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ใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘็ฐกๅ˜ใ‹ ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‹ใ‚’็Ÿฅใ‚‹ไบ‹ใงใ™
00:32
And I thought I'd give you 10 seconds to do this.
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10็ง’ๅทฎใ—ไธŠใ’ใพใ™
00:35
OK?
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ใ„ใ„ใงใ™ใ‹๏ผŸ
00:37
Right, let's start.
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ใงใฏๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใใ ใ•ใ„
00:48
OK, that's it, time's up.
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ใฏใ„ ใใ“ใพใง ๆ™‚้–“ใงใ™
00:49
How did it go?
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ใ„ใ‹ใŒใงใ—ใŸใ‹๏ผŸ
00:51
You were probably feeling a little bit under pressure,
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ๅฐ‘ใ—ใƒ—ใƒฌใƒƒใ‚ทใƒฃใƒผใ‚’ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใ—
00:53
maybe suspicious of the person next to you.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ้šฃใฎไบบใ‚’ ็–‘ใฃใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
00:55
Did they definitely have their eyes closed?
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็›ฎใ‚’้–‰ใ˜ใฆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ—ใ‚‰๏ผŸใจ
00:58
Perhaps you felt some strange, distant worry
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ไปŠๆœ ้€ใฃใŸใƒกใƒผใƒซใซใคใ„ใฆ
01:01
about that email you sent this morning
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ๅฆ™ใชใผใ‚“ใ‚„ใ‚Šใ—ใŸไธๅฎ‰ใ‚’ ่ฆšใˆใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:04
or excitement about something you've got planned for this evening.
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ ไปŠๆ™ฉใฎไบˆๅฎšใ‚’่€ƒใˆใฆ ใƒฏใ‚ฏใƒฏใ‚ฏใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:07
Maybe you felt that exhilaration that comes when we get together
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‹ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ ใ“ใ†ใ„ใฃใŸๅคงๅ‹ขใŒ ้›†ใพใ‚‹ไบ‹ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹โ€•
01:10
in big groups of people like this;
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้ซ˜ๆšๆ„Ÿใ‚’ๆŠฑใ„ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:12
the Welsh called it "hwyl,"
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ใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒผใƒซใ‚บ่ชžใง โ€œhwyl๏ผˆใƒ•ใ‚จใƒซ๏ผ‰โ€ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
01:14
from the word for boat sails.
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ๅ…ƒใฏใ€Œ่ˆนใฎๅธ†ใ€ใ‚’ๆ„ๅ‘ณใ—ใพใ™ ๏ผป้ซ˜ๆšใ€ใƒ‘ใƒผใƒ†ใ‚ฃใƒผใงใฎ่ˆˆๅฅฎ๏ผฝ
01:17
Or maybe you felt all of these things.
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ ไปŠ่จ€ใฃใŸๅ…จ้ƒจใ‚’ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
01:20
There are some emotions which wash the world in a single color,
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ไธ–็•Œใ‚’ไธ€่‰ฒใซๅก—ใ‚Šๆ›ฟใˆใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ†ใช ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚‚ใ„ใใคใ‹ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:23
like the terror felt as a car skids.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ่ปŠใŒใ‚นใƒชใƒƒใƒ—ใ—ใŸๆ™‚ใฎ ใ€Œๆๆ€–ใ€ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ™
01:27
But more often, our emotions crowd and jostle together
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๅคงๆŠตใฏ่ค‡ๆ•ฐใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ ๆŠผใ—ๅˆใ„ใธใ—ๅˆใ„ใ—ใฆ
01:29
until it is actually quite hard to tell them apart.
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ไธ€ใคไธ€ใค่ฆ‹ๅˆ†ใ‘ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ๅฎŸใฏใ‹ใชใ‚Š้›ฃใ—ใใชใ‚Šใพใ™
01:33
Some slide past so quickly you'd hardly even notice them,
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ไธญใซใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚็ด ๆ—ฉใ้ŽใŽๅŽปใ‚‹ใฎใง ๆฐ—ใฅใไบ‹ใ•ใˆ้›ฃใ—ใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:37
like the nostalgia that will make you reach out
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใ€ŒใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ธใ‚ขใ€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
01:39
to grab a familiar brand in the supermarket.
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ใ‚นใƒผใƒ‘ใƒผใง้ฆดๆŸ“ใฟใฎใƒ–ใƒฉใƒณใƒ‰ใ‚’ ๆ‰‹ใซๅ–ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใชใฉใงใ™
01:42
And then there are others that we hurry away from,
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ ็ช็„ถ่ฅฒใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ไบ‹ใ‚’ๆใ‚Œใฆ
01:45
fearing that they'll burst on us,
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็ง้”ใŒๆ…Œใฆใฆ้€ƒใ’ๅ‡บใ™ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:47
like the jealousy that causes you to search a loved one's pockets.
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐใ€Œๅซ‰ๅฆฌใ€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๆ„›ใ™ใ‚‹ไบบใฎใƒใ‚ฑใƒƒใƒˆใ‚’ๆŽขใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใพใ™
01:52
And of course, there are some emotions which are so peculiar,
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ ใจใฆใ‚‚็‹ฌ็‰นใชใฎใง ใฉใ†ๅ‘ผในใฐใ„ใ„ใ‹
01:55
you might not even know what to call them.
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ใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
01:57
Perhaps sitting there, you had a little tingle of a desire
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏ ๅบงใฃใฆใ„ใฆ ๅฐ‘ใ—ใ‚ฆใ‚บใ‚ฆใ‚บใ—ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:00
for an emotion one eminent French sociologist called "ilinx,"
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่‘—ๅใชใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใฎ็คพไผšๅญฆ่€…ใŒ โ€œilinx๏ผˆใ‚คใƒชใƒณใ‚ฏใ‚น๏ผ‰โ€ใจๅ‘ผใ‚“ใ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใงใ™
02:05
the delirium that comes with minor acts of chaos.
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ไบ›็ดฐใช็„ก็งฉๅบใฎ่กŒๅ‹•ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ่ตทใ“ใ‚‹ ่ˆˆๅฅฎ็Šถๆ…‹ใฎไบ‹ใงใ™
02:08
For example, if you stood up right now and emptied the contents of your bag
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒไปŠใ“ใ“ใง็ซ‹ใกไธŠใŒใฃใฆ ใƒใƒƒใ‚ฐใฎไธญ่บซใ‚’ๅ…จ้ƒจ ๅบŠใฎไธŠใซ
02:12
all over the floor.
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ใถใกใพใ‘ใŸใจใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:13
Perhaps you experienced one of those odd, untranslatable emotions
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ใŠใใ‚‰ใ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใฏๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใง ่ชฌๆ˜Žใงใใชใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅ‘ณใ‚ใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
02:17
for which there's no obvious English equivalent.
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ใ“ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซ็›ธๅฝ“ใ™ใ‚‹่จ€่‘‰ใŒ ่‹ฑ่ชžใซใฏๅญ˜ๅœจใ—ใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
02:20
You might have felt the feeling the Dutch called "gezelligheid,"
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โ€œgezelligheid๏ผˆใ‚ฎใ‚ผใƒชใƒ˜ใ‚คใƒ‰๏ผ‰โ€ใ‚’ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
02:23
being cozy and warm inside with friends when it's cold and damp outside.
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ใ‚ชใƒฉใƒณใƒ€่ชžใง ๅฏ’ใๆนฟใฃใŸๆ—ฅใซ ๅ‹ไบบใจ ๅฟƒๅœฐใ‚ˆใๆธฉใ‹ใ„ๅฑ‹ๅ†…ใซใ„ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใงใ™
02:28
Maybe if you were really lucky,
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒใจใฆใ‚‚ๅนธ้‹ใ ใฃใŸใ‚‰
02:30
you felt this:
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ใ“ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่ฆšใˆใŸใ‹ใ‚‚
02:32
"basorexia,"
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โ€œbasorexia๏ผˆใƒใ‚ฝใƒฌใ‚ฏใ‚ทใ‚ข๏ผ‰โ€
02:33
a sudden urge to kiss someone.
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็ช็„ถ ่ชฐใ‹ใซใ‚ญใ‚นใ—ใŸใใชใ‚‹่กๅ‹•ใงใ™
02:35
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
02:38
We live in an age
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็ง้”ใฏ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹็Ÿฅ่ญ˜ใŒ
02:40
when knowledge of emotions is an extremely important commodity,
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ๆฅตใ‚ใฆ้‡่ฆใชๅ•†ๅ“ใงใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ™‚ไปฃใซ ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใพใ™
02:45
where emotions are used to explain many things,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒๅคšใใฎใ“ใจใ‚’ ่ชฌๆ˜Žใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใซ็”จใ„ใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
02:49
exploited by our politicians,
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถใซๅˆฉ็”จใ•ใ‚Œ
02:51
manipulated by algorithms.
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ใ‚ขใƒซใ‚ดใƒชใ‚บใƒ ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๆ“ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ๆ™‚ไปฃใงใ™
02:53
Emotional intelligence, which is the skill of being able to recognize and name
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„็Ÿฅๆ€งใจใฏ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“่‡ช่บซ ใใ—ใฆไป–่€…ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’
02:58
your own emotions and those of other people,
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่ช่ญ˜ใ—ใฆ ๅๆŒ‡ใ™ๆŠ€่ก“ใงใ‚ใ‚Š
03:00
is considered so important, that this is taught in our schools and businesses
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ใจใฆใ‚‚้‡่ฆ–ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ๅญฆๆ กใ‚„่ทๅ ดใงๆ•™ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œ
03:04
and encouraged by our health services.
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ๅ…ฌๅ…ฑๅŒป็™‚ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ‚‚ ๆŽจๅฅจใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:07
But despite all of this,
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ใใ‚Œใซใ‚‚ใ‹ใ‹ใ‚ใ‚‰ใš
03:09
I sometimes wonder
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ๆ™‚ใ€… ่€ƒใˆใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
03:11
if the way we think about emotions is becoming impoverished.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹่€ƒใˆๆ–นใŒ ่ฒงๅผฑใซใชใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ใจ
03:15
Sometimes, we're not even that clear what an emotion even is.
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ๆ™‚ๆŠ˜ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒไฝ•ใชใฎใ‹ใ™ใ‚‰ ใ‚ˆใใ‚ใ‹ใ‚‰ใชใใชใ‚‹ๆ™‚ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
03:21
You've probably heard the theory
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่žใ„ใŸใ“ใจใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
03:23
that our entire emotional lives can be boiled down
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ใ‚ใ‚‹็†่ซ–ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ ็ง้”ใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็”Ÿๆดปใฎๅ…จใฆใฏ
03:26
to a handful of basic emotions.
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ไธ€ๆกใ‚ŠใฎๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซ ่ฆ็ด„ใงใใ‚‹ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
03:29
This idea is actually about 2,000 years old,
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ๅฎŸใฏ็ด„2,000ๅนดๅ‰ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚ใ‚‹่€ƒใˆใงใ™ใŒ
03:31
but in our own time,
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็พๅœจ ่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
03:33
some evolutionary psychologists have suggested that these six emotions --
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้€ฒๅŒ–ๅฟƒ็†ๅญฆ่€…ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ใจ ๆฌกใฎ๏ผ–ใคใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…โ€•
03:37
happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, surprise --
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ๅนธ็ฆ ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟ ๆใ‚Œ ๅซŒๆ‚ช ๆ€’ใ‚Š ้ฉšใโ€•
03:42
are expressed by everyone across the globe in exactly the same way,
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏไธ–็•Œไธญใฉใ“ใงใ‚‚ ใพใฃใŸใๅŒใ˜ๆ–นๆณ•ใง่กจ็พใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใŸใ‚
03:45
and therefore represent the building blocks
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็งใŸใกใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็”Ÿๆดปใฎ ๅŸบๆœฌ็š„ใชๆง‹ๆˆ่ฆ็ด ใซใชใ‚‹ใจ
03:48
of our entire emotional lives.
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ไธปๅผตใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
03:51
Well, if you look at an emotion like this,
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ใ•ใฆ ใ“ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ่กจใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๅˆ
03:53
then it looks like a simple reflex:
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ใใ‚Œใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅๅฐ„ใฎใ‚ˆใ†ใซ่ฆ‹ใˆใพใ™
03:55
it's triggered by an external predicament,
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ๅค–็•Œใฎ็ŠถๆณใŒใใฃใ‹ใ‘ใจใชใ‚Š
03:57
it's hardwired,
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ๆœฌๆฅ ไบบ้–“ใซๅ‚™ใ‚ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใง
03:59
it's there to protect us from harm.
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ๅฑๅฎณใ‹ใ‚‰่บซใ‚’ๅฎˆใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ ๅญ˜ๅœจใ™ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
04:02
So you see a bear, your heart rate quickens,
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็†Šใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใจ ๅฟƒๆ‹ใŒ้€Ÿใใชใ‚Š
04:04
your pupils dilate, you feel frightened, you run very, very fast.
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็žณๅญ”ใŒๆ‹กๅผตใ— ๆๆ€–ใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆ ใจใฆใ‚‚้€Ÿใ่ตฐใ‚Šใพใ™ใ‚ˆใญ
04:09
The problem with this picture is,
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ใ“ใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใฎๅ•้กŒ็‚นใฏ
04:11
it doesn't entirely capture what an emotion is.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใจใฏไฝ•ใ‹ใ‚’ ๅฎŒๅ…จใซใฏๆ‰ใˆใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ“ใจใงใ™
04:16
Of course, the physiology is extremely important,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“็”Ÿ็†ๅญฆใฏๆฅตใ‚ใฆ้‡่ฆใงใ™
04:19
but it's not the only reason why we feel the way we do
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใใฎๆ™‚ใ€…ใฎ ็ง้”ใฎๆ„Ÿใ˜ๆ–นใฎ็†็”ฑใฏ
04:22
at any given moment.
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ใใ‚Œใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ„ใฎใงใ™
04:26
What if I was to tell you that in the 12th century,
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12ไธ–็ด€ใฎๅŸ้Š่ฉฉไบบใŒ
04:29
some troubadours didn't see yawning
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็พไปฃใฎ็ง้”ใจใฏ็•ฐใชใ‚Š
04:32
as caused by tiredness or boredom like we do today,
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ๆฌ ไผธใ‚’ ็–ฒใ‚Œใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ‚‚ ้€€ๅฑˆใฎใ›ใ„ใงใ‚‚ใชใ
04:36
but thought it a symbol of the deepest love?
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ๆทฑใ„ใ€Œๆ„›ๆƒ…ใ€ใฎๅฐใจใ—ใฆ ๆ‰ใˆใฆใ„ใŸใ‚‰ใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:40
Or that in that same period, brave men -- knights --
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ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏๅŒใ˜ๆ™‚ไปฃใซ ๅ‹‡ๆ•ขใช้จŽๅฃซใŒ
04:45
commonly fainted out of dismay?
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ใ€Œ็‹ผ็‹ฝใ€ใฎใ›ใ„ใง ใ‚ˆใๆฐ—็ตถใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
04:49
What if I was to tell you
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
04:50
that some early Christians who lived in the desert
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็ ‚ๆผ ใซไฝใ‚“ใ  ๅˆๆœŸใ‚ญใƒชใ‚นใƒˆๆ•™ๅพ’ใŸใกใŒ
04:53
believed that flying demons who mainly came out at lunchtime
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ไธปใซๆ˜ผ้ฃŸๆ™‚ใซ ๆ‚ช้ญ”ใŒ้ฃ›ใ‚“ใงๆฅใฆ
04:57
could infect them with an emotion they called "accidie,"
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โ€œaccidie๏ผˆใ‚ขใ‚ทใƒ‡ใ‚ฃ๏ผ‰โ€ใจๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œใ‚‹ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๆ„ŸๆŸ“ใ•ใ›ใ‚‹ใจไฟกใ˜ใฆใ„ใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
05:02
a kind of lethargy that was sometimes so intense
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ใใ‚Œใฏไธ€็จฎใฎๅ€ฆๆ€ ๆ„Ÿใง ใ—ใฐใ—ใฐไบบ้–“ใ‚’ๆฎบใ™ใปใฉ
05:04
it could even kill them?
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ๅผท็ƒˆใ ใฃใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
05:07
Or that boredom, as we know and love it today,
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ใพใŸใฏ ไปŠใงใฏ็ง้”ใŒๅคงๅฅฝใใช ใŠ้ฆดๆŸ“ใฟใฎใ€Œ้€€ๅฑˆใ€ใฏ
05:11
was first really only felt by the Victorians,
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ๅ…ƒใ€…ใฏ ใƒดใ‚ฃใ‚ฏใƒˆใƒชใ‚ขๆœๆ™‚ไปฃใฎไบบใ€…็‰นๆœ‰ใฎ
05:14
in response to new ideas about leisure time and self-improvement?
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ไฝ™ๆš‡ใ‚„่‡ชๅทฑๅ•“็™บใจใ„ใฃใŸๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ€ๆƒณใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ•ใ‚Œใฆๆ„Ÿใ˜ใŸใ‚‚ใฎใ ใฃใŸใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
05:20
What if we were to think again
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ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใง็ฟป่จณไธๅฏ่ƒฝใชโ€•
05:22
about those odd, untranslatable words for emotions
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใซใคใ„ใฆ ๅ†่€ƒใ—ใฆใฏใฉใ†ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
05:24
and wonder whether some cultures might feel an emotion more intensely
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ใ„ใใคใ‹ใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใง ใ‚ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅผท็ƒˆใซๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใฆใใŸใฎใฏ
05:29
just because they've bothered to name and talk about it,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚’่จ€่‘‰ใซใ—ใฆ ่ชžใฃใฆใใŸใ‹ใ‚‰ใ ใจใ—ใŸใ‚‰๏ผŸ
05:33
like the Russian "toska,"
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ไพ‹ใˆใฐ ใƒญใ‚ทใ‚ข่ชžใฎ โ€œtoska๏ผˆใƒˆใ‚นใ‚ซ๏ผ‰โ€ใฏ
05:35
a feeling of maddening dissatisfaction
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็‹‚ใŠใ—ใ„ใปใฉใฎไธ่ถณๆ„Ÿใ‚’่กจใ—
05:38
said to blow in from the great plains.
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ๅบƒๅคงใชๅนณๅŽŸใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅนใใคใ‘ใฆใใ‚‹ใใ†ใงใ™
๏ผปๅˆ‡ๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใชใๅˆ‡ๆœ› ใƒŠใƒœใ‚ณใƒ•๏ผฝ
05:43
The most recent developments in cognitive science show
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ๆœ€ๆ–ฐใฎ่ช็Ÿฅ็ง‘ๅญฆใฎ็™บๅฑ•ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
05:47
that emotions are not simple reflexes,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฏๅ˜ใชใ‚‹ๅๅฐ„ใงใฏใชใ
05:50
but immensely complex, elastic systems
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้žๅธธใซ่ค‡้›‘ใงๆŸ”่ปŸๆ€งใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‚ทใ‚นใƒ†ใƒ ใ ใจ ๅˆ†ใ‹ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
05:53
that respond both to the biologies that we've inherited
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ใใ‚Œใฏ็ง้”ใŒๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใ„ใ  ็”Ÿ็‰ฉๅญฆ็š„็‰น้•ทใจ
05:56
and to the cultures that we live in now.
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ไปŠ ็”Ÿใใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฎๅŒๆ–นใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘ใพใ™
05:59
They are cognitive phenomena.
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ใใ‚Œใฏ่ช็Ÿฅ็š„ใช็พ่ฑกใชใฎใงใ™
06:01
They're shaped not just by our bodies, but by our thoughts,
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่บซไฝ“ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
ๆ€่€ƒใ‚„ๆฆ‚ๅฟตใ‚„่จ€่ชžใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๅฝขไฝœใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ™
06:04
our concepts, our language.
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06:07
The neuroscientist Lisa Feldman Barrett has become very interested
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็ฅž็ตŒ็ง‘ๅญฆ่€… ใƒชใ‚ตใƒปใƒ•ใ‚งใƒซใƒ‰ใƒžใƒณใƒปใƒใƒฌใƒƒใƒˆใฏ
06:12
in this dynamic relationship between words and emotions.
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่จ€่‘‰ใจๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎใƒ€ใ‚คใƒŠใƒŸใƒƒใ‚ฏใช้–ขไฟ‚ๆ€งใซ ๅผทใ„้–ขๅฟƒใ‚’ๆŒใกใพใ—ใŸ
06:16
She argues that when we learn a new word for an emotion,
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ๅฝผๅฅณใฏไบบใŒๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ๆ–ฐใŸใซๅญฆ็ฟ’ใ™ใ‚‹ใจ
06:20
new feelings are sure to follow.
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ใใ‚Œใซๅพ“ใฃใฆ ๆ–ฐใŸใชๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ ็”Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใพใ™
06:24
As a historian, I've long suspected that as language changes,
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็งใฏๆญดๅฒๅฎถใจใ—ใฆ ่จ€่ชžใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Œใฐ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚‚ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ
06:28
our emotions do, too.
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ใšใฃใจๆ€ใฃใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
06:30
When we look to the past, it's easy to see that emotions have changed,
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้ŽๅŽปใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚Œใฐ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ ๆ™‚ใจใ—ใฆ ๅŠ‡็š„ใชใพใงใซ
06:34
sometimes very dramatically,
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ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’้‚ใ’ใฆใใŸใ“ใจใฏๆ˜Žใ‚‰ใ‹ใงใ™
06:36
in response to new cultural expectations and religious beliefs,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฏ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚„ ๅฎ—ๆ•™็š„ไฟกๅฟตใ‚„
06:39
new ideas about gender, ethnicity and age,
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ใ‚ธใ‚งใƒณใƒ€ใƒผใ‚„ๆฐ‘ๆ—ใ‚„ๅนด้ฝขใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ€ๆƒณใซๅ‘ผๅฟœใ—ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
06:43
even in response to new political and economic ideologies.
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใƒป็ตŒๆธˆ็š„ใ‚คใƒ‡ใ‚ชใƒญใ‚ฎใƒผใซใ•ใˆ ๅ‘ผๅฟœใ—ใฆๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ—ใฆใใŸใฎใงใ™
06:48
There is a historicity to emotions
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซใฏๅฒๅฎŸๆ€งใŒใ‚ใ‚Š
06:51
that we are only recently starting to understand.
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ใ“ใ‚ŒใŒ ใคใ„ๆœ€่ฟ‘ใซใชใฃใฆ ็†่งฃใ•ใ‚Œๅง‹ใ‚ใฆใใพใ—ใŸ
06:56
So I agree absolutely that it does us good to learn new words for emotions,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ๆ–ฐใ—ใ„่จ€่‘‰ใฎๅญฆ็ฟ’ใŒ ๅฝน็ซ‹ใคใ“ใจใซใฏ ๅคงใ„ใซๅŒๆ„ใ—ใพใ™
07:00
but I think we need to go further.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใ‚‚ใฃใจๅ…ˆใซ ่ฉฑใ‚’้€ฒใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:02
I think to be truly emotionally intelligent,
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็œŸใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„็Ÿฅๆ€งใ‚’่บซใซใคใ‘ใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซใฏ
07:05
we need to understand where those words have come from,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฅใŸใฎใ‹
07:09
and what ideas about how we ought to live and behave
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ใฉใ‚“ใช็”Ÿใๆ–นใ‚„ๆŒฏ่ˆžใ„ๆ–นใซใคใ„ใฆใฎๆ€ๆƒณใŒ ใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใจใจใ‚‚ใซ
07:14
they are smuggling along with them.
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ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚’ ็Ÿฅใ‚‹ๅฟ…่ฆใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
07:17
Let me tell you a story.
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ใฒใจใค ใŠ่ฉฑใ‚’ใ—ใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
07:19
It begins in a garret in the late 17th century,
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่ฉฑใฎ่ˆžๅฐใฏ 17ไธ–็ด€ๆœซใฎ ใจใ‚ใ‚‹ๅฑ‹ๆ น่ฃ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใงใ™
07:23
in the Swiss university town of Basel.
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ใ‚นใ‚คใ‚นใฎใƒใƒผใ‚ผใƒซใจใ„ใ†ๅคงๅญฆ่ก—ใง
07:26
Inside, there's a dedicated student living some 60 miles away from home.
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ไธ€ไบบใฎๅ‹‰ๅผท็†ฑๅฟƒใชๅญฆ็”ŸใŒ ๆ•…้ƒทใ‹ใ‚‰100ใ‚ญใƒญ้›ขใ‚Œใฆๆšฎใ‚‰ใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:31
He stops turning up to his lectures,
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ๅฝผใฏ่ฌ›็พฉใซๅงฟใ‚’็พใ•ใชใใชใ‚Š
07:33
and his friends come to visit and they find him dejected and feverish,
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ๅ‹ไบบ้”ใŒ้ƒจๅฑ‹ใ‚’่จชใ‚ŒใŸใจใ“ใ‚ ใใฃใŸใ‚Šใ—ใฆ็†ฑใฎใ‚ใ‚‹ๅญฆ็”Ÿใ‚’็™บ่ฆ‹ใ—ใพใ™
07:38
having heart palpitations,
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ๅ‹•ๆ‚ธใ‚‚ๆฟ€ใ—ใ
07:40
strange sores breaking out on his body.
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่บซไฝ“ใซๅฅ‡ๅฆ™ใช็—›ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใพใ™
07:43
Doctors are called,
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ๅŒป่€…ใŒๅ‘ผใฐใ‚Œ
07:44
and they think it's so serious that prayers are said for him
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็Šถๆณใฏใจใฆใ‚‚ๆทฑๅˆปใซๆ€ใ‚ใ‚Œ ๅœฐๅ…ƒใฎๆ•™ไผšใงใฏๅฝผใฎใŸใ‚ใซ
07:47
in the local church.
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็ฅˆใ‚ŠใŒๆงใ’ใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
07:48
And it's only when they're preparing to return this young man home
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ใใ—ใฆๆญปใซ็€•ใ—ใŸ ใ“ใฎ่‹ฅ่€…ใ‚’ ๅฎŸๅฎถใซๆˆปใ™ใŸใ‚ใซ
07:51
so that he can die,
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ๆบ–ๅ‚™ใ‚’ใ—ใฆใ„ใ‚‹ๆ™‚
07:53
that they realize what's going on,
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ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไบ‹ๆ…‹ใซๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ™
07:54
because once they lift him onto the stretcher,
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ใจ่จ€ใ†ใฎใ‚‚ ๆ‹…ๆžถใซ่ผ‰ใ›ใ‚‹ใ‚„ใ„ใชใ‚„
07:57
his breathing becomes less labored.
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ๅญฆ็”Ÿใฎๅ‘ผๅธใฏๅฐ‘ใ—ๆฅฝใซใชใ‚Š
07:58
And by the time he's got to the gates of his hometown,
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ใใ—ใฆๆ•…้ƒทใฎ่ก—ใฎๅŸŽ้–€ใซ็€ใ้ ƒใซใฏ
08:01
he's almost entirely recovered.
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ใปใผๅฎŒๅ…จใซๅ›žๅพฉใ—ใฆใ„ใŸใฎใงใ™
08:04
And that's when they realize
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ใใ“ใงๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏๆฐ—ใฅใใพใ—ใŸ
08:05
that he's been suffering from a very powerful form of homesickness.
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ๅญฆ็”ŸใŒใ‚‚ใฎใ™ใ”ใๅผท็ƒˆใช ใƒ›ใƒผใƒ ใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใซใ‹ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใŸใ“ใจใซ
08:09
It's so powerful, that it might have killed him.
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ๅ‘ฝใ‚’่ฝใจใ—ใ‹ใญใชใ„ใปใฉ ๅผทๅŠ›ใชใ‚‚ใฎใงใ—ใŸ
08:13
Well, in 1688, a young doctor, Johannes Hofer,
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1688ๅนดใซ ่‹ฅใๅŒปๅธซ ใƒจใƒใƒใ‚นใƒปใƒ›ใ‚ฆใƒ•ใ‚กใƒผใฏ
08:16
heard of this case and others like it
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ใ“ใฎ็—‡ไพ‹ใ‚„ ้กžใ—ใŸไบ‹ไพ‹ใ‚’่€ณใซใ—ใฆ
08:18
and christened the illness "nostalgia."
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ใ“ใฎ็—…ใ‚’ใ€ŒใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ธใ‚ขใ€ใจๅใฅใ‘ใพใ—ใŸ
08:22
The diagnosis quickly caught on in medical circles around Europe.
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ใใฎ่จบๆ–ญ็ตๆžœใฏ ใƒจใƒผใƒญใƒƒใƒ‘ๅŒปๅญฆ็•Œใง ็žฌใ้–“ใซๆต่กŒใ—ใพใ—ใŸ
08:26
The English actually thought they were probably immune
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่‹ฑๅ›ฝไบบใฏๅธๅ›ฝใชใฉใ‚’ ๆ—…ใ—ใฆใใŸใŠใ‹ใ’ใง
08:28
because of all the travel they did in the empire and so on.
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่‡ชๅˆ†้”ใซใฏๅ…็–ซใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใ‹ ใจ่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸใŒ
08:31
But soon there were cases cropping up in Britain, too.
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ใ™ใใซ่‹ฑๅ›ฝใงใ‚‚็—‡ไพ‹ใŒ็พใ‚Œใพใ—ใŸ
08:34
The last person to die from nostalgia
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ใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ธใ‚ขใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹ๆœ€ๅพŒใฎๆญป่€…ใฏ
08:37
was an American soldier fighting during the First World War in France.
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็ฌฌไธ€ๆฌกไธ–็•Œๅคงๆˆฆๆ™‚ใซใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚นใงๆˆฆใฃใŸ ใ‚ขใƒกใƒชใ‚ซไบบๅ…ตๅฃซใงใ—ใŸ
08:43
How is it possible that you could die from nostalgia
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ใŸใฃใŸ100ๅนด่ถณใ‚‰ใšๅ‰ใซ ใƒŽใ‚นใ‚ฟใƒซใ‚ธใ‚ขใงๆญปใฌใชใ‚“ใฆ
08:46
less than a hundred years ago?
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ใ‚ใ‚Šใˆใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
08:48
But today, not only does the word mean something different --
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ็พไปฃใงใฏ ใใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใฎๆ„ๅ‘ณใŒๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Š
08:51
a sickening for a lost time rather than a lost place --
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ๅคฑใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸๅ ดๆ‰€ใงใฏใชใ ๅคฑใ‚ใ‚ŒใŸๆ™‚้–“ใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹็—…ใซใชใฃใŸใ ใ‘ใงใชใ
08:55
but homesickness itself is seen as less serious,
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ใƒ›ใƒผใƒ ใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใใ‚Œ่‡ชไฝ“ใŒ ใ‚ใพใ‚Šๆทฑๅˆปใงใฏใชใ„โ€•
08:58
sort of downgraded from something you could die from
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ใคใพใ‚Šๆญปใฌใปใฉใฎ็—…ใ‹ใ‚‰ ใ›ใ„ใœใ„ ใŠๆณŠใ‚Šไผšใง
09:01
to something you're mainly worried your kid might be suffering from
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ๅญใฉใ‚‚ใŒใ‹ใ‹ใฃใฆใ„ใชใ„ใ‹ ๅฟƒ้…ใ™ใ‚‹็จ‹ๅบฆใฎใ‚‚ใฎใธใจ
09:04
at a sleepover.
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ๆ ผไธ‹ใ’ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:05
This change seems to have happened in the early 20th century.
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ใ“ใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใฏ20ไธ–็ด€ๅ‰ๅŠใซ ่ตทใ“ใฃใŸใ‚ˆใ†ใงใ™
09:09
But why?
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใชใœใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†๏ผŸ
09:11
Was it the invention of telephones or the expansion of the railways?
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้›ป่ฉฑใฎ็™บๆ˜Ž ใ‚‚ใ—ใใฏ ้‰„้“ใฎ็™บ้”ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹๏ผŸ
09:15
Was it perhaps the coming of modernity,
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ใใ‚Œใจใ‚‚ ่ฟ‘ไปฃๅŒ–ใฎ่จชใ‚Œใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ
09:18
with its celebration of restlessness and travel and progress
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ๅคšๅฟ™ใ‚„็งปๅ‹•ใ‚„้€ฒๆญฉใŒ ใ‚‚ใฆใฏใ‚„ใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใŸใ‚ใซ
09:22
that made sickening for the familiar
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ๆ…ฃใ‚Œ่ฆชใ—ใ‚“ใ ใ‚‚ใฎใ‚’ ๅˆ‡ๆœ›ใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ
09:24
seem rather unambitious?
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ๅ‘ไธŠๅฟƒใฎใชใ•ใจ่ฆ‹ใชใ•ใ‚ŒใŸใ‹ใ‚‰๏ผŸ
09:27
You and I inherit that massive transformation in values,
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚‚็งใ‚‚ ใใฎๅคšๅคงใช ไพกๅ€ค่ฆณใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใ‚’ๅ—ใ‘็ถ™ใ„ใงใ„ใพใ™
09:32
and it's one reason why we might not feel homesickness today
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็ง้”ใŒๆ˜”ใฎไบบใปใฉ ใƒ›ใƒผใƒ ใ‚ทใƒƒใ‚ฏใ‚’ ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใชใ„็†็”ฑใฎใฒใจใคใฏ
09:35
as acutely as we used to.
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ใ“ใฎไพกๅ€ค่ฆณใฎๅค‰ๅŒ–ใงใ™
09:39
It's important to understand
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็†่งฃใ™ในใใชใฎใฏ
09:41
that these large historical changes influence our emotions
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸๅคงใใชๆญดๅฒ็š„ๅค‰ๅŒ–ใŒ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ‚’ๅŠใผใ™ใฎใฏ
09:44
partly because they affect how we feel about how we feel.
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ใใ‚ŒใŒ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿใ˜ๆ–นใซ ๅฝฑ้Ÿฟใ™ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
09:48
Today, we celebrate happiness.
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็พๅœจใงใฏ ๅนธ็ฆๆ„Ÿใฏ่ฎƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:51
Happiness is supposed to make us better workers
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ๅนธ็ฆๆ„Ÿใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šไป•ไบ‹ใŒๆ—ใ‚Š
09:55
and parents and partners;
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่‰ฏใไธก่ฆชใ‚„ไผดไพถใซใชใ‚‹ ใจใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ™
09:57
it's supposed to make us live longer.
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ๅนธ็ฆๆ„Ÿใงๅฏฟๅ‘ฝใŒๅปถใณใ‚‹ใจใ‚‚่จ€ใ‚ใ‚Œใพใ™
09:59
In the 16th century,
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16ไธ–็ด€ใซใฏ
10:01
sadness was thought to do most of those things.
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ใ“ใ†ใ—ใŸๅŠนๆžœใ‚’ๆŒใคใฎใฏ ใ€Œๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใ€ใ ใจ่€ƒใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
10:04
It's even possible to read self-help books from that period
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ๅฝ“ๆ™‚ใฎ่‡ชๅทฑๅ•“็™บๆœฌใ‚’่ชญใ‚€ใจ
10:08
which try to encourage sadness in readers
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่ฝ่ƒ†ใ™ในใ็†็”ฑใŒๅˆ—ๆŒ™ใ•ใ‚Œใฆใ„ใฆ
10:10
by giving them lists of reasons to be disappointed.
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่ชญ่€…ใ‚’ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใซ้™ฅใ‚Œใ‚ˆใ† ใจใ•ใˆใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
10:13
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
10:14
These self-help authors thought you could cultivate sadness as a skill,
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่‡ชๅทฑๅ•“็™บๆœฌใฎไฝœ่€…้”ใฏ ๆŠ€่ก“ใจใ—ใฆ ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใซ็†Ÿ็ทดใงใใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆ
10:19
since being expert in it would make you more resilient
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็†Ÿ้”ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ไธๅนธใ‹ใ‚‰ ๆ—ฉใ็ซ‹ใก็›ดใ‚Œใ‚‹ใจ่€ƒใˆใพใ—ใŸ
10:22
when something bad did happen to you, as invariably it would.
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ใชใซใ› ๆ‚ชใ„ไบ‹ใฏใ„ใคใ ใฃใฆ ่ตทใ“ใ‚Šใ†ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™ใ‹ใ‚‰
10:26
I think we could learn from this today.
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ใ“ใฎใ“ใจใ‹ใ‚‰ ๅญฆใถใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
10:28
Feel sad today, and you might feel impatient, even a little ashamed.
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็พไปฃใงใฏ ๆ‚ฒใ—ใฟใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใฏ ใ‚‚ใฉใ‹ใ—ใ ๆฅใšใ‹ใ—ใ„ใ“ใจใงใ•ใˆใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
10:33
Feel sad in the 16th century, and you might feel a little bit smug.
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16ไธ–็ด€ใชใ‚‰ ใกใ‚‡ใฃใจๆ„‰ๆ‚ฆใ‚’่ฆšใˆใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
10:39
Of course, our emotions don't just change across time,
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ใ‚‚ใกใ‚ใ‚“ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฏ ๆ™‚ใ‚’่ถ…ใˆใฆ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฐใ‹ใ‚Šใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
10:42
they also change from place to place.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฏใพใŸ ๅ ดๆ‰€ใซใ‚ˆใฃใฆ ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚‹ใฎใงใ™
10:45
The Baining people of Papua New Guinea speak of "awumbuk,"
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ใƒ‘ใƒ—ใ‚ขใƒปใƒ‹ใƒฅใƒผใƒปใ‚ฎใƒ‹ใ‚ขใฎใƒใ‚คใƒ‹ใƒณๆ—ใฏ โ€œawumbuk๏ผˆใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ–ใ‚ฏ๏ผ‰โ€ใจ่จ€ใฃใฆ
10:50
a feeling of lethargy that descends when a houseguest finally leaves.
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ๅฎขไบบใŒใคใ„ใซๅŽปใ‚‹ใจใใซ้™ใ‚Šใฆใใ‚‹ ็„กๆฐ—ๅŠ›ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใ‚’่กจ็พใ—ใพใ™
10:54
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
10:55
Now, you or I might feel relief,
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็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใ‚„็งใชใ‚‰ ใ€Œๅฎ‰ๅ ตใ€ใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ“ใ‚ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
10:58
but in Baining culture,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใƒใ‚คใƒ‹ใƒณๆ—ใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใงใฏ
11:00
departing guests are thought to shed a sort of heaviness
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ๆ—…็ซ‹ใคๅฎขไบบใฏ ้‡่‹ฆใ—ใ•ใ‚’ ่„ฑใŽๆจใฆใฆใ„ใใ“ใจใง
11:03
so they can travel more easily,
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ใ‚ˆใ‚Šๅฎนๆ˜“ใซๆ—…ใŒใงใใ‚‹ใจใ•ใ‚Œใพใ™
11:05
and this heaviness infects the air and causes this awumbuk.
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้‡่‹ฆใ—ใ•ใฏ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ไผใฃใฆ ใ€Œใ‚ขใ‚ฆใƒณใƒ–ใ‚ฏใ€ใ‚’ใ‚‚ใŸใ‚‰ใ—ใพใ™
11:08
And so what they do is leave a bowl of water out overnight
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ใใ“ใง ๅฝผใ‚‰ใฏไธ€ๆ™ฉ ๆฐดใฎๅ…ฅใฃใŸใƒœใ‚ฆใƒซใ‚’็ฝฎใ„ใฆใŠใ
11:11
to absorb this air,
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ใ“ใฎ็ฉบๆฐ—ใ‚’ๅธใ‚ใ›ใพใ™
11:12
and then very early the next morning, they wake up and have a ceremony
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ใใ‚Œใ‹ใ‚‰ๆฌกใฎๆ—ฅใฎๆ—ฉๆœใซ ่ตทใใฆๅ„€ๅผใ‚’่กŒใ„
11:15
and throw the water away.
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ๆฐดใ‚’ๆจใฆใพใ™
11:16
Now, here's a good example
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ใ“ใ‚Œใฏ ใ‚ใ‚‹็‹ฌ็‰นใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ ็”Ÿใฟๅ‡บใ— ๅ†ใณๆถˆใ—ๅŽปใ‚‹ใŸใ‚ใซ
11:18
of spiritual practices and geographical realities combining
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11:22
to bring a distinct emotion into life
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ใ‚นใƒ”ใƒชใƒใƒฅใ‚ขใƒซใชๅฎŸ่ทตใจ ๅœฐ็†็š„ใช็พๅฎŸใ‚’
11:24
and make it disappear again.
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็ตใณใคใ‘ใŸๅฅฝไพ‹ใงใ™
11:27
One of my favorite emotions is a Japanese word, "amae."
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็งใฎใŠๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใ‚Šใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎไธ€ใคใซ ๆ—ฅๆœฌ่ชžใฎใ€Œ็”˜ใˆใ€ใŒใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
11:33
Amae is a very common word in Japan,
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ใ€Œ็”˜ใˆใ€ใฏๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฏ ใจใฆใ‚‚ไธ€่ˆฌ็š„ใช่จ€่‘‰ใงใ™ใŒ
11:35
but it is actually quite hard to translate.
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็ฟป่จณใ™ใ‚‹ใจใชใ‚‹ใจ ใ‹ใชใ‚Š้›ฃใ—ใ„ใฎใงใ™
11:37
It means something like the pleasure that you get
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ใ€Œ็”˜ใˆใ€ใฏ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใŒไธ€ๆ™‚็š„ใซ
11:40
when you're able to temporarily hand over responsibility for your life
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่‡ชๅˆ†ใฎไบบ็”Ÿใฎ่ฒฌไปปใ‚’ ่ชฐใ‹ไป–ใฎไบบใซๅผ•ใๆธกใ—ใŸๆ™‚ใซ
11:44
to someone else.
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ๅพ—ใ‚‹ๅ–œใณใฎใ“ใจใงใ™
11:45
(Laughter)
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๏ผˆ็ฌ‘๏ผ‰
11:46
Now, anthropologists suggest
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ใ•ใฆ ไบบ้กžๅญฆ่€…้”ใฏ
11:48
that one reason why this word might have been named and celebrated
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ๆ—ฅๆœฌใซใŠใ„ใฆ ใ“ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใŒ็”Ÿใพใ‚Œ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใซใ•ใ‚ŒใŸ็†็”ฑใซใฏ
11:52
in Japan
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11:53
is because of that country's traditionally collectivist culture,
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ๆ—ฅๆœฌใฎไผ็ตฑ็š„ใช้›†็”ฃไธป็พฉๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใŒ ใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใจไธปๅผตใ—ใพใ™
11:57
whereas the feeling of dependency
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ใใฎไธ€ๆ–นใง ใ€Œไพๅญ˜ใ€ใฎๆ„Ÿ่ฆšใจใ„ใ†ใฎใฏ
12:00
may be more fraught amongst English speakers,
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่‡ชๅทฑๅ……่ถณใจๅ€‹ไบบไธป็พฉใซ ไพกๅ€คใ‚’็ฝฎใใ“ใจใ‚’ๅญฆใ‚“ใ โ€•
12:03
who have learned to value self-sufficiency and individualism.
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่‹ฑ่ชž่ฉฑ่€…ใซใจใฃใฆ ใ‚ˆใ‚Š็ทŠๅผตใ‚’ ๅญ•ใ‚€ใ‚‚ใฎใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“
12:09
This might be a little simplistic,
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ใ“ใฎไธปๅผตใฏๅฐ‘ใ—็Ÿญ็ตก็š„ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใพใ›ใ‚“ใŒ
12:11
but it is tantalizing.
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่ˆˆๅ‘ณใ‚’ใใใ‚‰ใ‚Œใพใ™
12:13
What might our emotional languages tell us not just about what we feel,
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่กจใ™่จ€่‘‰ใŒไผใˆใ‚‹ใฎใฏ ็ง้”ใŒๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใ ใ‘ใงใฏใชใ
12:19
but about what we value most?
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็ง้”ใŒๆœ€ใ‚‚ไพกๅ€คใ‚’็ฝฎใใ‚‚ใฎ ใชใฎใงใฏใชใ„ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†ใ‹
12:24
Most people who tell us to pay attention to our well-being
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็ฒพ็ฅžใฎๅฅๅบทใซๆณจๆ„ใ‚’ๅ‘ใ‘ใ‚‹ใ‚ˆใ† ่ชฌใไบบใ€…ใฎๅคšใใฏ
12:29
talk of the importance of naming our emotions.
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่จ€่‘‰ใง่กจ็พใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใ ใจ่จ€ใ„ใพใ™
12:32
But these names aren't neutral labels.
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซไป˜ใ‘ใ‚‰ใ‚ŒใŸๅๅ‰ใฏ ไธญ็ซ‹็š„ใชใƒฉใƒ™ใƒซใงใฏใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ›ใ‚“
12:35
They are freighted with our culture's values and expectations,
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ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฏ็ง้”ใฎๆ–‡ๅŒ–ใฎไพกๅ€ค่ฆณใจ ๆœŸๅพ…ใ‚’ๅซใ‚“ใงใ„ใพใ™
12:39
and they transmit ideas about who we think we are.
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ใใ—ใฆ ็ง้”ใฎ่‡ชๅˆ†่‡ช่บซใซ้–ขใ™ใ‚‹ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’่กจใ—ใฆใ„ใพใ™
12:43
Learning new and unusual words for emotions will help attune us
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ๆ–ฐใ—ใ่€ณๆ…ฃใ‚Œใชใ„ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ๅญฆในใฐ
12:47
to the more finely grained aspects of our inner lives.
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็ฒพ็ฅž็”Ÿๆดปใฎ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใใ‚็ดฐใ‹ใ„้ขใ‚’ ๆ‰ใˆใ‚‰ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
12:51
But more than this, I think these words are worth caring about,
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ใ—ใ‹ใ— ใใ‚ŒไปฅไธŠใซ ใ“ใ‚Œใ‚‰ใฎ่จ€่‘‰ใ‚’ ๅคงๅˆ‡ใซใ™ใ‚‹ไพกๅ€คใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใจ็งใฏ่€ƒใˆใพใ™
12:55
because they remind us how powerful the connection is
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใจ ใใฎ็ตๆžœใฉใ†ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฎ้–“ใซใ‚ใ‚‹โ€•
12:58
between what we think
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็น‹ใŒใ‚ŠใŒใฉใ‚Œใ ใ‘ๅผทๅŠ›ใ‹ใ‚’
13:00
and how we end up feeling.
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ๆ€ใ„ๅ‡บใ•ใ›ใฆใใ‚Œใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‰ใงใ™
13:03
True emotional intelligence requires that we understand
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็œŸใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…็š„็Ÿฅๆ€งใซ ๅฟ…่ฆใจใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
13:07
the social, the political, the cultural forces
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็ง้”ใŒๅŸนใฃใฆใใŸๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹ ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใ‚’ๅฝขไฝœใฃใŸโ€•
13:12
that have shaped what we've come to believe about our emotions
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็คพไผš็š„ใ€ๆ”ฟๆฒป็š„ใ€ๆ–‡ๅŒ–็š„ใชๅฝฑ้ŸฟๅŠ›ใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:15
and understand how happiness or hatred or love or anger
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ใใ—ใฆๅนธ็ฆๆ„Ÿใ‚„ๆ†Žใ—ใฟใ‚„ ๆ„›ใ‚„ๆ€’ใ‚Šใชใฉใฎๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใŒ ไปŠใ‚‚ใชใŠ
13:21
might still be changing now.
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ๅค‰ใ‚ใ‚Šใคใคใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใ‚‚ใ—ใ‚Œใชใ„ใ“ใจใ‚’ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:24
Because if we want to measure our emotions
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ใชใœใชใ‚‰ ใ‚‚ใ—ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’่จˆๆธฌใ—ใŸใ„ใจใ‹
13:27
and teach them in our schools
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใ‚’ๅญฆๆ กใงๆ•™ใˆใŸใ„ใจใ‹
13:29
and listen as our politicians tell us how important they are,
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ๆ”ฟๆฒปๅฎถ้”ใŒ่ชฌใ ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใฎ้‡่ฆๆ€งใซ ่€ณใ‚’ๅ‚พใ‘ใŸใ„ใจๆ€ใ†ใชใ‚‰
13:33
then it is a good idea that we understand
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ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใซๅฏพใ™ใ‚‹็ง้”ใฎ่€ƒใˆๆ–นใŒ
13:35
where the assumptions we have about them
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ใฉใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใ‚„ใฃใฆใใŸใ‚‚ใฎใชใฎใ‹
13:37
have come from,
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ใใ—ใฆ ใใ‚Œใ‚‰ใŒใพใ 
13:38
and whether they still truly speak to us now.
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ๆœฌๅฝ“ใซ็ง้”ใซ่จดใˆใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใŒใ‚ใ‚‹ใ‹ใฉใ†ใ‹ ็†่งฃใ™ใ‚‹ในใใงใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:43
I want to end with an emotion I often feel
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ๆญดๅฒๅฎถใจใ—ใฆไป•ไบ‹ใ‚’ใ™ใ‚‹ไธญใง
13:45
when I'm working as a historian.
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็งใŒใ‚ˆใๆ„Ÿใ˜ใ‚‹ๆ„Ÿๆƒ…ใง ็ท ใ‚ใใใ‚Šใพใ—ใ‚‡ใ†
13:47
It's a French word, "dรฉpaysement."
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ใƒ•ใƒฉใƒณใ‚น่ชžใฎ โ€œdรฉpaysement๏ผˆใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒšใ‚คใ‚บใƒขใƒณ๏ผ‰โ€ใงใ™
13:50
It evokes the giddy disorientation that you feel in an unfamiliar place.
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ไธๆ…ฃใ‚Œใชๅ ดๆ‰€ใง ๆททไนฑใ—ใฆ ใ‚ฏใƒฉใ‚ฏใƒฉใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
13:55
One of my favorite parts of being a historian
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ๆญดๅฒๅฎถใฎไป•ไบ‹ใง ๆฐ—ใซๅ…ฅใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใฎใฏ
13:57
is when something I've completely taken for granted,
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ๅฝ“ใŸใ‚Šๅ‰ใ ใจๆ€ใฃใฆใ„ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใ‚„
13:59
some very familiar part of my life,
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ใจใฆใ‚‚่ฆ‹ๆ…ฃใ‚ŒใŸไบบ็”Ÿใฎใ‚ใ‚‹้ƒจๅˆ†ใŒ
14:02
is suddenly made strange again.
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็ช็„ถ ใพใŸ่ฆ‹ๆ…ฃใ‚Œใชใ„ใ‚‚ใฎใซ ใชใ‚‹ใ“ใจใงใ™
14:05
Dรฉpaysement is unsettling,
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ใ€Œใƒ‡ใ‚ฃใƒšใ‚คใ‚บใƒขใƒณใ€ใฏ ่ฝใก็€ใใพใ›ใ‚“
14:08
but it's exciting, too.
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ใงใ‚‚ ใ‚ใใ‚ใใ™ใ‚‹ใ‚‚ใฎใงใ‚‚ใ‚ใ‚Šใพใ™
14:09
And I hope you might be having just a little glimpse of it right now.
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ใใ—ใฆไปŠ ็š†ใ•ใ‚“ใซๅฐ‘ใ—ใงใ‚‚ ใใ‚Œใ‚’ๆ„Ÿใ˜ใฆใ„ใŸใ ใ‘ใŸใชใ‚‰ใจๆ€ใ„ใพใ™
14:13
Thank you.
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ใ‚ใ‚ŠใŒใจใ†ใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸ
14:14
(Applause)
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๏ผˆๆ‹ๆ‰‹๏ผ‰
ใ“ใฎใ‚ฆใ‚งใƒ–ใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใซใคใ„ใฆ

ใ“ใฎใ‚ตใ‚คใƒˆใงใฏ่‹ฑ่ชžๅญฆ็ฟ’ใซๅฝน็ซ‹ใคYouTubeๅ‹•็”ปใ‚’็ดนไป‹ใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ไธ–็•Œไธญใฎไธ€ๆต่ฌ›ๅธซใซใ‚ˆใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžใƒฌใƒƒใ‚นใƒณใ‚’่ฆ‹ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅ„ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎใƒšใƒผใ‚ธใซ่กจ็คบใ•ใ‚Œใ‚‹่‹ฑ่ชžๅญ—ๅน•ใ‚’ใƒ€ใƒ–ใƒซใ‚ฏใƒชใƒƒใ‚ฏใ™ใ‚‹ใจใ€ใใ“ใ‹ใ‚‰ใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใ‚’ๅ†็”Ÿใ™ใ‚‹ใ“ใจใŒใงใใพใ™ใ€‚ๅญ—ๅน•ใฏใƒ“ใƒ‡ใ‚ชใฎๅ†็”ŸใจๅŒๆœŸใ—ใฆใ‚นใ‚ฏใƒญใƒผใƒซใ—ใพใ™ใ€‚ใ”ๆ„่ฆ‹ใƒปใ”่ฆๆœ›ใŒใ”ใ–ใ„ใพใ—ใŸใ‚‰ใ€ใ“ใกใ‚‰ใฎใŠๅ•ใ„ๅˆใ‚ใ›ใƒ•ใ‚ฉใƒผใƒ ใ‚ˆใ‚Šใ”้€ฃ็ตกใใ ใ•ใ„ใ€‚

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