George Whitesides: Toward a science of simplicity

48,587 views ใƒป 2010-04-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:18
Most of the talks
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช
00:20
that you've heard in the last several fabulous days
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ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื
00:23
have been from people who have the characteristic
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ื ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื”ื
00:25
that they have thought about something,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•,
00:27
they are experts, they know what's going on.
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ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
00:31
All of you know about the topic
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื
00:33
that I'm supposed to talk about.
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ืฉืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
00:35
That is, you know what simplicity is,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
00:37
you know what complexity is.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
00:39
The trouble is, I don't.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
00:41
And what I'm going to do is share with you
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื
00:43
my ignorance on this subject.
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ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”.
00:46
I want you to read this,
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ืื‘ืงืฉื›ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื”
00:48
because we're going to come back to it in a moment.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
00:53
The quote is from
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ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืœืงื•ื—
00:55
the fabled Potter Stewart
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ืžื’ื™ืœื•ื™-ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ
00:59
opinion on pornography.
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ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืขืœ ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.
01:02
And let me just read it,
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืงืจื ืื•ืชื•,
01:04
the important details here:
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ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจ.
01:06
"Shorthand description, ['hardcore pornography'];
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"ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ืคื•ืจื ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืงืฉื”;
01:09
and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly defining it.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื›ื™ืื•ืช.
01:12
But I know it when I see it."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื–ื”ื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื”."
01:14
I'm going to come back to that in a moment.
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ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
01:17
So, what is simplicity?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช?
01:19
It's good to start with some examples.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
01:22
A coffee cup -- we don't think about coffee cups,
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ืกืคืœ ืงืคื”, ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืกืคืœื™ ืงืคื”,
01:25
but it's much more interesting than one might think --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
01:27
a coffee cup is a device,
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ืกืคืœ ืงืคื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืงืŸ, ืื›ืŸ ื›ืŸ,
01:30
which has a container and a handle.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ื™ื“ื™ืช.
01:33
The handle enables you to hold it
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื•
01:36
when the container is filled with hot liquid.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื—ื.
01:39
Why is that important?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
01:41
Well, it enables you to drink coffee.
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ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงืคื”.
01:43
But also, by the way, the coffee is hot,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš-ืื’ื‘, ื”ืงืคื” ื—ื,
01:45
the liquid is sterile;
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ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ืœื™.
01:47
you're not likely to get cholera that way.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉื ื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ื›ื•ืœื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื•.
01:49
So the coffee cup, or the cup with a handle,
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ื›ืš ืฉืกืคืœ ื”ืงืคื”, ืื• ื”ืกืคืœ ืขื ื™ื“ื™ืช,
01:52
is one of the tools used by society
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื”ื
01:55
to maintain public health.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
01:57
Scissors are your clothes,
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ื ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
01:59
glasses enable you to see things
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ืžืฉืงืคื™ื™ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:01
and keep you from being eaten by cheetahs
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ื•ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืžืคื ื™ ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืจืคื•ืช
02:03
or run down by automobiles,
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ืื• ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืจื™ืกื” ืชื—ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
02:05
and books are, after all, your education.
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ื•ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœื ื•.
02:08
But there's another class of simple things,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
02:10
which are also very important.
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ืฉืืฃ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
02:12
Simple in function,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืชื,
02:14
but not at all simple in how they're constructed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ื”ื.
02:17
And the two here are just examples.
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
02:20
One is the cellphone, which we use every day.
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ื”ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“, ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:23
And it rests on a complexity,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
02:25
which has some characteristics
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
02:27
very different from those that my friend
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ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืืœื” ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™
02:29
Benoit Mandelbrot discussed,
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ื‘ื ื•ืื” ืžืื ื“ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
02:31
but are very interesting.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:33
And the other, of course, is a birth control pill,
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ื•ื”ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ
02:36
which, in a very simple way,
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
02:38
fundamentally changed the structure of society
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ืฉื™ื ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ืืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
02:40
by changing the role of women in it
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”
02:43
by providing to them
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื”ืŸ
02:45
the opportunity to make reproductive choices.
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ืืช ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื‘ื™ื™ื”.
02:50
So, there are two ways of thinking about this word, I think.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžื™ืœื” ื–ื•.
02:53
And here I've corrupted
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืงื™ืœืงืœืชื™
02:55
the Potter Stewart quotation
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ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ืจ ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜
02:58
by saying that we can think about something --
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ื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:00
which spans all the way from scissors
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ืžืžืกืคืจื™ื™ื
03:02
to the cell phone,
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ื•ืขื“ ืœื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“,
03:04
Internet and birth control pills --
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ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ื’ืœื•ืœื” ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
03:06
by saying that they're simple,
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ื‘ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื --
03:09
the functions are simple,
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ืคืขื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช --
03:11
and we recognize what that simplicity is
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ื•ืื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
03:13
when we see it.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:15
Or there may be another way of doing it,
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ืื• ืฉืงื™ื™ืžืช ืื•ืœื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช,
03:19
which is to think about the problem in terms of what --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ,
03:22
if you associate with moral philosophers --
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ืื ื ืงืฉืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ,
03:25
is called the teapot problem.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื”.
03:29
The teapot problem I'll pose this way.
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ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ืชื”, ืืฆื™ื’ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื”.
03:32
Suppose you see a teapot,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ืชื”,
03:34
and the teapot is
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ื•ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื
03:37
filled with hot water.
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ืžืœื ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
03:39
And you then ask the question:
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืืœื™ื:
03:41
Why is the water hot?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื—ื?
03:43
And that's a simple question.
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
03:45
It's like, what is simplicity?
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื•: ืžื”ื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช?
03:47
One answer would be:
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืชื”ื™ื”:
03:49
because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
03:51
and they bounce against things rapidly --
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
03:53
that's a kind of physical science argument.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
03:56
A second argument would be:
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืชื”ื™ื”:
03:58
because it was sitting on a stove with the flame on --
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืงื•ืžืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื›ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ื ืœื”ื‘ื”.
04:01
that's an historical argument.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
04:03
A third is that I wanted hot water
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™
04:05
for tea --
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ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืชื”.
04:07
that's an intentional argument.
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
04:09
And, since this is coming from a moral philosopher,
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ,
04:11
the fourth would be that it's part of God's plan for the universe.
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ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื™ืงื•ื.
04:14
All of these are possibilities.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื "ืœ ื”ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:16
The point is that you get into trouble
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื”
04:19
when you ask a single question
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช
04:21
with a single box for an answer,
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ืขื ืžืชืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”,
04:23
in which that single question actually is many questions
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
04:26
with quite different meanings,
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:28
but with the same words.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื ื–ื”ื•ืช.
04:31
Asking, "What is simplicity?" I think falls in that category.
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ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืžื”ื™ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช? ืฉื™ื™ื›ืช ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืœืื•ืชื” ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”.
04:35
What is the state of science?
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžืฆื‘ ื ืžืฆื ื”ืžื“ืข?
04:37
And, interestingly, complexity
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
04:39
is very highly evolved.
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ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืชื—ืช.
04:41
We have a lot of interesting information
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ
04:43
about what complexity is.
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ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
04:45
Simplicity, for reasons
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ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
04:47
that are a little bit obscure,
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื™ ื”ืฆื•ืจืš,
04:49
is almost not pursued,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืืœื™ื”,
04:51
at least in the academic world.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™.
04:53
We academics -- I am an academic --
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ืื ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ื -- ืื ื™ ืืงื“ืžืื™ --
04:55
we love complexity.
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
04:57
You can write papers about complexity,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
04:59
and the nice thing about complexity is
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
05:01
it's fundamentally intractable in many ways,
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ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืชื—ืงื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื”,
05:03
so you're not responsible for outcomes. (Laughter)
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ื›ื›ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
05:06
Simplicity -- all of you really would like
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ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช -- ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
05:09
your Waring Blender in the morning
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ื™ืขืฉื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
05:11
to make whatever a Waring Blender does,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื”,
05:13
but not explode or play Beethoven.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฉื™ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ ืื• ืฉื™ื ื’ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื”ื•ื‘ืŸ.
05:16
You're not interested in the limits of these things.
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ืื ื• ืœื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื›ืกื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
05:19
So what one is interested in
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืจื•ืฆื”
05:21
has a lot to do with the rewards of the system.
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ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช.
05:24
And there's a lot of rewards in thinking
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ
05:26
about complexity and emergence,
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
05:28
not so much in thinking about simplicity.
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ื•ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
05:31
One of the things I want to do
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
05:33
is to help you with a very important task --
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ื”ื•ื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื›ื ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
05:36
which you may not know that you have very often --
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ืฉืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืชื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”,
05:39
which is to understand
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
05:41
how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืœื™ื“ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘
05:44
and have a conversation. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ืื™ืชื• ืฉื™ื—ื”.
05:46
And the words that I would like you to focus on
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืชืžืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ
05:49
are complexity and emergence,
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ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช,
05:51
because these will enable you to start the conversation
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื›ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื™ื—ื”
05:54
and then daydream about other things.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืงื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:59
All right, what is complexity in this view of things,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืžื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื–ื•?
06:02
and what is emergence?
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ื•ืžื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช?
06:04
We have, actually, a pretty good working definition of complexity.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ื“ื™ ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
06:07
It is a system, like traffic,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช, ื›ืžื• ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
06:09
which has components.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
06:11
The components interact with one another.
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ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช.
06:13
These are cars and drivers. They dissipate energy.
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ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื. ื”ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:16
It turns out that, whenever you have that system,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ื•,
06:18
weird stuff happens,
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ืงื•ืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื,
06:20
and you in Los Angeles
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ื•ืืชื ื‘ืœื•ืก-ืื ื’'ืœืก
06:22
probably know this better than anyone.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื›ื•ืœื.
06:25
Here's another example,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื ื•ืกืคืช
06:27
which I put up because
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ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืื•ืชื”
06:29
it's an example of really important current science.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืœืžื“ืข ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
06:32
You can't possibly read that. It's not intended that you read it,
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ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื–ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉืชืงืจืื•.
06:35
but that's a tiny part
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ
06:37
of the chemical reactions going on
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ืžื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช
06:39
in each of your cells at any given moment.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ.
06:42
And it's like the traffic that you see.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจืื™ื ื•.
06:45
The amazing thing about the cell is that
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ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืชื
06:47
it actually does maintain a fairly stable
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื™ื™ื
06:49
working relationship with other cells,
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ืงืฉืจื™-ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื“ื™ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:52
but we don't know why.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
06:54
Anyone who tells you that we understand life,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ื•ื
06:56
walk away.
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ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ืชืชืจื—ืงื• ืžืžื ื•.
06:59
And let me reduce this to the simplest level.
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ื•ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืฆืžืฆื ื–ืืช ืœืจืžื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:02
We've heard from Bill Gates recently.
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ืฉืžืขื ื• ืืช ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
07:04
All of us, to some extent, study
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
07:06
this thing called a Bill Gates.
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ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ืก".
07:08
Terrific. You learn everything you can about that.
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ื ื”ื“ืจ. ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ.
07:10
And then there's another kind of thing that you might study,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“,
07:13
and you study that hard.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืง.
07:15
That's a Bono, this is a Bono.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื•; ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื•ื ื•.
07:17
But then, if you know everything you can know about those two things,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื,
07:20
and you put them together,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
07:22
what can you say about this combination?
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ืžื” ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
07:24
The answer is, not a lot.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:26
And that's complexity.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
07:28
Now, imagine building that up to a city, or to a society,
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ื›ืขืช, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืขื™ืจ ืื• ื—ื‘ืจื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
07:31
and you've got, obviously, an interesting problem.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
07:34
All right, so let me give you an example
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื
07:37
of simplicity
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ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
07:39
of a particular kind.
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ืžืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
07:41
And I want to introduce a word
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืžื™ืœื”
07:43
that I think is very useful,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช,
07:45
which is stacking.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืขืจื•ื.
07:47
And I'm going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืขืจืžื” ืœืฉื ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
07:50
that has the characteristic
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื›ืš
07:52
that it is so simple
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
07:54
and so reliable
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ื•ื›ื” ืืžื™ื ื”
07:56
that I can build things with it.
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ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
07:58
Or I'm going to use simple to mean
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ืื• ืฉืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘"ืคืฉื•ื˜"
08:00
reliable, predictable, repeatable.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžื™ืŸ, ื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™, ื‘ืจ-ืฉื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ.
08:05
And I'm going to use as an example the Internet,
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ื•ืืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
08:07
because it's a particularly good example
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
08:09
of stacked simplicity.
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ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืจืžืช.
08:12
We call it a complex system, which it is,
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ื›ื–ื”,
08:14
but it's also something else.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
08:17
The Internet starts with mathematics,
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
08:20
it starts with binary.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
08:22
And if you look at the list of things on the bottom,
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ื•ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
08:25
we are familiar with the Arabic numbers
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช
08:27
one to 10 and so on.
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1 ืขื“ 10 ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
08:29
In binary, one is 0001,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช, ืื—ื“ ื–ื” 0001,
08:32
seven is 0111.
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ืฉื‘ืข ื–ื” 0111.
08:35
The question is: Why is binary
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™
08:37
simpler than Arabic?
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืขืจื‘ื™?
08:39
And the answer is, simply,
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜
08:41
that if I hold up three fingers, you can count that easily,
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ืฉืื ืื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืžืขืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
08:44
but if I hold up this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ืื—ื–ื™ืง ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ืš,
08:46
it's sort of hard to say that I just did seven.
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ืงืฉื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืกื™ืžื ืชื™ ืฉื‘ืข.
08:48
The virtue of binary is that it's the simplest possible way
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ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช
08:51
of representing numbers.
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ืœื”ืฆื’ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
08:53
Anything else is more complicated.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
08:55
You can catch errors with it,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืฉื’ื™ืื•ืช ืขื ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”.
08:57
it's unambiguous in its reading,
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ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•-ืžืฉืžืขื™ืช ื‘ืงืจื™ืื”.
08:59
there are lots of good things about binary.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช.
09:01
So it is very, very simple
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ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”
09:03
once you learn how to read it.
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื”.
09:05
Now, if you like to represent
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
09:07
this zero and one of binary,
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ืืช ื”ืืคืก ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ืช,
09:09
you need a device.
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ื™ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ืชืงืŸ.
09:11
And think of things in your life
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ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
09:13
that are binary,
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ืฉื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ื™ื.
09:15
one of them is light switches.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื ืžืชื’ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:17
They can be on and off. That's binary.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื“ืœื•ืง ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื™. ื–ื” ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™.
09:19
Now wall switches, we all know, fail.
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ืžืชื’ื™ ืงื™ืจ, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข, ืžืชืงืœืงืœื™ื.
09:23
But our friends who are condensed matter physicists
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืคื™ื–ืงื™ืื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืžื•ืฆืง,
09:25
managed to come up, some 50 years ago,
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื—, ืœืคื ื™ ื›-50 ืฉื ื”,
09:28
with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar,
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ืขื ื”ืชืงืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“, ื”ืžื•ืคื™ืข ืชื—ืช ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื,
09:31
which is a transistor.
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ.
09:33
A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch.
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ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžืชื’ ืงื™ืจ.
09:35
It turns things on and off,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื“ืœื™ืง ื•ืžื›ื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
09:37
but it does so without moving parts
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช ืœืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื
09:39
and it doesn't fail, basically, for a very long period of time.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืชืงืœืงืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
09:42
So the second layer of simplicity
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ืื– ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
09:45
was the transistor in the Internet.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
09:48
So, since the transistor is so simple,
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜,
09:51
you can put lots of them together.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
09:53
And you put lots of them together and you come with
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ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื
09:55
something called integrated circuits.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื.
09:57
And a current integrated circuit
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ื‘ืžืขื’ืœ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•
09:59
might have in each one of these chips
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ื
10:01
something like a billion transistors,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
10:03
all of which have to work perfectly every time.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:06
So that's the next layer of simplicity,
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ืื– ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื›ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
10:09
and, in fact, integrated circuits
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื
10:11
are really simple in the sense that they,
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ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื,
10:13
in general, work really well.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ, ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
10:15
With integrated circuits, you can build cellphones.
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ืขื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
10:18
You all are accustomed to having your cellphones work
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
10:21
the large majority of the time.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:23
In Boston ... Boston is a little bit like Namibia
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ื‘ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”
10:25
in its cell phone coverage, (Laughter)
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ื‘ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“.
10:27
so that we're not accustomed to that all the time,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
10:29
but some of the time.
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ืืœื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ.
10:32
But, in fact, if you have cell phones,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“,
10:34
you can now go to this nice lady
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืื™ืฉื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ื–ื•
10:36
who's somewhere like Namibia,
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ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ื ืžื™ื‘ื™ื”,
10:38
and who is extremely happy with the fact
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ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
10:40
that although she does not have
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ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”
10:42
an master's degree in
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ืชื•ืืจ ืฉื ื™
10:44
electrical engineering from MIT,
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ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžื˜ืขื MIT,
10:46
she's nonetheless able to hack her cell phone
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”
10:48
to get power in some funny way.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
10:51
And from that comes the Internet.
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.
10:53
And this is a map of bitflows across the continent.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
10:56
The two blobs that are light in the middle there
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื•ืืจื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
10:59
are the United States and Europe.
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ื”ื ืืจื”"ื‘ ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
11:01
And then back to simplicity again.
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ื•ืื– ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืคืฉื˜ื•ืช.
11:04
So here we have what I think is one of the great ideas,
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ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ืžื” ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
11:07
which is Google.
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ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
11:09
Which, in this simple portal
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื•ืจื˜ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื–ื”,
11:11
makes the claim
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื›ืจื™ื–
11:13
that it makes accessible
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื’ื™ืฉ
11:15
all of the world's information.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:17
But the point is that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื
11:19
that extraordinary simple idea
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื
11:22
rests on layers of simplicity
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ืžืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
11:25
each compounded into a complexity
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืขืจืžืช ืœืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
11:27
that is itself simple,
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
11:29
in the sense that it is completely reliable.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžื™ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:33
All right, let me then finish off
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ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื ืืกื™ื™ื
11:35
with four general statements,
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ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœืœื™ื•ืช,
11:39
an example and two aphorisms.
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ื•ืฉื ื™ ืคืชื’ืžื™ื.
11:42
The characteristics, which I think
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ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ
11:44
are useful to think about for simple things:
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ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื:
11:47
First, they are predictable.
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ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉื”ื ื‘ืจื™-ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
11:51
Their behavior is predictable.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื—ื™ื–ื•ื™.
11:53
Now, one of the nice characteristics
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
11:55
of simple things
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
11:57
is you know what it's going to do, in general.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:59
So simplicity and predictability
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ืœื›ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
12:01
are characteristics of simple things.
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ื”ื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
12:04
The second is, and this is a real world statement,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™,
12:07
they're cheap.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื.
12:09
If you have things that are cheap enough,
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ืื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ื•ืœื™ื,
12:11
people will find uses for them,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื,
12:13
even if they seem very primitive.
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ื’ื ืื ื”ื ื ืจืื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
12:15
So, for example, stones.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื‘ื ื™ื.
12:17
You can build cathedrals out of stones,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ืžืื‘ื ื™ื,
12:20
you just have to know what it does.
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ืจืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื.
12:22
You carve them in blocks and then you
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ืžื’ืœืคื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื, ื•ืื–
12:24
pile them on top of one another,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื ื™,
12:26
and they support weight.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืฉืงืœ.
12:28
So there has to be function, the function has to be predictable
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ื›ืš ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“, ื”ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ-ื—ื™ื–ื•ื™
12:31
and the cost has to be low.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
12:33
What that means is
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ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
12:35
that you have to have a high performance
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืื•
12:37
or value for cost.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ ืชื•ืขืœืช-ืขืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื.
12:41
And then I would propose
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ื•ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข
12:43
as this last component
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ืจื•ืŸ
12:45
that they serve, or have the potential to serve,
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ืฉื”ื ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ
12:48
as building blocks.
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื‘ื ื™-ื™ืกื•ื“.
12:50
That is, you can stack them.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืจื•ื ืื•ืชื.
12:52
And stack can mean this way, or it can mean this way,
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ื•ืœืขืจื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ื•,
12:55
or it can mean in some arbitrary n-dimensional space.
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ืื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉืจื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขืœ n ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื.
12:58
But if you have something that has a function,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืชืคืงื“,
13:00
and it's really cheap,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื–ื•ืœ,
13:02
people will find new ways of putting it together
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื•
13:04
to make new things.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
13:06
Cheap, functional, reliable things
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื, ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื ื•ืืžื™ื ื™ื
13:09
unleash the creativity of people
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ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื
13:11
who then build stuff that you could not imagine.
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ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื– ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ื ื.
13:14
There's no way of predicting the Internet
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
13:17
based on the first transistor.
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
13:19
It just is not possible.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™.
13:21
So these are the components.
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ืื– ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
13:24
Now, the example
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื
13:26
is something that I want to give you
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืชืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื•
13:28
from the work that we ourselves do.
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ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
13:31
We are very interested in
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
13:34
delivering health care in the developing world,
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ืœืคืชื— ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
13:37
and one of the things that we wish to do in this particular business
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”,
13:40
is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis
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ื–ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืจืคื•ืื™ื•ืช
13:43
at as close to zero cost
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ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ืœืืคืก
13:45
as we can manage.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
13:47
So, how does one do that?
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
13:49
This is a world in which there's no electricity,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื–ื” ืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ,
13:51
there's no money, there's no medical competence.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ืกืฃ, ืื™ืŸ ืจืคื•ืื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืชืื™ืžื”.
13:54
And I don't want to spend your time in going through the details,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ื ื™ื,
13:57
but in the lower right-hand corner,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืžื ื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื”,
13:59
you see an example of the kind of thing that we have.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
14:02
It's a little paper chip.
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ื–ื”ื• ืฉื‘ื‘ ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื ื™ื™ืจ.
14:04
It has a few things printed on it
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ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:06
using the same technology
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:08
that you use for making comic books,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœื”ื“ืคืกืช ื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืžื™ืงืก,
14:10
which was the inspiration for this particular idea.
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื’ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื”.
14:13
And you put a drop, in this case, of urine at the bottom.
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ืฉืžื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช, ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืชืŸ.
14:16
It wicks its way up into these little branches.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื” ืžืคืœืกืช ืืช ื“ืจื›ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืกืชืขืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
14:19
You know, no power required.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
14:21
It turns colors. In this particular case,
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ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื. ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”
14:23
you're reading kidney function.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื•ืช.
14:26
And, since the health care worker
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
14:29
of much of this part of the world
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ื‘ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”
14:31
is an 18 year-old with an AK-47,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ 18 ืขื ืจื•ื‘ื” ืงืœืฆ'ื ื™ืงื•ื‘,
14:34
who happens to be out of work and is willing
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ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื”, ื•ืจื•ืฆื”
14:36
to go around and do this sort of thing,
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ืœืฉื•ื˜ื˜ ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
14:38
he can take a picture of it with his cellphone,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฆืœื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•,
14:40
send the picture back to where there is a doctor,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ืจื•ืคื,
14:42
and the doctor can look at it.
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ื•ื”ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
14:44
So what you've done is to take a technology,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืคื” ื–ื” ืœืงื—ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
14:47
which is available everywhere,
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ืฉื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
14:49
make a device, which is extremely cheap,
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืŸ ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:52
and make it in such a fashion
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ื•ืœืขืฆื‘ื• ื›ืš
14:54
that it is very, very reliable.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืืžื™ืŸ.
14:56
If we can pull this off,
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ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ืชื’ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื,
14:58
if we can build more function,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช,
15:00
it will be stackable.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืจื•ื ืื™ืชื•.
15:02
That is to say, if we can make the basic technology
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
15:05
of one or two things work,
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ื‘ืื—ื“ ืื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
15:07
it will be applicable to a very, very
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ื”ื™ื ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ืฉื™ืžื”
15:09
large variety of human conditions,
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ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื ืื™ ืงื™ื•ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
15:11
and hence, extendable in both
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ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
15:13
vertical and horizontal directions.
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ื”ืŸ ืื ื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช.
15:16
Part of my interest in this, I have to say,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข
15:18
is that I would like to -- how do I put this politely? --
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ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื”, ืื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก,
15:21
change the way, or maybe eviscerate,
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื˜ื”, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
15:23
the capital structure of the U.S. health care system,
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ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘,
15:26
which I think is fundamentally broken.
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ืฉืœืคื™ ื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืขื•ืข ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
15:29
So, let me close --
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ืืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื›ื --
15:31
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:34
Let me close with my two aphorisms.
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ืืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืคืชื’ืžื™ื.
15:36
One of them is from Mr. Einstein,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ.
15:38
and he says, "Everything should be made
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
15:40
as simple as possible, but not simpler."
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื–ื”."
15:43
And I think that's a very good way of thinking about the problem.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
15:46
If you take too much out
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ืื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜,
15:48
of something that's simple, you lose function.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ื™ืื•ืช.
15:50
You have to have low cost,
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
15:52
but you also have to have a function.
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชืคืงื“.
15:54
So you can't make it too simple.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
15:56
And the second is a design issue,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
15:58
and it's not directly relevant, but it's a nice statement.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืืžื™ืจื” ื ื—ืžื“ื”.
16:01
This is by de Saint-Exupery.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ื ื˜-ืืงืกื•ืคืจื™.
16:04
And he says, "You know you've achieved perfection in design,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, "ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
16:07
not when you have nothing more to add,
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ืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ,
16:10
but when you have nothing more to take away."
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ืืœื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื’ืจื•ืข."
16:12
And that certainly is going in the right direction.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืฆื•ืขื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:16
So, what I think one can begin to do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
16:19
with this kind of
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ืขื ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื›ื–ื•
16:22
cut at the word simplicity,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
16:24
which doesn't cover Brancusi,
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ืฉืื™ื ื” ืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืจืื ืงื•ื–ื™,
16:26
it doesn't answer the question of
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ืœื ืขื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”
16:28
why Mondrian is better or worse
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืžื•ื ื“ืจื™ืืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช,
16:31
or simpler or less simpler than Van Gogh,
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ืื•, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ื•ืืŸ ื’ื•ืš,
16:33
and certainly doesn't address the question
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ื•ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ื ื” ืžืชื™ื—ืกืช ืœืฉืืœื”
16:35
of whether Mozart is simpler than Bach.
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ืื ืžื•ืฆืจื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืืš.
16:38
But it does make a point --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื”,
16:40
which is one which, in a sense,
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
16:42
differentiates the real world of people who make things,
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:45
and the world of people who think about things,
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ื•ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
16:48
which is, there is an intellectual merit
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืงื™ื™ื ืขืจืš ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™
16:51
to asking: How do we make things
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ื‘ืฉืืœื”: ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
16:53
as simple as we can,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
16:55
as cheap as we can, as functional as we can
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ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ, ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
16:58
and as freely interconnectable as we can?
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ื•ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ?
17:01
If we make that kind of simplicity in our technology
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•
17:04
and then give it to you guys,
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ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื›ื•ืœื,
17:06
you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ืคืœืื™ื.
17:09
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:11
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:20
Chris Anderson: Quick question.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืฉืืœื” ืžื”ื™ืจื”.
17:22
So can you picture
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ
17:25
that a science of simplicity
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ืฉืžื“ืข ื”ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
17:27
might get to the point where
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื”
17:29
you could look out at various systems --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
17:31
say a financial system or a legal system, health system -- and say,
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ื ื’ื™ื“ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื•ืžืจ
17:34
"That has got to the point of danger
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ืฉื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
17:36
or dysfunctionality for the following reasons,
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ืื• ืชื™ืคืงื•ื“ ืœืงื•ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ืื• ืื—ืจื•ืช,
17:38
and this is how we might simplify it"?
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ื•ื›ืš ื•ื›ืš ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื–ื”?
17:40
George Whitesides: Yes, I think you could. Because if you look
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืก: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืกื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื
17:42
at the components from which the system is made
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ื•ื™ื”,
17:44
and examine their fragility, or their stability,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืชื, ืื• ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืชื,
17:47
you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื›ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื–ื”.
17:50
CA: Have you started to do that?
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ื›.ื.: ื”ืื ื”ืชื—ืœืชื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช?
17:52
I mean, with the health system, you got a sort of
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื™ืŸ
17:54
radical solution on the cost side,
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ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืžื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืขืœื•ืช,
17:56
but in terms of the system itself?
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขืฆืžื”?
17:58
GW: Well, no.
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ื’'.ื•ื•.: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœื.
18:00
How do I put that simply? No.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื’ื™ื“ ื–ืืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช, ืœื.
18:02
CA: That was a simple, powerful answer. GW: Yes.
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ื›.ื.: ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ื–ืงื”. ื’'.ื•ื•.: ื›ืŸ.
18:05
CA: So, in terms of
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ื›.ื.: ืื– ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืฉืœ
18:07
that diagnostic technology that you've got,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืื™ื‘ื—ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš,
18:09
where is that, and when do you see that
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช, ื•ืžืชื™ ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘
18:11
maybe getting rolled out to scale.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ื ื™?
18:13
GW: That's coming out soon. I mean, the systems work,
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ื’'.ื•ื•.: ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
18:16
and we have to find out how to manufacture them and do things of this kind,
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”,
18:18
but the basic technology works.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
18:20
CA: You've got a company set up to ...
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ื›.ื.: ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื›ื ื” ืœ--
18:22
GW: A foundation, a foundation. Not-for-profit.
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ื’'.ื•ื•.: ืงืจืŸ; ืงืจืŸ ืฉืœื ืœืžื˜ืจืช ืจื•ื•ื—.
18:25
CA: All right. Well, thank you so much for your talk. Thank you. (Applause)
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ื›.ื.: ื‘ืกื“ืจ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืืชืš. ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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