Richard Ledgett: The NSA responds to Edward Snowden's TED Talk

241,087 views ใƒป 2014-03-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yael BST ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Chris Anderson: We had Edward Snowden here
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืชืืจื— ื›ืืŸ ืืฆืœื ื•
00:14
a couple days ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
00:16
and this is response time.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
00:18
And several of you have written to me
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืœื™ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื‘
00:20
with questions to ask our guest here from the NSA.
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ืœืื•ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ (NSA)
00:25
So Richard Ledgett is the 15th deputy director
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืœื“ื’'ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื’ืŸ ื”-15
00:27
of the National Security Agency,
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ืฉืœ ืจืืฉ ื”- NSA,
00:30
and he's a senior civilian officer there,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืงื™ื“ ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื‘ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ,
00:33
acts as its chief operating officer,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื ื”ืœ ืชืคืขื•ืœ ืจืืฉื™,
00:35
guiding strategies, setting internal policies,
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ืžืชื•ื•ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืงื•ื‘ืข ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืคื ื™ื-ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ืช,
00:39
and serving as the principal advisor to the director.
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ื•ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืœืจืืฉ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
00:43
And all being well,
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ื•ืื ื”ื›ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ืื– -
00:45
welcome, Rick Ledgett, to TED.
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ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื‘ื, ืจื™ืง ืœื“ื’'ื˜, ืœ-TED.
00:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:55
Richard Ledgett: I'm really thankful for the opportunity to talk to folks here.
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ืจื™ืฆ'ืืจื“ ืœื“ื’'ื˜: ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
00:59
I look forward to the conversation,
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ืื ื™ ืžืฆืคื” ื‘ืงื•ืฆืจ ืจื•ื— ืœืฉื™ื—ื”,
01:01
so thanks for arranging for that.
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ืื– ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืืจื’ื ืชื ืื•ืชื”.
01:04
CA: Thank you, Rick.
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ื›"ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš, ืจื™ืง.
01:05
We appreciate you joining us.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืช ืืœื™ื ื•.
01:08
It's certainly quite a strong statement
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”
01:10
that the NSA is willing to reach out
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ืฉื”- NSA ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื˜ ื™ื“
01:12
and show a more open face here.
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ื•ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื›ืืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:16
You saw, I think,
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ืฆืคื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
01:18
the talk and interview that Edward Snowden
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ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ
01:22
gave here a couple days ago.
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ื ืชืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื.
01:23
What did you make of it?
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ืžื” ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืฉืฆืคื™ืช ื‘ื”ื?
01:25
RL: So I think it was interesting.
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:28
We didn't realize that he was going to show up there,
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืฉื.
01:31
so kudos to you guys for arranging
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื›ื ืฉืกื™ื“ืจืชื ืœื ื•
01:34
a nice surprise like that.
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ื”ืคืชืขื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
01:37
I think that, like a lot of the things
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื
01:42
that have come out since Mr. Snowden
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ืฉืขืœื• ืžืื– ืฉืžืจ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ
01:47
started disclosing classified information,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืกื•ื•ื’,
01:50
there were some kernels of truth in there,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืžื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช
01:53
but a lot of extrapolations and half-truths in there,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆืื™ ืืžื™ืชื•ืช
01:56
and I'm interested in helping to address those.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ.
01:59
I think this is a really important conversation
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
02:01
that we're having in the United States
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
02:03
and internationally,
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ื•ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
02:04
and I think it is important and of import,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื•ื—ื™ื•ื ื™,
02:09
and so given that, we need to have that be
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ืื–, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื–ื”, ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•
02:12
a fact-based conversation,
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช
02:14
and we want to help make that happen.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
02:16
CA: So the question that a lot of people have here is,
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ื›"ื: ืื–, ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื,
02:21
what do you make of Snowden's motivations
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ืžื” ื“ืขืชืš ืขืœ ื”ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ
02:24
for doing what he did,
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ืฉื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืฉืขืฉื”,
02:26
and did he have an alternative way that he could have gone?
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ื•ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื‘ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?
02:30
RL: He absolutely did
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ืจ"ืœ: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื”ื™ื• ืœื•
02:33
have alternative ways that he could have gone,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืŸ,
02:37
and I actually think that characterizing him
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื™ื•ื’ ืฉืœื•
02:43
as a whistleblower
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ื›ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช
02:44
actually hurts legitimate whistleblowing activities.
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ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
02:48
So what if somebody who works in the NSA --
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ืื–, ื ื™ืงื— ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘- NSA --
02:52
and there are over 35,000 people who do.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืขืœ 35,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื.
02:55
They're all great citizens.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
02:57
They're just like your husbands, fathers, sisters,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื, ื”ืื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื—ื™ื•ืช,
02:59
brothers, neighbors, nephews, friends and relatives,
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ื”ืื—ื™ื, ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื, ื”ืื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:03
all of whom are interested in doing the right thing
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
03:06
for their country
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:07
and for our allies internationally,
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื–ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
03:10
and so there are a variety of venues to address
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ื•ื›ืš, ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ื
03:14
if folks have a concern.
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื˜ืจื™ื“ ืื•ืชื.
03:15
First off, there's their supervisor,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
03:17
and up through the supervisory chain
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจื’ื™ื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื”ื
03:20
within their organization.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
03:21
If folks aren't comfortable with that,
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ืื ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื ืขื ื–ื”,
03:23
there are a number of inspectors general.
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื›ืžื” ืžืคืงื—ื™ื ื›ืœืœื™ื™ื.
03:25
In the case of Mr. Snowden, he had the option
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืจ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
03:29
of the NSA inspector general,
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”- NSA,
03:31
the Navy inspector general,
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ืืœ ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืœ ื”ื™ื,
03:32
the Pacific Command inspector general,
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ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜,
03:34
the Department of Defense inspector general,
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ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ,
03:36
and the intelligence community inspector general,
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ื•ื”ืžืคืงื— ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ.
03:38
any of whom would have both kept his concerns in classified channels
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื "ืœ ื”ื™ื”, ืžื—ื“, ืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื™ื,
03:42
and been happy to address them.
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ื•ืžืื™ื“ืš - ืฉืžื— ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื”.
03:45
(CA and RL speaking at once)
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(ื›"ื ื•ืจ"ืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช)
03:47
He had the option to go to congressional committees,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
03:50
and there are mechanisms to do that that are in place,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื,
03:53
and so he didn't do any of those things.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขืฉื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
03:55
CA: Now, you had said that
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ื›"ื: ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืžืจืช
03:58
Ed Snowden had other avenues
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ืฉืœืื“ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
04:01
for raising his concerns.
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:03
The comeback on that is a couple of things:
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช:
04:07
one, that he certainly believes that as a contractor,
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ืื—ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงื‘ืœืŸ,
04:10
the avenues that would have been available to him as an employee weren't available,
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ื”ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“, ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
04:14
two, there's a track record of other whistleblowers,
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ืฉืชื™ื™ื, ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืฉื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืคื™ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
04:18
like [Thomas Andrews Drake] being treated
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ื›ืžื• [ืชื•ืžืก ืื ื“ืจื•ืก ื“ืจื™ื™ืง] ืฉื˜ื•ืคืœื• ื“ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”,
04:20
pretty harshly, by some views,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
04:23
and thirdly, what he was taking on
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื ื›ื ื’ื“ื•
04:25
was not one specific flaw that he'd discovered,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคื’ื ืื—ื“ ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื”,
04:28
but programs that had been approved
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ืืœื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืฉืจื•
04:30
by all three branches of government.
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ืข"ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื–ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ.
04:33
I mean, in that circumstance,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
04:36
couldn't you argue that what he did
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ื”ืื ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”
04:38
was reasonable?
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™?
04:41
RL: No, I don't agree with that.
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ืจ"ืœ: ืœื, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
04:43
I think that the โ€”
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื -
04:47
sorry, I'm getting feedback
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ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืคื™ื“ื‘ืง
04:49
through the microphone there โ€”
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ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื -
04:52
the actions that he took were inappropriate
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ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืžื•ืช
04:57
because of the fact that he put people's lives at risk,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
05:02
basically, in the long run,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
05:04
and I know there's been a lot of talk
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
05:05
in public by Mr. Snowden and some of the journalists
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ืžืฆื“ ืžืจ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ื•ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ื
05:10
that say that the things that have been disclosed
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ืฉืคื•
05:13
have not put national security and people at risk,
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ืœื ื”ืขืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืกื›ื ื”
05:17
and that is categorically not true.
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ื•ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:22
They actually do.
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ื”ื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื›ืŸ.
05:24
I think there's also an amazing arrogance
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
05:26
to the idea that he knows better than
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
05:31
the framers of the Constitution
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ืžืžื ืกื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”
05:34
in how the government should be designed and work
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ืื™ืš ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ
05:36
for separation of powers
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
05:38
and the fact that the executive and the legislative branch
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื•ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืงืงืช
05:45
have to work together and they have checks and balances on each other,
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืœืžื™ื
05:47
and then the judicial branch,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ืช,
05:49
which oversees the entire process.
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ืฉืžืคืงื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื•ืœื•.
05:50
I think that's extremely arrogant on his part.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืฆื™ื“ื•.
05:55
CA: Can you give a specific example
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ื›"ื: ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช
05:57
of how he put people's lives at risk?
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื?
06:00
RL: Yeah, sure.
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ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื˜ื—.
06:02
So the things that he's disclosed,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืฉืฃ,
06:06
the capabilities,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช,
06:07
and the NSA is a capabilities-based organization,
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ื•ื” -NSA ื”ื•ื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก-ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช,
06:10
so when we have foreign intelligence targets,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืจื•ืช,
06:14
legitimate things of interest --
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช --
06:15
like, terrorists is the iconic example,
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ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช
06:17
but it includes things like human traffickers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื›ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืื“ื,
06:20
drug traffickers,
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ืกื•ื—ืจื™ ืกืžื™ื,
06:22
people who are trying to build advanced weaponry, nuclear weapons,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื ืฉืง ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
06:26
and build delivery systems for those,
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ื•ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
06:28
and nation-states who might be executing aggression against their immediate neighbors,
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
06:32
which you may have some visibility
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
06:34
into some of that that's going on right now,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
06:37
the capabilities are applied
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
06:41
in very discrete and measured and controlled ways.
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ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ื“ื™ืกืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื, ืžื“ื•ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ื•ืงืจื™ื
06:46
So the unconstrained disclosure of those capabilities
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ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
06:49
means that as adversaries see them
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ
06:51
and recognize, "Hey, I might be vulnerable to this,"
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื - "ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœื–ื”,"
06:54
they move away from that,
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื ืžื–ื”,
06:55
and we have seen targets in terrorism,
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
06:58
in the nation-state area,
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ื,
07:00
in smugglers of various types, and other folks
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืžื‘ืจื™ื—ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื•ื’ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
07:03
who have, because of the disclosures,
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
07:05
moved away from our ability
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ื”ืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
07:08
to have insight into what they're doing.
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
07:10
The net effect of that is that our people
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
07:13
who are overseas in dangerous places,
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ืฉืฉื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื,
07:15
whether they're diplomats or military,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ืฆื‘ื,
07:17
and our allies who are in similar situations,
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
07:20
are at greater risk because we don't see
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื
07:23
the threats that are coming their way.
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ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื”ื.
07:26
CA: So that's a general response saying that
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”,
07:28
because of his revelations,
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ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
07:30
access that you had to certain types of information
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืœืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข
07:33
has been shut down, has been closed down.
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ื ืกื’ืจื”, ื ื—ืกืžื”.
07:36
But the concern is that the nature of that access
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
07:40
was not necessarily legitimate in the first place.
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
07:43
I mean, describe to us this Bullrun program
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืชืชืืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื• ืืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช Bullrun
07:46
where it's alleged that the NSA
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ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ื” ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”- NSA
07:48
specifically weakened security
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”
07:51
in order to get the type of access that you've spoken of.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”.
07:55
RL: So there are, when our
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื– ื™ืฉื ื, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
08:00
legitimate foreign intelligence targets of the type that I described before,
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ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืงื•ื“ื,
08:03
use the global telecommunications system
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ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
08:06
as their communications methodology,
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ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:08
and they do, because it's a great system,
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ื•ื”ื ืื›ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื“ื™ืจื”,
08:10
it's the most complex system ever devised by man,
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ื–ื• ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉื”ืื“ื ืชื™ื›ื ืŸ ืื™ ืคืขื,
08:12
and it is a wonder,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืคืœื ืื“ื™ืจ,
08:14
and lots of folks in the room there
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
08:16
are responsible for the creation
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ืื—ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื”
08:18
and enhancement of that,
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ืฉืœื”,
08:19
and it's just a wonderful thing.
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ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœื.
08:22
But it's also used by people who are
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื” ื’ื ืื ืฉื™ื
08:25
working against us and our allies.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื ื’ื“ื ื• ื•ื ื’ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื•.
08:27
And so if I'm going to pursue them,
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ืื– ืื ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื ื”ืœ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืžืจื“ืฃ,
08:29
I need to have the capability
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช
08:31
to go after them,
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ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืื•ืชื,
08:33
and again, the controls are in
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื™ืกื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื
08:36
how I apply that capability,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•.
08:39
not that I have the capability itself.
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ืœื ื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”.
08:41
Otherwise, if we could make it so that
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ืื—ืจืช, ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš
08:43
all the bad guys used one corner of the Internet,
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
08:45
we could have a domain, badguy.com.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื™ืŸ "ืจืขื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืงื•ื"
08:47
That would be awesome,
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืœื”,
08:48
and we could just concentrate all our efforts there.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉื.
08:50
That's not how it works.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื›ื”.
08:52
They're trying to hide
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ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืชืจ
08:54
from the government's ability
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ืžื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ
08:56
to isolate and interdict their actions,
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ืœื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื•ืœืืกื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
08:59
and so we have to swim in that same space.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ืœืœ.
09:02
But I will tell you this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื–ืืช.
09:03
So NSA has two missions.
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ืœ- NSA ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช.
09:05
One is the Signals Intelligence mission
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ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืกื™ื’ื™ื ื˜ื™
09:06
that we've unfortunately read so much about in the press.
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ืฉืœืฆืขืจื™ ืงืจืื ื• ืขืœื™ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช.
09:10
The other one is the Information Assurance mission,
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ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื™ืžืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
09:12
which is to protect the national security systems of the United States,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
09:15
and by that, that's things like
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•
09:17
the communications that the president uses,
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
09:19
the communications that control our nuclear weapons,
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ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
09:21
the communications that our military uses around the world,
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ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
09:23
and the communications that we use with our allies,
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ื•ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื•,
09:26
and that some of our allies themselves use.
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ื•ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ.
09:28
And so we make recommendations on standards to use,
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
09:33
and we use those same standards,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื,
09:35
and so we are invested
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฉืงืขื™ื
09:37
in making sure that those communications
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ื‘ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื•ืชื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช
09:39
are secure for their intended purposes.
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“.
09:43
CA: But it sounds like what you're saying is that
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื”
09:45
when it comes to the Internet at large,
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืชื•,
09:49
any strategy is fair game
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ื›ืœ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉืจื”
09:51
if it improves America's safety.
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
09:54
And I think this is partly where there is such
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ
09:56
a divide of opinion,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช,
09:58
that there's a lot of people in this room
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ
09:59
and around the world
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•
10:00
who think very differently about the Internet.
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ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:02
They think of it as a momentous
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
10:05
invention of humanity,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฆืื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช,
10:07
kind of on a par with the Gutenberg press, for example.
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ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื“ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ื•ื˜ื ื‘ืจื’ ืœืžืฉืœ.
10:10
It's the bringer of knowledge to all.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืืช ื”ื™ื“ืข ืืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื.
10:12
It's the connector of all.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืœ.
10:14
And it's viewed in those sort of idealistic terms.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืชืคืก ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืื™ื“ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:17
And from that lens,
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ื•ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ื–ื•,
10:19
what the NSA has done is equivalent to
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ืžื” ืฉื”- NSA ืขืฉืชื”
10:21
the authorities back in Germany
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ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืขืฉื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
10:24
inserting some device into every printing press
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ื›ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื“ืคื•ืก
10:26
that would reveal which books people bought
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ืฉื™ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืื™ืœื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืงื ื”
10:30
and what they read.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืงืจืื•.
10:32
Can you understand that from that viewpoint,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื–ื•,
10:34
it feels outrageous?
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ื–ื” ื ืชืคืก ื›ืฉืขืจื•ืจื™ื™ืชื™?
10:38
RL: I do understand that, and I actually share the view of the utility of the Internet,
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ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ืฉืงืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜,
10:42
and I would argue it's bigger than the Internet.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืฃ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:43
It is a global telecommunications system.
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ื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
10:46
The Internet is a big chunk of that, but there is a lot more.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื ื ืชื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืžื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:48
And I think that people have legitimate concerns
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื“ืื’ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช
10:52
about the balance between transparency and secrecy.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืœื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช.
10:58
That's sort of been couched as a balance
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ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ
11:00
between privacy and national security.
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ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
11:04
I don't think that's the right framing.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื— ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
11:05
I think it really is transparency and secrecy.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ืฉืื™ื•ืช.
11:07
And so that's the national and international conversation that we're having,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉื™ื— ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
11:11
and we want to participate in that, and want
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ื•, ื•ืจื•ืฆื™ื
11:12
people to participate in it in an informed way.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืงื—ื• ื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืฉื›ืœืช.
11:15
So there are things,
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
11:17
let me talk there a little bit more,
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ืชืจืฉื” ืœื™ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืงืฆืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
11:18
there are things that we need to be transparent about:
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื ื•:
11:22
our authorities, our processes,
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ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
11:24
our oversight, who we are.
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ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•, ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•.
11:26
We, NSA, have not done a good job of that,
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ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”- NSA, ืœื ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
11:28
and I think that's part of the reason
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš
11:29
that this has been so revelational
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™,
11:32
and so sensational in the media.
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ื•ื›ื–ื• ืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
11:34
Nobody knew who we were. We were the No Such Agency, the Never Say Anything.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ ืื ื—ื ื•. ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”"ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”", ื”"ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชื’ื™ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ".
11:38
There's takeoffs of our logo
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ื™ืฉื ื ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฉืœื ื•
11:41
of an eagle with headphones on around it.
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ืฉืœ ื ืฉืจ ืขื ืื•ื–ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•.
11:44
And so that's the public characterization.
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ืื– ื–ื• ื”ืชื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช.
11:47
And so we need to be more transparent about those things.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ื™ืชืจ ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
11:52
What we don't need to be transparent about,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช,
11:53
because it's bad for the U.S.,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื–ื™ืง ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
11:56
it's bad for all those other countries that we work with
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ื•ืžื–ื™ืง ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชืŸ
11:58
and that we help provide information
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข
12:00
that helps them secure themselves
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ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืŸ
12:02
and their people,
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ื•ืขืœ ืขืžื,
12:03
it's bad to expose operations and capabilities
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ื™ืฉ ื ื–ืง ื‘ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช
12:07
in a way that allows the people that we're all working against,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื ื’ื“ื,
12:13
the generally recognized bad guys,
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ืืœื• ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื›ืœืœื” "ื”ืจืขื™ื",
12:18
to counter those.
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ืœืกื›ืœ ืื•ืชื.
12:20
CA: But isn't it also bad to deal
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ื ื–ืง ื’ื
12:23
a kind of body blow to the American companies
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ื‘ืœืชืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื”ืœื•ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
12:26
that have essentially given the world
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœืขื•ืœื
12:28
most of the Internet services that matter?
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ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื?
12:33
RL: It is. It's really the companies are
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ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ. ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช
12:37
in a tough position, as are we,
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ื‘ืขืžื“ื” ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•,
12:40
because the companies,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
12:42
we compel them to provide information,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข,
12:44
just like every other nation in the world does.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:46
Every industrialized nation in the world
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
12:50
has a lawful intercept program
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ื™ืฉ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
12:52
where they are requiring companies
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
12:54
to provide them with information
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ืœืกืคืง ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข
12:56
that they need for their security,
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ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ื ืŸ,
12:57
and the companies that are involved
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช
13:00
have complied with those programs
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ื™ื™ืฉืจื• ืงื• ืขื ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•
13:01
in the same way that they have to do
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช
13:03
when they're operating in Russia or the U.K.
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”
13:06
or China or India or France,
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ืื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืื• ื‘ืฆืจืคืช,
13:10
any country that you choose to name.
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ื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืชื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉืžื”.
13:12
And so the fact that these revelations
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ืื– ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•
13:17
have been broadly characterized as
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ื”ืชืืคื™ื™ื ื• ืขืค"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืืžื™ืจื”
13:20
"you can't trust company A because
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ืฉ"ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” A
13:21
your privacy is suspect with them"
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ื›ื™ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœืš ืžื•ื˜ืœืช ื‘ืกืคืง ืืฆืœื"
13:25
is actually only accurate in the sense that
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ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจืง ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
13:29
it's accurate with every other company in the world
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื
13:32
that deals with any of those countries in the world.
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ืฉืžืชื ื”ืœืช ืขื ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:34
And so it's being picked up by people
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ืœื–ื”
13:36
as a marketing advantage,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื•ืงื™,
13:38
and it's being marketed that way by several countries,
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื•ืง ื›ืš ืข"ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
13:39
including some of our allied countries,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื•,
13:41
where they are saying,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ืžืจื•ืช,
13:42
"Hey, you can't trust the U.S.,
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"ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
13:44
but you can trust our telecom company,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื›ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•,
13:47
because we're safe."
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื".
13:48
And they're actually using that to counter
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืชื•ืจ
13:50
the very large technological edge
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ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™
13:52
that U.S. companies have
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
13:54
in areas like the cloud and Internet-based technologies.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
13:58
CA: You're sitting there with the American flag,
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ื›"ื: ืืชื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ืขืœ ืจืงืข ื“ื’ืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
14:01
and the American Constitution guarantees
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ื•ื—ื•ืงืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื”
14:04
freedom from unreasonable search and seizure.
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื•ืชืคื™ืกื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื.
14:07
How do you characterize
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ
14:09
the American citizen's right to privacy?
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ืืช ื–ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื–ืจื— ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช?
14:13
Is there such a right?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ื–ื•?
14:16
RL: Yeah, of course there is.
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ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ.
14:18
And we devote an inordinate amount of time and pressure,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืœื—ืฅ ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื,
14:22
inordinate and appropriate, actually I should say,
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ืžื•ืคืจื–ื™ื ื•ืจืื•ื™ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ,
14:24
amount of time and effort in order to ensure
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
14:26
that we protect that privacy.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•.
14:28
and beyond that, the privacy of citizens
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ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš, ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
14:31
around the world, it's not just Americans.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื.
14:35
Several things come into play here.
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ื›ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ.
14:37
First, we're all in the same network.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืจืฉืช.
14:39
My communications,
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ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื™,
14:40
I'm a user of a particular Internet email service
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ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ื"ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื
14:44
that is the number one email service of choice
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฅ
14:48
by terrorists around the world, number one.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช.
14:50
So I'm there right beside them in email space
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ืžืžืฉ ืœืฆื™ื“ื
14:53
in the Internet.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื“ื•ื"ืœ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
14:55
And so we need to be able to pick that apart
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื–ื” ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
14:58
and find the information that's relevant.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™.
15:05
In doing so, we're going to necessarily encounter
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉื•ืชื ื• ื›ืš, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ืชืงืœ
15:08
Americans and innocent foreign citizens
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ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ื‘ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื—ืคื™ื ืžืคืฉืข
15:10
who are just going about their business,
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ืจืชื™ื™ื,
15:12
and so we have procedures in place that shreds that out,
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ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉืžืกื ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”,
15:14
that says, when you find that,
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ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื›ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
15:17
not if you find it, when you find it, because you're certain to find it,
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ืœื ืื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื•ืฆืื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืื™ื,
15:19
here's how you protect that.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:21
These are called minimization procedures.
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ืืœื• ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืžื™ื–ืขื•ืจ.
15:23
They're approved by the attorney general
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ื”ื ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืœืžืžืฉืœื”
15:25
and constitutionally based.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”.
15:26
And so we protect those.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
15:29
And then, for people, citizens of the world
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ื•ื’ื, ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืื–ืจื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
15:33
who are going about their lawful business
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ืฉืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ืขืกืงื™ื”ื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื
15:35
on a day-to-day basis,
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ืžื™,
15:37
the president on his January 17 speech,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘-17 ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืจ,
15:39
laid out some additional protections
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ืคื™ืจื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื’ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
15:41
that we are providing to them.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืงื™ื ืœื”ื.
15:43
So I think absolutely,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜
15:45
folks do have a right to privacy,
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ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
15:46
and that we work very hard to make sure
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ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—
15:49
that that right to privacy is protected.
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ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
15:52
CA: What about foreigners using
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ื›.ื.: ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ
15:53
American companies' Internet services?
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ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช?
15:55
Do they have any privacy rights?
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ื”ืื ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ืŸ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช?
15:59
RL: They do. They do, in the sense of,
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ืจ"ืœ: ื™ืฉ. ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
16:02
the only way that we are able to compel
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ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื‘
16:08
one of those companies to provide us information
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืกืคืง ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
16:10
is when it falls into one of three categories:
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ื–ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช:
16:13
We can identify that this particular person,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื“ื,
16:17
identified by a selector of some kind,
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ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ืื™ืชื•ืจ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
16:19
is associated with counterterrorist
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื ื’ื“ื™
16:23
or proliferation or other foreign intelligence target.
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ืื• ื‘ืคืจื•ืœื™ืคืจืฆื™ื” ืื• ื‘ืžื˜ืจืช ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ืจ ืื—ืจืช.
16:28
CA: Much has been made of the fact that
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ื›"ื: ื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
16:30
a lot of the information that you've obtained
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ืฉื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ืฉื’ืชื
16:32
through these programs is essentially metadata.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” (ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข)
16:35
It's not necessarily the actual words
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืฆืžืŸ
16:37
that someone has written in an email
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ืื™ืžื™ื™ืœ
16:38
or given on a phone call.
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ืื• ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
16:40
It's who they wrote to and when, and so forth.
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ื–ื” ืœืžื™ ื”ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ื•ืžืชื™, ื•ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ืืœื•.
16:44
But it's been argued,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื˜ืขืŸ,
16:45
and someone here in the audience has talked
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ
16:48
to a former NSA analyst who said
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ืขื ื—ื•ืงืจ NSA ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืืžืจ
16:50
metadata is actually much more invasive
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืœืฉื ื™
16:52
than the core data,
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ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฆืžื•,
16:54
because in the core data
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืฆืžื•
16:55
you present yourself as you want to be presented.
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ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆื’.
16:58
With metadata, who knows what the conclusions are
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ื‘ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื”, ืžื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ืœื• ืžืกืงื ื•ืช
17:01
that are drawn?
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ื™ื•ืกืงื• ืžื”ื?
17:02
Is there anything to that?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืืžืช?
17:04
RL: I don't really understand that argument.
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื–ื•.
17:06
I think that metadata's important for a couple of reasons.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
17:09
Metadata is the information that lets you
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ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” ื–ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš
17:13
find connections that people are trying to hide.
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ืœืืชืจ ืงืฉืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ.
17:17
So when a terrorist is corresponding
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ ืžืชื›ืชื‘
17:19
with somebody else who's not known to us
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ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื•
17:21
but is engaged in doing or supporting terrorist activity,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
17:23
or someone who's violating international sanctions
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ืื• ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืคืจ ืกื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช
17:26
by providing nuclear weapons-related material
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ืข"ื™ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืง ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
17:29
to a country like Iran or North Korea,
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ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ืจืืŸ ืื• ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”,
17:31
is trying to hide that activity because it's illicit activity.
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ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
17:35
What metadata lets you do is connect that.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
17:37
The alternative to that
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ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
17:39
is one that's much less efficient
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
17:41
and much more invasive of privacy,
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ื•ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื“ื™ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช,
17:42
which is gigantic amounts of content collection.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ื›ืŸ.
17:46
So metadata, in that sense,
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ืื– ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
17:47
actually is privacy-enhancing.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ื™ื–ื•ืง ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
17:50
And we don't, contrary to some of the stuff
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช,
17:52
that's been printed,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื
17:53
we don't sit there and grind out
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ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื”
17:56
metadata profiles of average people.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
17:59
If you're not connected
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืงืฉืจ
18:01
to one of those valid intelligence targets,
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ืœืื—ืช ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
18:04
you are not of interest to us.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืš.
18:08
CA: So in terms of the threats
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ื›"ื: ืื– ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
18:11
that face America overall,
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ืฉื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช
18:13
where would you place terrorism?
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ?
18:16
RL: I think terrorism is still number one.
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
18:19
I think that we have never been in a time
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื›ื–ื•
18:23
where there are more places
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
18:25
where things are going badly
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ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื
18:28
and forming the petri dish in which terrorists
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ื•ื ื•ืฆืจืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆืœื—ืช ืคื˜ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื
18:32
take advantage of the lack of governance.
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ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื“ืจ ื”ืžืฉื™ืœื•ืช.
18:37
An old boss of mine, Tom Fargo, Admiral Fargo,
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ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื™ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื˜ื•ื ืคืจื’ื•, ืื“ืžื™ืจืœ ืคืจื’ื•,
18:41
used to describe it as arcs of instability.
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ื ื”ื’ ืœืชืืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›"ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช"
18:43
And so you have a lot of those arcs of instability
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ืื– ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
18:45
in the world right now,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
18:47
in places like Syria, where there's a civil war
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื•ืจื™ื”, ืฉื ืžืชื ื”ืœืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
18:49
going on and you have massive numbers,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช,
18:52
thousands and thousands of foreign fighters
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ืืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื
18:53
who are coming into Syria
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืกื•ืจื™ื”
18:55
to learn how to be terrorists
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื
18:57
and practice that activity,
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ื•ืœื”ืชืืžืŸ ื‘ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
18:59
and lots of those people are Westerners
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื”ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื
19:01
who hold passports to European countries
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ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื“ืจื›ื•ืŸ ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™
19:05
or in some cases the United States,
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
19:07
and so they are basically learning how
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ืื– ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
19:09
to do jihad and have expressed intent
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื’'ื™ื”ืื“ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื›ื•ื•ื ื”
19:13
to go out and do that later on
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ืœืฆืืช ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื—"ื›
19:15
in their home countries.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
19:17
You've got places like Iraq,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื™ืจืืง,
19:18
which is suffering from a high level of sectarian violence,
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ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœืช ืžืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ืื•ืช ืืœื™ืžื”,
19:21
again a breeding ground for terrorism.
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืงืจืงืข ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ.
19:24
And you have the activity in the Horn of Africa
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืืคืจื™ืงื”
19:26
and the Sahel area of Africa.
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ื•ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ืกืื”ืœ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
19:29
Again, lots of weak governance
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื—ืœืฉื•ืช
19:32
which forms a breeding ground for terrorist activity.
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ืฉืžื”ื•ื•ืช ื—ืžืžื” ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
19:36
So I think it's very serious. I think it's number one.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ื™. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
19:38
I think number two is cyber threat.
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ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื•ื ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
19:40
I think cyber is a threat in three ways:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื•ืคื ื™ื:
19:46
One way, and probably the most common way
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื ืจืื”
19:49
that people have heard about it,
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ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
19:52
is due to the theft of intellectual property,
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—ื ื™,
19:54
so basically, foreign countries going in,
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ื‘ืขืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช,
19:58
stealing companies' secrets,
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ื’ื•ื ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช,
20:00
and then providing that information
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ื•ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
20:02
to state-owned enterprises
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ืœืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
20:04
or companies connected to the government
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ืื• ืœื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืžืฉืœ
20:06
to help them leapfrog technology
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื™ื ื•ืง ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™
20:09
or to gain business intelligence
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ืื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืขืกืงื™
20:11
that's then used to win contracts overseas.
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ืฉื™ืกื™ื™ืข ืœื”ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื.
20:14
That is a hugely costly set of activities that's going on right now.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
20:17
Several nation-states are doing it.
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
20:19
Second is the denial-of-service attacks.
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ื”ืฉื ื™, ืืœื• ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
20:22
You're probably aware that there have been
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ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื›ืš
20:24
a spate of those directed against
455
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
20:26
the U.S. financial sector since 2012.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืžืื– 2012.
20:29
Again, that's a nation-state who is executing those attacks,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืื•ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
20:32
and they're doing that
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
20:33
as a semi-anonymous way of reprisal.
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ื›ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ืฆื™-ืื ื•ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
20:38
And the last one is destructive attacks,
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ื”ืจืกื ื™ื•ืช,
20:39
and those are the ones that concern me the most.
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืฉืžื“ืื™ื’ื•ืช ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
20:40
Those are on the rise.
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ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”.
20:42
You have the attack against Saudi Aramco in 2012,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืชืงืคื” ื ื’ื“ ืกืขื•ื“ื™ ืืจืžืงื• ื‘- 2012,
20:45
August of 2012.
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ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 2012.
20:47
It took down about 35,000 of their computers
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื™ืœื” ื›- 35,000 ืžื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
20:49
with a Wiper-style virus.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”- Wiper
20:51
You had a follow-on a week later
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ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืš
20:53
to a Qatari company.
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ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื˜ืืจื™ืช.
20:55
You had March of 2013,
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ื”ื™ื” ืืช ืžืจืฅ 2013,
20:57
you had a South Korean attack
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชืงืคื” ืขืœ ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
21:00
that was attributed in the press to North Korea
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ืฉื™ื•ื—ืกื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื”
21:02
that took out thousands of computers.
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ืฉื”ืฉื‘ื™ืชื” ืืœืคื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
21:04
Those are on the rise,
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ืืœื• ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”,
21:05
and we see people expressing interest
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
21:08
in those capabilities
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ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
21:09
and a desire to employ them.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืื•ืชืŸ.
21:11
CA: Okay, so a couple of things here,
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ื›"ื: ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื– ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”,
21:13
because this is really the core of this, almost.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื˜.
21:15
I mean, first of all,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
21:16
a lot of people who look at risk
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
21:18
and look at the numbers
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ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
21:19
don't understand this belief that terrorism
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ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ
21:21
is still the number one threat.
483
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื™ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืื—ืช.
21:23
Apart from September 11,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ 11,
21:25
I think the numbers are that in the last 30 or 40 years
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘-30 ืื• 40 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
21:27
about 500 Americans have died from terrorism,
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ื›- 500 ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
21:30
mostly from homegrown terrorists.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืคื ื™ื.
21:34
The chance in the last few years
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
21:36
of being killed by terrorism
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ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
21:37
is far less than the chance of being killed by lightning.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ืžืžื›ืช ื‘ืจืง.
21:41
I guess you would say that a single nuclear incident
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืืชื” ืชื’ื™ื“ ืฉืชืงืจื™ืช ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช
21:45
or bioterrorism act or something like that
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ืื• ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”
21:48
would change those numbers.
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ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
21:50
Would that be the point of view?
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ื”ืื ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜?
21:52
RL: Well, I'd say two things.
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ืจ"ืœ: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
21:53
One is, the reason that there hasn't been
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•
21:55
a major attack in the United States since 9/11,
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ืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืื– 9/11,
21:57
that is not an accident.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืžืงืจื”.
21:59
That's a lot of hard work that we have done,
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
22:01
that other folks
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
22:02
in the intelligence community have done,
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ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•,
22:04
that the military has done,
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ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ืขืฉื”,
22:05
and that our allies around the globe have done.
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ื•ืฉื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื•.
22:07
You've heard the numbers about
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ืฉืžืขืชื ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื
22:09
the tip of the iceberg in terms
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ืžืžืฉ ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ
22:12
of numbers of terrorist attacks that NSA programs
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”-NSA
22:14
contributed to stopping was 54,
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ืชืจืžื• ืœืžื ื™ืขืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” 54,
22:17
25 of those in Europe,
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25 ืžืชื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
22:19
and of those 25,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ 25,
22:21
18 of them occurred in three countries,
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18 ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
22:24
some of which are our allies,
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ื—ืœืงืŸ ื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืชื ื•,
22:26
and some of which are beating the heck out of us
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ื•ื—ืœืงืŸ ืืฃ ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ื ื•
22:28
over the NSA programs, by the way.
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ืขืœ ืจืงืข ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”- NSA, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
22:32
So that's not an accident that those things happen.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืงืจื•.
22:35
That's hard work. That's us finding intelligence
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ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ
22:37
on terrorist activities
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ืขืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
22:39
and interdicting them through one way or another,
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ื•ืขืฆื™ืจืชื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
22:41
through law enforcement,
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ื“ืจืš ืจืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ืื›ื™ืคื”,
22:42
through cooperative activities with other countries
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืขื ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
22:45
and sometimes through military action.
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ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
22:48
The other thing I would say is that
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“
22:51
your idea of nuclear or chem-bio-threat
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™-ื›ื™ืžื™
22:56
is not at all far-fetched
523
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื•ืคืจื—.
22:58
and in fact there are a number of groups
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
22:59
who have for several years expressed interest
525
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ืฉืžื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
23:01
and desire in obtaining those capabilities
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ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื›ืืœื•
23:04
and work towards that.
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ื•ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
23:06
CA: It's also been said that,
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ื›"ื: ื ืืžืจ ื’ื
23:07
of those 54 alleged incidents,
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ืฉืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื 54 ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
23:10
that as few as zero of them
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ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื
23:12
were actually anything to do
531
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืฉื•ืจ
23:13
with these controversial programs
532
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ืœืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
23:15
that Mr. Snowden revealed,
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ืฉืžืจ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ื—ืฉืฃ,
23:18
that it was basically through other forms of intelligence,
534
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื“ืจืš ืืžืฆืขื™ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื,
23:22
that you're looking for a needle in a haystack,
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ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื™ืžืช ืฉื—ืช,
23:25
and the effects of these programs,
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
23:27
these controversial programs,
537
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ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืืœื•,
23:28
is just to add hay to the stack,
538
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืจืง ืžื•ืกื™ืคื•ืช ืฉื—ืช ืœืขืจื™ืžื”,
23:30
not to really find the needle.
539
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ื•ืœื ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื˜.
23:31
The needle was found by other methods.
540
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ื”ืžื—ื˜ ื ืžืฆืื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
23:33
Isn't there something to that?
541
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืŸ ื”ืืžืช?
23:38
RL: No, there's actually two programs
542
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ืจ"ืœ: ืœื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
23:40
that are typically implicated in that discussion.
543
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ืฉื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
23:42
One is the section 215 program,
544
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "ืกืขื™ืฃ 215",
23:45
the U.S. telephony metadata program,
545
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื˜ื-ื“ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
23:48
and the other one is
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2040
ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”
23:50
popularly called the PRISM program,
547
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1594
ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื›ื ื•ืช ืชื•ื›ื ืช PRISM,
23:52
and it's actually section 702 of the FISA Amendment Act.
548
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกืขื™ืฃ 702 ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืžืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื–ืจื™ื (FISA)
23:55
But the 215 program
549
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื•ื›ื ืช 215
23:59
is only relevant to threats
550
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ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ืจืง ืœืื™ื•ืžื™ื
24:01
that are directed against the United States,
551
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2259
ืฉืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจืฆื•ืช-ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
24:03
and there have been a dozen threats
552
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2900
ื•ื”ื™ื• 12 ืื™ื•ืžื™ื
24:06
where that was implicated.
553
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1315
ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ืช.
24:07
Now what you'll see people say publicly
554
1447643
3189
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™
24:10
is there is no "but for" case,
555
1450832
2036
ื–ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ "ืืœืžืœื",
24:12
and so there is no case where, but for that,
556
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื‘ื•, ืืœืžืœื ื–ื”,
24:16
the threat would have happened.
557
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ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืžืžืฉ.
24:18
But that actually indicates a lack of understanding
558
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขื™ื“ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”
24:22
of how terrorist investigations actually work.
559
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
24:27
You think about on television,
560
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1478
ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”,
24:29
you watch a murder mystery.
561
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1332
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืžืช ืจืฆื—.
24:30
What do you start with? You start with a body,
562
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1530
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ? ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืคื”,
24:32
and then they work their way from there to solve the crime.
563
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2236
ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžืฉื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ืคืฉืข.
24:34
We're actually starting well before that,
564
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื–ื”,
24:35
hopefully before there are any bodies,
565
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ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื•ืคื•ืช,
24:37
and we're trying to build the case for
566
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื™ืง -
24:39
who the people are, what they're trying to do,
567
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ืžื™ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืžื” ื”ื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
24:42
and that involves massive amounts of information.
568
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
24:45
Think of it is as mosaic,
569
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ืคืก,
24:46
and it's hard to say that any one piece of a mosaic
570
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2162
ื•ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืคืกื™ืคืก
24:48
was necessary to building the mosaic,
571
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืคืกื™ืคืก,
24:51
but to build the complete picture,
572
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”,
24:53
you need to have all the pieces of information.
573
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
24:54
On the other, the non-U.S.-related threats out of those 54,
574
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชื 54,
24:58
the other 42 of them,
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ื™ืชืจ ื”- 42,
25:01
the PRISM program was hugely relevant to that,
576
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช PRISM ื”ื™ืชื” ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
25:05
and in fact was material in contributing
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžืฉื” ื•ืชืจืžื”
25:08
to stopping those attacks.
578
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ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžืชืงืคื•ืช.
25:10
CA: Snowden said two days ago
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ื›"ื: ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื
25:12
that terrorism has always been
580
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ืฉื˜ืจื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื™ืžืฉ
25:15
what is called in the intelligence world
581
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ืœืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ
25:17
"a cover for action,"
582
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"ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœื”",
25:19
that it's something that,
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
25:21
because it invokes such a powerful
584
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ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
25:22
emotional response in people,
585
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื›"ื› ื—ื–ืงื”,
25:24
it allows the initiation of these programs
586
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ื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
25:27
to achieve powers that an organization like yours
587
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ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืœืš
25:30
couldn't otherwise have.
588
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช.
25:32
Is there any internal debate about that?
589
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”?
25:35
RL: Yeah.
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1412
ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ.
25:37
I mean, we debate these things all the time,
591
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
25:39
and there is discussion that goes on
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ื— ืžืชืžืฉืš
25:42
in the executive branch
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืขืช
25:43
and within NSA itself
594
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”-NSA ืขืฆืžื•
25:46
and the intelligence community about
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1655
ื•ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ
25:47
what's right, what's proportionate,
596
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืžื™ื“ืชื™,
25:49
what's the correct thing to do.
597
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1261
ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
25:50
And it's important to note that the programs
598
1550306
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช
25:51
that we're talking about
599
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1347
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ
25:53
were all authorized by two different presidents,
600
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ื›ื•ืœืŸ ืื•ืฉืจื• ืข"ื™ ืฉื ื™ ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
25:56
two different political parties,
601
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ืฉืชื™ ืžืคืœื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
25:58
by Congress twice,
602
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2135
ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก,
26:00
and by federal judges 16 different times,
603
1560513
3836
ื•ืข"ื™ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคื“ืจืืœื™ื™ื ื‘-16 ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
26:04
and so this is not NSA running off
604
1564349
4712
ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”-NSA
26:09
and doing its own thing.
605
1569061
1463
ืชื•ืคืก ืคื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืคื•ืขืœ ืœื‘ื“.
26:10
This is a legitimate activity
606
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช
26:12
of the United States foreign government
607
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
26:15
that was agreed to by all the branches
608
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ืฉื”ื•ืกื›ืžื” ืข"ื™ ื›ืœ ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช
26:17
of the United States government,
609
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1984
ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
26:19
and President Madison would have been proud.
610
1579649
3049
ื•ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ืื”.
26:22
CA: And yet, when congressmen discovered
611
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4089
ื›"ื: ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื’ื™ืœื•
26:26
what was actually being done with that authorization,
612
1586787
2230
ืžื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช,
26:29
many of them were completely shocked.
613
1589017
2869
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
26:31
Or do you think that is not a legitimate reaction,
614
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื•ืช,
26:35
that it's only because it's now come out publicly,
615
1595232
2105
ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ื”ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ืช,
26:37
that they really knew exactly what you were doing
616
1597337
3102
ื•ืฉืœืืžื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
26:40
with the powers they had granted you?
617
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2336
ืขื ื”ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื”ืขื ื™ืงื• ืœื›ื?
26:42
RL: Congress is a big body.
618
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1674
ืจ"ืœ: ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
26:44
There's 535 of them,
619
1604449
1977
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• 535 ื—ื‘ืจื™ื,
26:46
and they change out frequently,
620
1606426
2141
ื•ื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช,
26:48
in the case of the House, every two years,
621
1608567
1858
ื›ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ื,
26:50
and I think that the NSA provided
622
1610425
3776
ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื”- NSA ืกื™ืคืง
26:54
all the relevant information to our oversight committees,
623
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ื•ืช,
26:57
and then the dissemination of that information
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ื•ื”ื”ืคืฆื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”
26:59
by the oversight committees throughout Congress
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžืคืงื—ื•ืช ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
27:01
is something that they manage.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื•ืœืŸ.
27:04
I think I would say that Congress members
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก
27:09
had the opportunity to make themselves aware,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื,
27:12
and in fact a significant number of them,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžื”ื,
27:14
the ones who are assigned oversight responsibility,
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ืืœื• ืฉื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื—,
27:18
did have the ability to do that.
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ืื›ืŸ ื ื—ืฉืคื• ืœื›ืš.
27:19
And you've actually had the chairs of those committees say that in public.
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ื•ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
27:23
CA: Now, you mentioned the threat of cyberattacks,
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ื›"ื: ื”ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ืื™ื•ื ืžืชืงืคืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
27:24
and I don't think anyone in this room would disagree
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื
27:26
that that is a huge concern,
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ืฉื–ื• ืื›ืŸ ื“ืื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
27:28
but do you accept that there's a tradeoff
636
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
27:30
between offensive and defensive strategies,
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ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชืงืคื” ืœื”ื’ื ื”,
27:33
and that it's possible that the very measures taken
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ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉื ื ืงื˜ื• ื›ื“ื™
27:35
to, "weaken encryption,"
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"ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื”",
27:38
and allow yourself to find the bad guys,
640
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื,
27:40
might also open the door to forms of cyberattack?
641
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ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืคืชื—ื• ื“ืœืช ืœืžืชืงืคื•ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช?
27:45
RL: So I think two things.
642
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
27:47
One is, you said weaken encryption. I didn't.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืชื” ืืžืจืช ื”ื—ืœืฉืช ื”ืฆืคื ื”, ืื ื™ ืœื ืืžืจืชื™.
27:51
And the other one is that
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื
27:56
the NSA has both of those missions,
645
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ืœ- NSA ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
27:59
and we are heavily biased towards defense,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื ื”,
28:01
and, actually, the vulnerabilities that we find
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
28:05
in the overwhelming majority of cases,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
28:07
we disclose to the people who are responsible
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื
28:10
for manufacturing or developing those products.
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
28:13
We have a great track record of that,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”,
28:15
and we're actually working on a proposal right now
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื”
28:17
to be transparent and to publish transparency reports
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืกื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช
28:20
in the same way that the Internet companies
654
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
28:23
are being allowed to publish transparency reports for them.
655
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ืžื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืคืจืกื ืืช ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
28:26
We want to be more transparent about that.
656
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื–ื”.
28:28
So again, we eat our own dog food.
657
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ืื– ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืืจ,
28:32
We use the standards, we use the products
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื
28:34
that we recommend,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื,
28:37
and so it's in our interest
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืœื ื•
28:39
to keep our communications protected
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ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช
28:41
in the same way that other people's need to be.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืืฆืœ ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
28:45
CA: Edward Snowden,
663
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ื›"ื: ืื“ื•ืืจื“ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ,
28:48
when, after his talk, was wandering the halls here
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ื‘ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืœื
28:53
in the bot,
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ืขื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœื•,
28:54
and I heard him say to a couple of people,
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
28:56
they asked him about what he thought
667
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ื”ื ืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื•
28:58
of the NSA overall,
668
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ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”- NSA ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
29:00
and he was very complimentary about the people
669
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
29:02
who work with you,
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืฆืœื›ื,
29:04
said that it's a really
671
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ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ื‘ืืžืช
29:08
impassioned group of employees
672
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1960
ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ืจื™ื,
29:10
who are seeking to do the right thing,
673
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ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
29:13
and that the problems have come from
674
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ื•ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื‘ืขื•
29:16
just some badly conceived policies.
675
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ืจืง ืžื›ืžื” ื ื”ืœื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื—ื˜ื
29:19
He came over certainly very reasonably and calmly.
676
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืื•ื“ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื’ื•ืข.
29:23
He didn't come over like a crazy man.
677
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ืฆืจ ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžืฉื•ื’ืข.
29:25
Would you accept that at least,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
29:27
even if you disagree with how he did it,
679
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืืชื” ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ื ืขื ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ืคืขืœ,
29:30
that he has opened a debate that matters?
680
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
29:34
RL: So I think that the discussion
681
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ืจ"ืœ: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
29:37
is an important one to have.
682
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื” ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
29:39
I do not like the way that he did it.
683
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
29:42
I think there were a number of other ways
684
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช
29:44
that he could have done that
685
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
29:45
that would have not endangered our people
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื›ืŸ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื•
29:49
and the people of other nations
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
29:51
through losing visibility
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืจืื•ืช
29:53
into what our adversaries are doing.
689
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ืžื” ื”ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
29:56
But I do think it's an important conversation.
690
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
29:59
CA: It's been reported that there's
691
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ื›"ื: ืขืค"ื™ ื”ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉื ื
30:00
almost a difference of opinion
692
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ื—ื™ืœื•ืงื™ ื“ืขื•ืช
30:03
with you and your colleagues
693
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ื‘ื™ื ืš ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ืชืš
30:04
over any scenario in which
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
30:06
he might be offered an amnesty deal.
695
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืฆืข ืœื• ืขืกืงืช ื—ื ื™ื ื”.
30:09
I think your boss, General Keith Alexander,
696
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœืš, ื”ื’ื ืจืœ ืงื™ืช' ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ,
30:11
has said that that would be a terrible example
697
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1986
ืืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืจืขื” ืžืื•ื“
30:13
for others;
698
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
30:15
you can't negotiate with someone
699
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ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžืฉื-ื•ืžืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
30:17
who's broken the law in that way.
700
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2008
ืฉื”ืคืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
30:19
But you've been quoted as saying that,
701
1819014
2009
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืฆื•ื˜ื˜ืช ื›ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ,
30:21
if Snowden could prove that he was surrendering
702
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3208
ืื ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ
30:24
all undisclosed documents,
703
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1796
ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
30:26
that a deal maybe should be considered.
704
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2239
ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืขืกืงื” ื›ื–ื•.
30:28
Do you still think that?
705
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืš?
30:31
RL: Yeah, so actually,
706
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ืจ"ืœ: ื›ืŸ, ื”ืืžืช,
30:32
this is my favorite thing about that "60 Minutes" interview
707
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2583
ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช "60 ื“ืงื•ืช"
30:35
was all the misquotes that came from that.
708
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื• ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืชื™ื•.
30:37
What I actually said, in response to a question about,
709
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืืžืจืชื™ ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœ-
30:39
would you entertain any discussions
710
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1812
ื”ืื ืชืกื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
30:41
of mitigating action against Snowden,
711
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืขืกืงืช ืชื™ื•ื•ืš ืขื ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ,
30:48
I said, yeah, it's worth a conversation.
712
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1832
ืืžืจืชื™, ื›ืŸ, ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”.
30:49
This is something that the attorney general
713
1849993
1635
ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™
30:51
of the United States and the president also
714
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1930
ืœืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื
30:53
actually have both talked about this,
715
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ื’ื ื™ื—ื“ ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขืœื™ื•,
30:55
and I defer to the attorney general,
716
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1369
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืคื ื” ืื•ืชืš ืœื™ื•ืขืž"ืฉ,
30:56
because this is his lane.
717
1856465
1547
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืœื•.
30:58
But there is a strong tradition
718
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2509
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืขืชื™ืงื”
31:00
in American jurisprudence
719
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3192
ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
31:03
of having discussions with people
720
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4575
ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื— ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื
31:08
who have been charged with crimes in order to,
721
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1844
ืฉื”ื•ืืฉืžื• ื‘ืคืฉืขื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืžื˜ืจื”
31:10
if it benefits the government,
722
1870132
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ืื ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืชื•ืขืœืช ืœืžืžืฉืœ,
31:11
to get something out of that,
723
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2378
ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžื›ืš ืžืฉื”ื•,
31:14
that there's always room for that kind of discussion.
724
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
31:16
So I'm not presupposing any outcome,
725
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื ื™ื— ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”,
31:18
but there is always room for discussion.
726
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
31:22
CA: To a lay person it seems like
727
1882085
1600
ื›"ื: ืœืื“ื ื”ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ื–ื” ื ืจืื”
31:23
he has certain things to offer the U.S.,
728
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3368
ื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
31:27
the government, you, others,
729
1887053
1739
ืœืžืžืฉืœ, ืœื›ื, ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
31:28
in terms of putting things right
730
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1681
ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
31:30
and helping figure out a smarter policy,
731
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
31:32
a smarter way forward for the future.
732
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื‘ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
31:38
Do you see, has that kind of possibility
733
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื”, ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื•
31:41
been entertained at all?
734
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ื ืฉืงืœื” ื‘ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืคืŸ?
31:43
RL: So that's out of my lane.
735
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ืจ"ืœ: ื–ื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื’ืจืฉ ืฉืœื™.
31:45
That's not an NSA thing.
736
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”- NSA.
31:46
That would be a Department of Justice
737
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ
31:48
sort of discussion.
738
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ืœืžืฉืจื“ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
31:51
I'll defer to them.
739
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ืื ื™ ืืคื ื” ืื•ืชืš ืืœื™ื”ื.
31:54
CA: Rick, when Ed Snowden ended his talk,
740
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ื›"ื: ืจื™ืง, ื›ืฉืื“ ืกื ืื•ื“ืŸ ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื” ืฉืœื•,
31:57
I offered him the chance to share an idea worth spreading.
741
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ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ.
32:01
What would be your idea worth spreading
742
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ืžื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชืš ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ
32:02
for this group?
743
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื•?
32:05
RL: So I think, learn the facts.
744
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1992
ืจ"ืœ: ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.
32:07
This is a really important conversation,
745
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื— ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
32:09
and it impacts, it's not just NSA,
746
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ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”- NSA
32:11
it's not just the government,
747
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ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
32:13
it's you, it's the Internet companies.
748
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ื–ื” ืืชื, ืืœื• ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
32:16
The issue of privacy and personal data
749
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ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉื™
32:19
is much bigger than just the government,
750
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืžืžืฉืœ,
32:20
and so learn the facts.
751
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1911
ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
32:22
Don't rely on headlines,
752
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ืขืœ ืชืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช.
32:24
don't rely on sound bites,
753
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1676
ืืœ ืชืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
32:25
don't rely on one-sided conversations.
754
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ืืœ ืชืกืชืžื›ื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื— ืฉืœ ืฆื“ ืื—ื“.
32:28
So that's the idea, I think, worth spreading.
755
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ืื– ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ.
32:31
We have a sign, a badge tab,
756
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ื™ืฉ ืืฆืœื ื• ืชื’ื™ื,
32:34
we wear badges at work with lanyards,
757
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืชื’ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื,
32:36
and if I could make a plug,
758
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ื•ืื ืชืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืชืขืžื•ืœื”,
32:38
my badge lanyard at work says, "Dallas Cowboys."
759
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ืขืœ ื”ืชื’ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ "ื“ืืœืก ืงืื•ื•ื‘ื•ื™'ืก"
32:41
Go Dallas.
760
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3497
ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื“ืืœืก.
32:44
I've just alienated half the audience, I know.
761
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื‘ื˜ื— ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
32:47
So the lanyard that our people
762
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ืื– ื”ืฉืจื•ืš ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
32:51
who work in the organization
763
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
32:52
that does our crypto-analytic work
764
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ื•ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื•ืช
32:55
have a tab that says, "Look at the data."
765
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1941
ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืชื’ื™ืช ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”: "ืชืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื".
32:57
So that's the idea worth spreading.
766
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ.
32:58
Look at the data.
767
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ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
33:01
CA: Rick, it took a certain amount of courage,
768
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ื›"ื: ื ื“ืจืฉื” ืžื™ื“ืช ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื‘,
33:03
I think, actually, to come and speak openly
769
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช
33:06
to this group.
770
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1254
ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
33:07
It's not something the NSA has done a lot of in the past,
771
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”- NSA ืขืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
33:10
and plus the technology has been challenging.
772
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ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืืชื’ืจืช.
33:13
We truly appreciate you doing that
773
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืช ืืช ื–ื”
33:15
and sharing in this very important conversation.
774
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ื•ืฉืฉื™ืชืคืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•.
33:17
Thank you so much.
775
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš.
33:19
RL: Thanks, Chris.
776
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1939
ืจ"ืœ: ืชื•ื“ื”, ื›ืจื™ืก.
33:21
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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