George Whitesides: Toward a science of simplicity

Translator: Nafissa Yakubova Reviewer: Farrukh Yakubov

Most of the talks

So'nggi bir necha kunlar

that you've heard in the last several fabulous days

davomida siz eshitgan ko'pgina ma'ruzalar

have been from people who have the characteristic

biror narsa ustida o'ylab ko'rgan, o'z sohasining

that they have thought about something,

ustasi deb bilgan odamlar tomonidan berildi.

they are experts, they know what's going on.

Ular sohalarining mohir ustalari, nima bo'layotganni bilishadi.

All of you know about the topic

Siz hammangiz men gapiradigan mavzu

that I'm supposed to talk about.

haqida bilasiz.

That is, you know what simplicity is,

Yani soddalik, odiylik nima bilasiz,

you know what complexity is.

murakkablik nimaligini ham bilasiz.

The trouble is, I don't.

Shunisi hayratlanarliki, men bilmayman.

And what I'm going to do is share with you

Shuning uchun bu haqida bilmaganimni

my ignorance on this subject.

siz bilan baham ko'raman.

I want you to read this,

Mana buni o'qing

because we're going to come back to it in a moment.

shunki biz bunga yana qaytamiz.

The quote is from

Bu aforizmni

the fabled Potter Stewart

Potter Stweart yozgan,

opinion on pornography.

Pornografiya haqida.

And let me just read it,

Men sizga buni o'qib beray

the important details here:

kerakli qismlarini.

"Shorthand description, ['hardcore pornography'];

Pornografiyani qisqacha men hech

and perhaps I could never succeed in intelligibly defining it.

tavsiflay olmayman, lekin

But I know it when I see it."

uni ko'rganimda nimaligini bilaman.

I'm going to come back to that in a moment.

Men buni birozdan keyin yoritaman.

So, what is simplicity?

Xo'sh, oddiylik nima?

It's good to start with some examples.

Ba'zi misollar bilan boshlagan ma'qul.

A coffee cup -- we don't think about coffee cups,

Kofe chashkasi, biz ular haqida uncha o'ylamaymiz,

but it's much more interesting than one might think --

lekin ular biz o'ylagandan ham qiziqroq.

a coffee cup is a device,

Kofe chashkasi bu narsa, ha

which has a container and a handle.

idish, uning sopi bor.

The handle enables you to hold it

Sop sizga uni ushlashga inkon beradi,

when the container is filled with hot liquid.

masalan idishda issiq suyuqlik bo'lganda.

Why is that important?

Bu nega muhim?

Well, it enables you to drink coffee.

Xo'sh, bu orgali siz kofe icha olasiz.

But also, by the way, the coffee is hot,

aytgancha, kofe issiq,

the liquid is sterile;

suyuqlik esa toza, steril.

you're not likely to get cholera that way.

Siz unda vabo yuqtirolmaysiz.

So the coffee cup, or the cup with a handle,

Xullas, kofe chashkasi, sopi bilan-

is one of the tools used by society

bu jamiyat tomonidan umumsog'liqni

to maintain public health.

qo'llaydigan narsa.

Scissors are your clothes,

Qaychilar kiyimlar uchun.

glasses enable you to see things

ko'zoynaklar narsalarni kurish inmkonini beradi

and keep you from being eaten by cheetahs

va sizni sirtlonlar g'ajib tashlashidan

or run down by automobiles,

yoki avtomobillar urib ketishidan himoya qiladi.

and books are, after all, your education.

va kitoblar, qisqasini aytsak, sizning ta'limingiz.

But there's another class of simple things,

Lekin yan boshqa bir sodda narsalar guruhi bor

which are also very important.

va ular juda muhim.

Simple in function,

Vazifasi sodda bo'lgan

but not at all simple in how they're constructed.

lekin ishlab chiqarilishi sodda bo'lmagan narsalar.

And the two here are just examples.

Man bu ikkita misol.

One is the cellphone, which we use every day.

Biri uyali telefon, har kuni ishlatamiz uni.

And it rests on a complexity,

lekin u murakkablikdan tashkil topgan

which has some characteristics

o'ziga xos hususiyatlari bor

very different from those that my friend

va mening do'stim Benoit Mandelbrot

Benoit Mandelbrot discussed,

aytib o'tgandan faqrli

but are very interesting.

lekin juda qiziqarli.

And the other, of course, is a birth control pill,

Va ikkinchisi esa, homiladorlki oldini oladigan dorilar,

which, in a very simple way,

bu dori oddiy usul bilan

fundamentally changed the structure of society

jamiyatning tuzilishini tubdan o'zgartirdi

by changing the role of women in it

yani ayollarning rolini o'zgartirdi

by providing to them

ularga jinsiy ko'payish

the opportunity to make reproductive choices.

borasida tanlashga imkon berdi.

So, there are two ways of thinking about this word, I think.

Menimcha, bunga ikki usul bilan yondashish mumkin.

And here I've corrupted

Va men bu yerda Potter Stewartning gapini

the Potter Stewart quotation

biroz boshqa yo'lda qo'llayapman

by saying that we can think about something --

yani biz biror narsa haqida o'ylab,

which spans all the way from scissors

masalan qaychilardan boshlab

to the cell phone,

uyali telefongacha

Internet and birth control pills --

intenet va homiladorlik oldini oluvchi dorilarni

by saying that they're simple,

oddiy narsalar deb ataymiz

the functions are simple,

ularning vazifalari oddiy

and we recognize what that simplicity is

va biz ularni ko'rganimizda

when we see it.

ularning oddiyligini taniy olamiz.

Or there may be another way of doing it,

Yoki boshqa usul bilan yondoshsak,

which is to think about the problem in terms of what --

yani muammoga , falsafa tomonidan

if you associate with moral philosophers --

qarash, va bu

is called the teapot problem.

choynak muammosi deb ataladi.

The teapot problem I'll pose this way.

Choynak muammosi quyidagidan iborat.

Suppose you see a teapot,

Tasavvur qiling choynak bor,

and the teapot is

va bu choynak

filled with hot water.

issiq suv bilan to'ldirilgan.

And you then ask the question:

Endi siz so'raysiz:

Why is the water hot?

Nima uchun suv issiq?

And that's a simple question.

Va bu oddiy savol.

It's like, what is simplicity?

Bu huddi: oddiylik nima? deganday

One answer would be:

bir javob shunday bo'lishi mumkin:

because the kinetic energy of the water molecules is high

chunki suv molekulalarining kinetik energiyasi yuqori

and they bounce against things rapidly --

va ular devorlarga tez tez uriladi.

that's a kind of physical science argument.

Bu fizikaviy tomondan javob berish.

A second argument would be:

Ikkinchi javob quyidagicha:

because it was sitting on a stove with the flame on --

chunki, u olov yonib turgan gazda turgan edi.

that's an historical argument.

Bu tarixiy yondashuv.

A third is that I wanted hot water

Uchinchisi esa, men choy uchun

for tea --

issiq suv hohlagan edim deydi.

that's an intentional argument.

Bu maqsad bilan yondashuv.

And, since this is coming from a moral philosopher,

Va bu faylasuv tomonidan kelayotgani uchun,

the fourth would be that it's part of God's plan for the universe.

to'rtinchi javob: bu Xudoning borliq uchun yaratgan rejasining bir qismi.

All of these are possibilities.

Bularning hammasi bo'lishi mumkin.

The point is that you get into trouble

Muhimi shuki, siz bir savol berganda

when you ask a single question

va birgina javob kutganingizda

with a single box for an answer,

muammoga duch kelasiz,

in which that single question actually is many questions

chunki savol aslida ko'p javoblarga ega

with quite different meanings,

va har hil ma'nolarni ifodalaydi,

but with the same words.

lekin bir hil so'zlar bilar

Asking, "What is simplicity?" I think falls in that category.

Menimcha, oddiylik nima deb so'rash ham huddi shunday muammoga uchraydi.

What is the state of science?

Ilm nima?

And, interestingly, complexity

va qizig'i shuki, murakkablik

is very highly evolved.

shuda yuqori darajada shakllangan.

We have a lot of interesting information

Bizda murakkablik nimaligi

about what complexity is.

haqida juda ko'p qiziqalri ma'lumotlar bor.

Simplicity, for reasons

Oddiy, sodda esa, ba'zi sabablarga ko'ra

that are a little bit obscure,

biroz mavhum tushuncha,

is almost not pursued,

va deyarli o'ylab ko'rilmagan,

at least in the academic world.

hech bo'lmaganda, ilmiy tomondan.

We academics -- I am an academic --

Biz akademiklar- men ham akademik- olimman-

we love complexity.

biz murraklikni yaxshi ko'ramiz.

You can write papers about complexity,

siz murakkablik haqida maqolalar yozishingiz mumkin.

and the nice thing about complexity is

Murakkablikning yaxhshi tomoni shuki

it's fundamentally intractable in many ways,

u har tomonlama o'zaro ta'sirda bo'la oladi

so you're not responsible for outcomes. (Laughter)

va siz uning natijasi uchun javobgar emassiz.

Simplicity -- all of you really would like

Soddalik bu siz har kuni

your Waring Blender in the morning

ertalab turib mevalardan sharbat tayyorlaysiz,

to make whatever a Waring Blender does,

sharbat tayorlagich asbob o'z vazifasini bajaradi-

but not explode or play Beethoven.

siz bilasizki bu asbob Bethoven musiqasini chalmaydi.

You're not interested in the limits of these things.

Siz narsalarning chegarasi haqida hadeb ham o'ylab ko'rmaysiz.

So what one is interested in

Xullas, biz qiziqadigan narsa bu

has a lot to do with the rewards of the system.

narsalarning bizga foydasi.

And there's a lot of rewards in thinking

Va biz murakkab narsalar

about complexity and emergence,

haqida ko'p o'ylaganda, oddiy narsalarga

not so much in thinking about simplicity.

qaraganda ko'proq foyda ko'ramiz.

One of the things I want to do

Va men xohlagan narsalardan biri

is to help you with a very important task --

shuki sizga juda muhim vazifani tushuntirish,

which you may not know that you have very often --

qaysiki, siz odatda uning mavjudligini bilmaysiz

which is to understand

yani bu Fizik bilan birga o'tirib

how to sit next to a physicist at a dinner party

suhbat qura olishni

and have a conversation. (Laughter)

tushunishdir.

And the words that I would like you to focus on

Boshqacha qilib aytganda, siz murakkab

are complexity and emergence,

narsalarga e'tibor berasiz

because these will enable you to start the conversation

shunki ana shu narsalar suhbatni boshlashga yordam beradi

and then daydream about other things.

keyin siz boshqa narsalar haqida hayolga cho'mib ketasiz.

(Laughter)

(Kulgi)

All right, what is complexity in this view of things,

Narsalarga kelsak, xo'sh murakkablik nima?

and what is emergence?

va kelib chiqish nima?

We have, actually, a pretty good working definition of complexity.

Biz aslida Murakkablikni tavsiflay olamiz

It is a system, like traffic,

bu bir tizim, huddi transportga o'xhshash

which has components.

o'z qismlariga ega.

The components interact with one another.

qismlar bir biri bilan munosabatda

These are cars and drivers. They dissipate energy.

Huddi mashina va haydovchilar kabi. Ular energiya chiqaradi.

It turns out that, whenever you have that system,

Qarabsizki, har safar bu tizimga ega bo'lganda

weird stuff happens,

g'alati hodisa sodir bo'ladi,

and you in Los Angeles

va siz Los Angelesda buni

probably know this better than anyone.

hammadan yaxhshi bilsangiz kerak.

Here's another example,

Yana boshqa misol

which I put up because

va menimcha bu hozirda

it's an example of really important current science.

juda muhim ilmiy misol.

You can't possibly read that. It's not intended that you read it,

Buni o'qiy olmassiz, o'qish uchun mo'ljallanmagan.

but that's a tiny part

Lekin bu kimyoviy jarayon,

of the chemical reactions going on

reaktsiyaning bir kichik qismi

in each of your cells at any given moment.

va bu har biringizning hujayrangizda hozir sodir bo'layapti.

And it's like the traffic that you see.

Huddi transportdek, va eng ajablanarlisi shuki

The amazing thing about the cell is that

hujayralar o'zaro

it actually does maintain a fairly stable

juda mustahakam

working relationship with other cells,

munosatbatdadir.

but we don't know why.

Lekin nima uchun biz bilmaymiz.

Anyone who tells you that we understand life,

Kimdakim sizga biz hayotni tushuna olamiz desa

walk away.

unda nari keting.

And let me reduce this to the simplest level.

keling men bu sodda yo'l bilan tushuntiray.

We've heard from Bill Gates recently.

Biz yaqinda Bill Gatesdan eshitdik.

All of us, to some extent, study

Biz hammamiz qaysidir darajada

this thing called a Bill Gates.

Bill Gates degan narsani o'rganamiz.

Terrific. You learn everything you can about that.

Zo'r. Siz iloji boricha bu haqida hamma narsani o'rganasiz.

And then there's another kind of thing that you might study,

Va yana boshqa o'rganish kerak bo'lgan narsalar bordir.

and you study that hard.

Va siz ularni astoidil o'rganasiz.

That's a Bono, this is a Bono.

Bu Bono, anau u Bono.

But then, if you know everything you can know about those two things,

Lekin, keyin siz bu 2 narsa haqida o'rganish mumkin bo'lgan hamma narsani bilasiz

and you put them together,

va ularni birga qo'shasiz,

what can you say about this combination?

keyin bu to'plam haqida nima deya olasiz?

The answer is, not a lot.

Javobi: uncha ko'p emas.

And that's complexity.

Va mana bu murakkablikdir.

Now, imagine building that up to a city, or to a society,

Endi, tasavvur qiling shahar, jamiyat miqyosida

and you've got, obviously, an interesting problem.

va albatta sizda juda qiziqarli muammo paydo bo'ladi.

All right, so let me give you an example

Keling misol keltiray

of simplicity

oddiylikning ma'lum bir

of a particular kind.

turi haqida.

And I want to introduce a word

Keyin men sizga bir so'zni

that I think is very useful,

tanishtiraman, menimcha juda foydali

which is stacking.

yani bu to'plash.

And I'm going to use stacking for a kind of simplicity

va to'plashni men oddiylikning bir tuirga misol qilaman

that has the characteristic

yani u shunday xususiyatga egaki

that it is so simple

u juda oddiy

and so reliable

va ishonarli

that I can build things with it.

va men u bilan narsalarni qura olaman.

Or I'm going to use simple to mean

Yani men oddiylik deganni

reliable, predictable, repeatable.

ishonarli, oldindan bilsa bo'ladigan, va takrorlash mumkin deb tushunaman.

And I'm going to use as an example the Internet,

Bir misol bu internet

because it's a particularly good example

chunki u jamlash, to'plashning

of stacked simplicity.

juda yaxshi bir namunasi.

We call it a complex system, which it is,

Biz uni murakkab tizim deb ataymiz,

but it's also something else.

lekin uning yana boshqa tomoni bor.

The Internet starts with mathematics,

Internet Matematikadan boshlanadi.

it starts with binary.

U binar (1,0), qo'shlik bilan boshlanadi.

And if you look at the list of things on the bottom,

Va agar siz quyidagi narsalarga e'tibor bersangiz,

we are familiar with the Arabic numbers

biz arab raqqamlari bilan tanishmiz

one to 10 and so on.

birdan 10 gacha va hakozo.

In binary, one is 0001,

Binar tizimida bir bu 0001

seven is 0111.

va yetti esa 0111

The question is: Why is binary

Savol shuki: Nima uchun Binar tizimi

simpler than Arabic?

Arab raqamlaridan soddaroq?

And the answer is, simply,

Javob oddiygina

that if I hold up three fingers, you can count that easily,

agar 3 barmoqni kursatda, osongina sanay olasiz

but if I hold up this,

lekin agar men bunday qilsam

it's sort of hard to say that I just did seven.

yetti ekanligina sanash biroz murakkab.

The virtue of binary is that it's the simplest possible way

Maqsad shuki raqamlarni eng

of representing numbers.

sodda usul bilan ko'rsatish.

Anything else is more complicated.

Boshqa hammasi undan murakkabdir.

You can catch errors with it,

Va siz xatolarni topishingiz mumkin.

it's unambiguous in its reading,

Uni o'qish ikki ma'noli emas

there are lots of good things about binary.

Binar tiziming juda ko'p yaxshi tomonlari bor.

So it is very, very simple

Yani, uni o'qishni o'rgangach

once you learn how to read it.

uning juda juda sodda ekanini ko'rasiz.

Now, if you like to represent

Endi, agar siz nol va birni

this zero and one of binary,

binar orqali ifodalamoqchi bo'lsangiz

you need a device.

sizga asbob kerak.

And think of things in your life

Va agar siz hayotiy misol bilan

that are binary,

binar tizimini ifodalashni xohlasangiz,

one of them is light switches.

ularning biri bu chiroqni o'chirib yoqishdir.

They can be on and off. That's binary.

ular o'chadi va yonadi. mana bu Binar tizimdir.

Now wall switches, we all know, fail.

Biz bilamizgi bu devordagi uskuna ishlamay qolishi mumkin,

But our friends who are condensed matter physicists

lekin bizning Zich Materiya Fizik do'stlarimiz

managed to come up, some 50 years ago,

50 yilcha oldin, juda ajoyib uskuna o'ylab topishdi

with a very nice device, shown under that bell jar,

mana bur ko'rib turganingizdek

which is a transistor.

bu transistor.

A transistor is nothing more than a wall switch.

Transiztor huddi devordagi o'chirib-yoqadigan narsaday

It turns things on and off,

u narsalarni yoqadi va o'chiradi

but it does so without moving parts

lekin u buni qismlarni siljitmasdan qiladi

and it doesn't fail, basically, for a very long period of time.

va u ishlamay qolmaydi, xullas ancha uzoq vaqtga yaraydi.

So the second layer of simplicity

Soddalikning ikkinchi darajasi yani bu

was the transistor in the Internet.

transistor va internetdir.

So, since the transistor is so simple,

Transistorlar sodda bo'lgani uchun

you can put lots of them together.

ularning bir nechasini birga ulash mumkin.

And you put lots of them together and you come with

Va ularning ko'pisi birga ulaganda

something called integrated circuits.

qo'shma zanjirsimon tarmoq kelib chiqadi.

And a current integrated circuit

va bu har bir tok tarmog'i

might have in each one of these chips

bunday chip- yani qismlarga ega

something like a billion transistors,

va ular huddi milliard transistor kabidir

all of which have to work perfectly every time.

va har biri ,har safar juda yaxhshi ishlaydi.

So that's the next layer of simplicity,

Va bu soddalikning keyingi darajasi,

and, in fact, integrated circuits

va aslida, zanjirsimon tarmoqlar

are really simple in the sense that they,

aslida juda sodda

in general, work really well.

va umuman rosa yaxshi ishlaydi.

With integrated circuits, you can build cellphones.

Ular yordamida siz uyali telefonlar yasay olasiz.

You all are accustomed to having your cellphones work

Siz hammangiz uyali telefoninggizni ishlashiga o'rganib qolgansiz

the large majority of the time.

ko'pincha.

In Boston ... Boston is a little bit like Namibia

Bostonda esa, biroz Namibiga o'xshash

in its cell phone coverage, (Laughter)

yani uyali telefon signaliga kelsak

so that we're not accustomed to that all the time,

va biz uni har doim ishlashiga ko'nikmaganmiz

but some of the time.

lekin ba'zan bo'lib turadi.

But, in fact, if you have cell phones,

Lekin, sizda uyali telefon bo'lsa

you can now go to this nice lady

siz bu Namibiyaning

who's somewhere like Namibia,

biror yeridagi bu ajoyib ayolga borsangiz bo'ladi

and who is extremely happy with the fact

u shuning uchun juda hursdandki,

that although she does not have

uning M.I.T universitetidan

an master's degree in

elektrik injiner muhandis

electrical engineering from MIT,

Master dimplomi bo'lmasa ham

she's nonetheless able to hack her cell phone

u baribir uyali telefoniga qandaydir xakerlik qilib

to get power in some funny way.

uni qandaydir usul bilan quvvatini ishga tushira oladi.

And from that comes the Internet.

Bundan kelib chiqib, Internetga kelsak.

And this is a map of bitflows across the continent.

Bu xarita materik bo'ylab bayt oqimini ko'rsatadi.

The two blobs that are light in the middle there

eng yoriq va gavjum ishlatilgan joy

are the United States and Europe.

bu AQSH va Evropa.

And then back to simplicity again.

Va yana oddiylikka qaytamiz.

So here we have what I think is one of the great ideas,

Menimcha bizda eng zo'r kashfiyotlardan biri

which is Google.

Google bor,

Which, in this simple portal

u huddi oddiy yo'l bilan ishlaydi,

makes the claim

ular aytishicha dunyoda

that it makes accessible

hamma axborotlarga

all of the world's information.

u orqali bog'lanish mumkin.

But the point is that

Lekin shunisi muhimki

that extraordinary simple idea

bu g'aroyib fikr

rests on layers of simplicity

oddiy qatlamlardan iborat

each compounded into a complexity

va har bir qatlam esa o'zicha sodda bo'lgan

that is itself simple,

murakkablikdan yo'g'rilgan,

in the sense that it is completely reliable.

va unga butunlay ishonsa bo'ladi.

All right, let me then finish off

Keling men endi 4 ta gap

with four general statements,

va 2 ta aforizmni misol qilib

an example and two aphorisms.

ma'ruzamni tugatay.

The characteristics, which I think

Oddiy, sodda narsalarning

are useful to think about for simple things:

xususiyatlaini sanaydigan bo'lsak:

First, they are predictable.

birinchida, ularning ishlashini oldindan aytib berish mumkin

Their behavior is predictable.

Ular oddiy kutilgan yo'l bilan ishlaydi.

Now, one of the nice characteristics

Endi, bu oddiy narsalar

of simple things

xususiyatlarining biri

is you know what it's going to do, in general.

siz ular umuman olganda nima qilishini bilasiz.

So simplicity and predictability

Oddiylik va kutilgan natija

are characteristics of simple things.

bu oddiy narsalarning xususiyati.

The second is, and this is a real world statement,

Ikkinchisi, moddiy tomondan qaraganda

they're cheap.

ular arzon.

If you have things that are cheap enough,

Agar sizda arzon narsa bo'lsa

people will find uses for them,

odamlar ularni ishlatishning yo'lini topadi

even if they seem very primitive.

xatto ular juda sodda ibtidoiy tuyulsa ham.

So, for example, stones.

Masalan, toshlar.

You can build cathedrals out of stones,

Toshlardan siz binolar qura olasiz,

you just have to know what it does.

siz shunchaki ularni nima qilishni bilsangiz bas.

You carve them in blocks and then you

Ularni g'ishtga aylantirsa, va keyin

pile them on top of one another,

bir birining ustiga qo'ysa

and they support weight.

va ular og'irlikka chiday oladi.

So there has to be function, the function has to be predictable

Va demak ularning kutilgan vazifasi bo'lishi kerak

and the cost has to be low.

va ular arzon bo'lishi kerak.

What that means is

Demak, ular

that you have to have a high performance

vazifasini yaxshi bajarishi

or value for cost.

yoki narxini oqlashi kerak.

And then I would propose

Va men oxirgi qismni

as this last component

sizga taklif qilaman

that they serve, or have the potential to serve,

yani ular huddi qurilish materialidek

as building blocks.

ishlaydi.

That is, you can stack them.

Yani siz ularni ustma ust qo'yib jamlay olasiz

And stack can mean this way, or it can mean this way,

bir yoki boshqa usul bilan

or it can mean in some arbitrary n-dimensional space.

yoki bu siz tasavvur qilgan n o'lchamli fazodada bolishi mumkin.

But if you have something that has a function,

Lekin sizda vazifa bajara oladigan

and it's really cheap,

juda arzon

people will find new ways of putting it together

va odamlar ular dan yangi narsalar yasash uchun

to make new things.

ularni birlashtira oladigan yo'llari bor.

Cheap, functional, reliable things

Arzon, ishlaydigan, ishonarli narsalar

unleash the creativity of people

odamlarning ijodkorligiga yo'l ochadi

who then build stuff that you could not imagine.

va keyin ular siz tasavvur qila olmaydigan narsalarni qurishadi.

There's no way of predicting the Internet

Birinchi transistorga qarab turib siz

based on the first transistor.

internetning paydo bo'lishini bashorat qilolmagan bo'lardingiz.

It just is not possible.

Bu mumkin emas.

So these are the components.

Demak bular faqat qurilish qismlari.

Now, the example

Endi, bu misol

is something that I want to give you

biz o'zimiz qiladigan

from the work that we ourselves do.

ishdan namuna.

We are very interested in

Biz rivojlanayotgan dunyoda

delivering health care in the developing world,

tibbiy salomatlik yordamini berishga juda qiziqamiz.

and one of the things that we wish to do in this particular business

Va bu sohada qilayotgan ayni bir narsa bu

is to find a way of doing medical diagnosis

tibbiy diagnoz qo'yish uchun

at as close to zero cost

hech pul ketgazmasdan

as we can manage.

diagnoz qilishdir.

So, how does one do that?

Buni qanday qilsa bo'ladi?

This is a world in which there's no electricity,

Bu yerda elektr tok yo'q

there's no money, there's no medical competence.

pul yo'q, tibbiy yetuklik yo'q.

And I don't want to spend your time in going through the details,

Va men bu haqida batafsil gapriib o'tirmayman

but in the lower right-hand corner,

lekin quyidagi o'ng burchakda

you see an example of the kind of thing that we have.

siz bizdagi narsalarning namunasini ko'rasiz.

It's a little paper chip.

bu kichkicha qog'oz chip.

It has a few things printed on it

unda bir necha yozuvlar bor

using the same technology

rasm kitoblarni ishlagandagi

that you use for making comic books,

texnologiyadan foydalanib yozilgan

which was the inspiration for this particular idea.

aslida u bizni juda ruhlantirdi.

And you put a drop, in this case, of urine at the bottom.

va unign ustida tomdirasiz, masalan siydikni.

It wicks its way up into these little branches.

U bu kichkina tarmoqlarga so'riladi.

You know, no power required.

va buning uchun quvvat kerak emas.

It turns colors. In this particular case,

U ranglarni o'zgartiradi, masalan

you're reading kidney function.

siz buyrak ahvolini bu yerda ko'ra olasiz.

And, since the health care worker

va dunyoning u qismida

of much of this part of the world

tibbiy yordam ko'rsatuvchilar

is an 18 year-old with an AK-47,

asosan 18 yoshli va AK-47 miltiqli odamlar bo'lishi mumkin,

who happens to be out of work and is willing

qaysiki ular ishsiz

to go around and do this sort of thing,

va yon atrofda yurib telefoni bilan

he can take a picture of it with his cellphone,

rasmga olib uni doktorga

send the picture back to where there is a doctor,

yuboradi,

and the doctor can look at it.

va doktor unga qaraydi.

So what you've done is to take a technology,

Bu shunga misolki, texnologiya

which is available everywhere,

hamma joyda mavjud

make a device, which is extremely cheap,

arzon narsa yasang

and make it in such a fashion

va uni modaga kiriting

that it is very, very reliable.

va unga ishonib ishlatsa bo'ladigan bo'lsin.

If we can pull this off,

Agar biz shunday qila olsak,

if we can build more function,

biz unga qo'shimcha vazifalar kirita olamiz,

it will be stackable.

jamlay olamiz

That is to say, if we can make the basic technology

Yani, biz oddiy texnologiyani

of one or two things work,

bir ikki narsa qilish uchun yasasak

it will be applicable to a very, very

u insoniatning

large variety of human conditions,

juda xilma xil ehtijoyi uchun ishlatila oladi.

and hence, extendable in both

va uning vertikal va gorizontal bo'yicha

vertical and horizontal directions.

kengaytirsa bo'ladi.

Part of my interest in this, I have to say,

mening qizishimning biri shuki

is that I would like to -- how do I put this politely? --

muloyimgina qilib aytganda, men AQSHning

change the way, or maybe eviscerate,

so'g'liqni saqlash tizimini o'zgartirish,

the capital structure of the U.S. health care system,

chunki u tubdan

which I think is fundamentally broken.

singan va yaroqsizdir.

So, let me close --

Xullas-

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)

Let me close with my two aphorisms.

2 aforizmga kelsak.

One of them is from Mr. Einstein,

Biri Mister Einshteindan.

and he says, "Everything should be made

U shunday deydi: " Hamma narsa iloji boricha

as simple as possible, but not simpler."

sodda qilib yasalishi kerak, lekin soddaroq emas"

And I think that's a very good way of thinking about the problem.

Menimcha, bu muammo haqida o'ylashning juda yaxshi yo'lidir.

If you take too much out

Agar siz biror sodda narsadan

of something that's simple, you lose function.

juda ko'p qismini olib tashlasangiz, u vazifasini yo'qotadi.

You have to have low cost,

U arzon bo'lishi kerak

but you also have to have a function.

lekin vazifaga ham ega bo'lishi kerak.

So you can't make it too simple.

Demak siz uni haddan ziyod sodda qilolmaysiz.

And the second is a design issue,

Ikkinchi esa dizayn,

and it's not directly relevant, but it's a nice statement.

u tubdan bog'liq emas, lekin yaxhshi yondashuv

This is by de Saint-Exupery.

Bu esa Saint-Exupery.

And he says, "You know you've achieved perfection in design,

U shunday deydi: Siz mukammal dizaynga shunda ega bo'lasizki,

not when you have nothing more to add,

qachonki, unga qo'shadigan ham

but when you have nothing more to take away."

olib tashlaydigan ham narsa yo'q"

And that certainly is going in the right direction.

Menimcha bu to'g'ri yo'l.

So, what I think one can begin to do

Demak, har bir odam shuni o'ylashni

with this kind of

boshlash mumkin,

cut at the word simplicity,

yani oddiylikning mazmuni haqida

which doesn't cover Brancusi,

bu Rancuzzi emas,

it doesn't answer the question of

u nima uchun Mondrian Vant Gofdan

why Mondrian is better or worse

yaxhshiroq yoki yomonroq

or simpler or less simpler than Van Gogh,

degan savollarga javob bermaydi,

and certainly doesn't address the question

va u albatta Mozart yoki Bax yaxhshimi

of whether Mozart is simpler than Bach.

degan savolga ham javob bermaydi.

But it does make a point --

Lekin u muhim,

which is one which, in a sense,

yani ma'lum bir ma'noda

differentiates the real world of people who make things,

u dunyodagi narsa ishlab chiqaradigan odamlar va

and the world of people who think about things,

ular haqida o'ylaydigan odamlarni bir biridan farqlaydi,

which is, there is an intellectual merit

yani, narsalarni iloji boricha

to asking: How do we make things

qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb so'raydigan odamlarda ongli yondashuv bor.

as simple as we can,

Ular qanday qilib arzon,

as cheap as we can, as functional as we can

vazifasi bor

and as freely interconnectable as we can?

va o'zaro erkin munosabatli narsalarni ishlasak bo'ladi deb so'raydi?

If we make that kind of simplicity in our technology

Agar biz texnologiyani soddalashtirsak,

and then give it to you guys,

va sizlarga bersak

you can go off and do all kinds of fabulous things with it.

siz u bilan juda zo'r narsalar qila olasiz.

Thank you very much.

Sizga Tashakkur.

(Applause)

(Qarsaklar)

Chris Anderson: Quick question.

Chris Anderson: qisqa bir savol.

So can you picture

Demak siz buni tasavvur qila olasiz

that a science of simplicity

ilmining oddiy soddaligi

might get to the point where

shu darajaga yetish mumkinki

you could look out at various systems --

siz har xil tizimlarga qarab

say a financial system or a legal system, health system -- and say,

masalan, iqtisodiy, qonuniy, tibbiy tizimlarga qarab

"That has got to the point of danger

ular xavfli bir darajaga yoki

or dysfunctionality for the following reasons,

ma'lim sabablarga ko'ra yaroqsiz holga keldi

and this is how we might simplify it"?

va uni qanday soddalashtirsak bo'ladi deb ayta olasizmi?

George Whitesides: Yes, I think you could. Because if you look

George Whitesides: Ha, bunday qilsa bo'ladi agar

at the components from which the system is made

siz tizimni tashkil qilgan qismlarga qarasangiz

and examine their fragility, or their stability,

va ularning nomustahkamligini tekshirsangiz,

you can probably build a kind of risk assessment based on that basis.

shu asosida siz muammoning xavfli tomoni qanday yeshish mumkilnigini ko'rasiz.

CA: Have you started to do that?

CA: Siz buni boshladingizmi?

I mean, with the health system, you got a sort of

Yani tibbiyot sohasida siz buni boshladingiz

radical solution on the cost side,

narx navoni tubdan o'zgartirish,

but in terms of the system itself?

lekin butun tizimga kelsakchi?

GW: Well, no.

GW: Xo'sh, yo'q.

How do I put that simply? No.

Man sizga oddiy javob, yo'q.

CA: That was a simple, powerful answer. GW: Yes.

CA: Bu juda kuchli javob. GW. Ha.

CA: So, in terms of

CA: Sizning diagnostika texnologiyangizga

that diagnostic technology that you've got,

kelsak, uni qachon

where is that, and when do you see that

va qayerda ishga tushganini

maybe getting rolled out to scale.

ko'ramiz.

GW: That's coming out soon. I mean, the systems work,

GW: Yaqinda keladi. Bu narsalar ishlaydi,

and we have to find out how to manufacture them and do things of this kind,

va biz ular xalq uchun ishlab chiqarish haqida o'ylayapmiz

but the basic technology works.

lekin asl texnologiya hozir ishlay oladi.

CA: You've got a company set up to ...

Sizning bu sohada komaniyangiz bor-

GW: A foundation, a foundation. Not-for-profit.

Bu Tashkilot, Moddiy foyda uchun emas.

CA: All right. Well, thank you so much for your talk. Thank you. (Applause)

Mayli, Ma'ruzangiz uchun rahmat.