Robert Wright: The logic of non-zero-sum progress

93,498 views ใƒป 2008-04-15

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:26
I've got apparently 18 minutes
0
26000
2000
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ 18 ื“ืงื•ืช
00:28
to convince you that history has a direction, an arrow;
1
28000
3000
ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ืฉืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ -- ื—ืฅ.
00:31
that in some fundamental sense, it's good;
2
31000
3000
ื•ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘;
00:34
that the arrow points to something positive.
3
34000
3000
ืฉื”ื—ืฅ ืžืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
00:37
Now, when the TED people first approached me about giving this upbeat talk --
4
37000
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ TED ืคื ื• ืืœื™ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื• --
00:41
(Laughter)
5
41000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:42
-- that was before the cartoon of Muhammad had triggered global rioting.
6
42000
6000
-- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื”ืฆื™ืชื” ืžื”ื•ืžื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
00:48
It was before the avian flu had reached Europe.
7
48000
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:50
It was before Hamas had won the Palestinian election,
8
50000
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืžืืก ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
00:52
eliciting various counter-measures by Israel.
9
52000
4000
ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆืขื“ื™ ืžื ืข ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ.
00:56
And to be honest, if I had known when I was asked to give this upbeat talk
10
56000
4000
ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืฉื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
01:00
that even as I was giving the upbeat talk,
11
60000
3000
ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืจืฆืื” ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื–ื•,
01:03
the apocalypse would be unfolding --
12
63000
3000
ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืชืชืงื“ื --
01:06
(Laughter)
13
66000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:07
-- I might have said, "Is it okay if I talk about something else?"
14
67000
4000
-- ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?"
01:11
But I didn't, OK. So we're here. I'll do what I can. I'll do what I can.
15
71000
5000
ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืืžืจืชื™, ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืืŸ. ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ. ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
01:17
I've got to warn you:
16
77000
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื–ื”ื™ืจ ืืชื›ื:
01:19
the sense in which my worldview is upbeat has always been kind of subtle,
17
79000
7000
ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”,
01:26
sometimes even elusive.
18
86000
2000
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ืžืงื ื™ืช.
01:28
(Laughter)
19
88000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:29
The sense in which I can be uplifting and inspiring --
20
89000
3000
ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžื ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” --
01:32
I mean, there's always been a kind of a certain grim dimension
21
92000
3000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืžื“ ืขื’ื•ื
01:35
to the way I try to uplift, so if grim inspiration --
22
95000
4000
ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœืจื•ืžื, ืื– ืื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื’ื•ืžื” --
01:39
(Laughter)
23
99000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:40
-- if grim inspiration is not a contradiction in terms, that is, I'm afraid,
24
100000
4000
-- ืื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื’ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื, ื–ืืช ืื•ืžืจืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืฉ,
01:44
the most you can hope for. OK, today -- that's if I succeed.
25
104000
4000
ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช. ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ื™ื•ื -- ื–ื” ืื ืื ื™ ืืฆืœื™ื—.
01:48
I'll see what I can do. OK?
26
108000
2000
ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืื•ืงื™ื™?
01:50
Now, in one sense,
27
110000
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื—ื“,
01:52
the claim that history has a direction is not that controversial.
28
112000
3000
ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ืฉืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื–ืืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
01:55
If you're just talking about social structure,
29
115000
3000
ืื ืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
01:58
OK, clearly that's gotten more complex
30
118000
2000
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
02:00
a little over the last 10,000 years -- has reached higher and higher levels.
31
120000
3000
ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 10 ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช -- ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:03
And in fact, that's actually sustaining
32
123000
2000
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืง
02:05
a long-standing trend that predates human beings, OK,
33
125000
4000
ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืืจื•ื›ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
02:09
that biological evolution was doing for us.
34
129000
3000
ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืขืฉืชื” ืœื ื•.
02:12
Because what happened in the beginning, this stuff encases itself in a cell,
35
132000
5000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืขื˜ืฃ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืชื,
02:17
then cells start hanging out together in societies.
36
137000
3000
ื•ืื– ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:20
Eventually they get so close, they form multicellular organisms,
37
140000
3000
ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืจื•ื‘, ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชืื™ื,
02:23
then you get complex multicellular organisms; they form societies.
38
143000
5000
ื•ืื– ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ืชืื™ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื; ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช.
02:28
But then at some point, one of these multicellular organisms
39
148000
3000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:31
does something completely amazing with this stuff, which is
40
151000
3000
ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืขื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื
02:34
it launches a whole second kind of evolution: cultural evolution.
41
154000
5000
ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”: ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช.
02:39
And amazingly, that evolution sustains the trajectory
42
159000
3000
ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
02:42
that biological evolution had established toward greater complexity.
43
162000
5000
ืฉื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืงื‘ืขื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
By cultural evolution we mean the evolution of ideas.
44
167000
3000
ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:50
A lot of you have heard the term "memes." The evolution of technology,
45
170000
3000
ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ "ืžื". ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:53
I pay a lot of attention to, so, you know,
46
173000
2000
ืœื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ืื–, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
02:55
one of the first things you got was a little hand axe.
47
175000
4000
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจื–ืŸ ื™ื“ ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:59
Generations go by, somebody says, hey, why don't we put it on a stick?
48
179000
5000
ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ืืœ, ื”ื™ื™, ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืžืงืœ?
03:04
(Laughter)
49
184000
3000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:07
Just absolutely delights the little ones.
50
187000
3000
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ืจื ืขื•ื ื’ ืœืงื˜ื ื™ื.
03:10
Next best thing to a video game.
51
190000
2000
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื•ื™ื“ืื•.
03:12
This may not seem to impress,
52
192000
2000
ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืจืฉื™ื,
03:14
but technological evolution is progressive, so another 10, 20,000 years,
53
194000
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืคืจื•ื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืื– ืขื•ื“ 10, 20,000 ืฉื ื”,
03:18
and armaments technology takes you here.
54
198000
2000
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื ืฉืง ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืคื”.
03:20
(Laughter)
55
200000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:21
Impressive. And the rate of technological evolution speeds up,
56
201000
4000
ืžืจืฉื™ื. ื•ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืžืื™ืฅ,
03:25
so a mere quarter of a century after this, you get this, OK.
57
205000
4000
ืื– ืจืง ืจื‘ืข ืžืื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
03:29
(Laughter)
58
209000
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:31
And this.
59
211000
2000
ื•ื–ื”.
03:33
(Laughter)
60
213000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:34
I'm sorry -- it was a cheap laugh, but I wanted to find a way
61
214000
3000
ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ -- ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ื–ื•ืœ, ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš
03:37
to transition back to this idea of the unfolding apocalypse,
62
217000
3000
ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ืžืชื’ืœื”,
03:40
and I thought that might do it.
63
220000
2000
ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
03:42
(Applause)
64
222000
7000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
03:49
So, what threatens to happen with this unfolding apocalypse
65
229000
5000
ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื–, ืžื” ืฉืžืื™ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ืขื ื”ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:54
is the collapse of global social organization.
66
234000
4000
ื–ื” ื”ืงืจื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
03:58
Now, first let me remind you how much work it took to get us where we are,
67
238000
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืืฉื™ืช ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ื” ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
04:01
to be on the brink of true global social organization.
68
241000
3000
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™.
04:04
Originally, you had the most complex societies, the hunter-gatherer village.
69
244000
6000
ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื.
04:10
Stonehenge is the remnant of a chiefdom,
70
250000
2000
ืกื˜ื•ื ื”ื ื’' ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ืข"ื™ ืฆ'ื™ืค,
04:12
which is what you get with the invention of agriculture: multi-village polity
71
252000
3000
ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช: ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืจื‘ ื›ืคืจื™ืช
04:15
with centralized rule.
72
255000
3000
ืขื ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืจื›ื–ื™.
04:18
With the invention of writing, you start getting cities. This is blurry. I kind of like that
73
258000
5000
ืขื ื”ืžืฆืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘, ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉ. ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”
04:23
because it makes it look like a one-celled organism and reminds you
74
263000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื–ื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื—ื“ ืชืื™ ื•ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื›ื
04:26
how many levels organic organization has already moved through
75
266000
4000
ื›ืžื” ืจืžื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื•
04:30
to get to this point. And then you get to, you know, you get empires.
76
270000
6000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•. ื•ืื– ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœ... ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช.
04:36
I want to stress, you know, social organization can transcend political bounds.
77
276000
4000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:40
This is the Silk Road connecting the Chinese Empire and the Roman Empire.
78
280000
4000
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ืืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
04:44
So you had social complexity spanning the whole continent,
79
284000
3000
ืื– ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื›ื ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืจื•ื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช,
04:47
even if no polity did similarly. Today, you've got nation states.
80
287000
5000
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื”. ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืžื•ืช.
04:52
Point is: there's obviously collaboration and organization going on
81
292000
3000
ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื•ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื•ืจื™ื
04:55
beyond national bounds.
82
295000
2000
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
04:57
This is actually just a picture of the earth at night,
83
297000
3000
ื–ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
05:00
and I'm just putting it up because I think it's pretty.
84
300000
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืคื”.
05:02
Does kind of convey the sense that this is an integrated system.
85
302000
5000
ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช.
05:07
Now, I explained this growth of complexity by reference to something
86
307000
6000
ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื—ื•ืก ืœืžืฉื”ื•
05:13
called "non-zero sumness."
87
313000
4000
ืฉื ืงืจื ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก.
05:17
Assuming that a few of you did not do the assigned reading, very quickly,
88
317000
5000
ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืœื ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืื” ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช,
05:22
the key idea is the distinction between zero-sum games, in which correlations
89
322000
5000
ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืกื›ื•ื ืืคืก, ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
05:27
are inverse: always a winner and a loser.
90
327000
3000
ื”ืคื•ื›ื™ื: ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืคืกื™ื“ ื•ืžื ืฆื—.
05:30
Non-zero-sum games in which correlations can be positive, OK.
91
330000
4000
ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
05:34
So like in tennis, usually it's win-lose;
92
334000
4000
ืื– ื›ืžื• ื‘ื˜ื ื™ืก, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื–ื” ื”ืคืกื“-ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ,
05:38
it always adds up to zero-zero-sum. But if you're playing doubles,
93
338000
3000
ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืกื›ื•ื-ืืคืก-ืืคืก, ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช,
05:41
the person on your side of the net, they're in the same boat as you,
94
341000
2000
ื”ืื“ื ืื™ืชืš ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช, ื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื™ืจื” ืื™ืชื›ื,
05:43
so you're playing a non-zero-sum game with them.
95
343000
2000
ืื– ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ืื™ืชื.
05:45
It's either for the better or for the worse, OK.
96
345000
3000
ื–ื” ืื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืœืจืขื”, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
05:48
A lot of forms of non-zero-sum behavior in the realm of economics and so on
97
348000
5000
ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื•ืขื•ื“
05:53
in everyday life often leads to cooperation.
98
353000
4000
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”.
05:57
The argument I make is basically that, well,
99
357000
2000
ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ,
05:59
non-zero-sum games have always been part of life.
100
359000
2000
ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:01
You have them in hunter-gatherer societies,
101
361000
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื-ืœืงื˜ื™ื,
06:03
but then through technological evolution, new forms of technology arise
102
363000
5000
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื
06:08
that facilitate or encourage the playing of non-zero-sum games,
103
368000
5000
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก,
06:13
involving more people over larger territory.
104
373000
3000
ื•ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:16
Social structure adapts to accommodate this possibility and
105
376000
4000
ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืžืชืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
06:20
to harness this productive potential, so you get cities, you know,
106
380000
3000
ื•ืœืจืชื•ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืื– ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืจื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:23
and you get all the non-zero-sum games you don't think about
107
383000
3000
ื•ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืกื›ื•ื ื”ืœื ืืคืก ืฉืœื ื”ืขืœืชื ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื›ื
06:26
that are being played across the world.
108
386000
1000
ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
06:27
Like, have you ever thought when you buy a car,
109
387000
3000
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืคืขื ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ื ื™ื ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
06:30
how many people on how many different continents contributed
110
390000
2000
ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช ืชืจืžื•
06:32
to the manufacture of that car? Those are people in effect
111
392000
5000
ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช? ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
06:37
you're playing a non-zero-sum game with.
112
397000
2000
ืฉืื™ืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก.
06:39
I mean, there are certainly plenty of them around.
113
399000
7000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘.
06:46
Now, this sounds like an intrinsically upbeat worldview in a way,
114
406000
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื˜ ืขื•ืœืžื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืž ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื,
06:49
because when you think of non-zero, you think win-win, you know,
115
409000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืœื-ืืคืก, ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ-ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
06:52
that's good. Well, there are a few reasons
116
412000
2000
ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
06:54
that actually it's not intrinsically upbeat.
117
414000
3000
ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™.
06:57
First of all, it can accommodate; it doesn't deny the existence
118
417000
4000
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืขื™ืจ: ื–ื” ืœื ื ื•ื’ื“ ืืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื
07:01
of inequality exploitation war.
119
421000
3000
ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
07:04
But there's a more fundamental reason
120
424000
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:06
that it's not intrinsically upbeat, because a non-zero-sum game,
121
426000
3000
ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก,
07:09
all it tells you for sure is that the fortunes will be correlated for better or worse.
122
429000
4000
ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžื–ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ืื ืœื˜ื•ื‘ ืื• ืœืจืข.
07:13
It doesn't necessarily predict a win-win outcome.
123
433000
6000
ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžื ื‘ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ-ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ.
07:19
So, in a way, the question is: on what grounds
124
439000
2000
ืื–, ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื, ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื” ื‘ืกื™ืก
07:21
am I upbeat at all about history? And the answer is,
125
441000
4000
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”? ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื,
07:25
first of all, on balance I would say people have played their games
126
445000
4000
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืงื•ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
07:29
to more win-win outcomes than lose-lose outcomes. On balance,
127
449000
4000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ-ื ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืคืกื“-ื”ืคืกื“. ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
07:33
I think history is a net positive in the non-zero-sum game department.
128
453000
6000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื• ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก.
07:39
And a testament to this is the thing that most amazes me,
129
459000
5000
ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื›ื™ ืžืคืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
07:44
most impresses me, and most uplifts me,
130
464000
2000
ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื™, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื•ืžื ืื•ืชื™,
07:46
which is that there is a moral dimension to history;
131
466000
5000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืžื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืœื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
07:51
there is a moral arrow. We have seen moral progress over time.
132
471000
3000
ื™ืฉ ื—ืฅ ืžื•ืกืจื™. ืจืื™ื ื• ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
07:54
2,500 years ago, members of one Greek city-state
133
474000
4000
ืœืคื ื™ 2,500 ืฉื ื”, ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื™ืจ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช
07:58
considered members of another Greek city-state subhuman
134
478000
3000
ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืจืช ืชืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
08:01
and treated them that way. And then this moral revolution arrived,
135
481000
5000
ื•ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ืš. ื•ืื– ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
08:06
and they decided that actually, no, Greeks are human beings.
136
486000
4000
ื•ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื, ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:10
It's just the Persians who aren't fully human
137
490000
3000
ื–ื” ืจืง ื”ืคืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื
08:13
and don't deserve to be treated very nicely.
138
493000
2000
ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืชื ื”ื’ื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื™ืคื”.
08:15
But this was progress -- you know, give them credit. And now today,
139
495000
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืงืจื“ื™ื˜. ื•ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:18
we've seen more progress. I think -- I hope -- most people here would say
140
498000
3000
ืจืื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ -- ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” -- ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื
08:21
that all people everywhere are human beings,
141
501000
3000
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
08:24
deserve to be treated decently,
142
504000
3000
ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืชื™ื—ืกื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช,
08:27
unless they do something horrendous, regardless of race or religion.
143
507000
4000
ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืžืฉ ื ื•ืจืื™, ื‘ืœื™ ืงืฉืจ ืœื’ื–ืข ืื• ื“ืช.
08:31
And you have to read your ancient history to realize what a revolution that has been,
144
511000
4000
ื•ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ืงื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื”,
08:35
OK. This was not a prevalent view,
145
515000
2000
ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืจื•ื•ื—ืช,
08:37
few thousand years ago, and I attribute it to this non-zero-sum dynamic.
146
517000
5000
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื™ื™ื—ืก ืืช ื–ื” ืœื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก.
08:42
I think that's the reason there is as much tolerance toward nationalities,
147
522000
4000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืœืื•ืžื™ื,
08:46
ethnicities, religions as there is today. If you asked me,
148
526000
5000
ืžื•ืฆื ืืชื ื™, ื“ืชื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื. ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื™,
08:51
you know, why am I not in favor of bombing Japan,
149
531000
2000
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืคืฆืฆืช ื™ืคืŸ,
08:53
well, I'm only half-joking when I say they built my car.
150
533000
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžืชื‘ื“ื— ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื™, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
08:56
We have this non-zero-sum relationship,
151
536000
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก,
08:58
and I think that does lead to a kind of a tolerance to the extent that you realize
152
538000
6000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื
09:04
that someone else's welfare is positively correlated with yours --
153
544000
4000
ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืœืฉืœื›ื.
09:08
you're more likely to cut them a break.
154
548000
2000
ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืชื•ื•ืชืจื• ืœื”ื.
09:10
I kind of think this is a kind of a business-class morality.
155
550000
5000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช-ืขืกืงื™ื.
09:15
Unfortunately, I don't fly trans-Atlantic business class often enough
156
555000
4000
ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ื˜ืก ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื ื˜ืจื ืก ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง
09:19
to know, or any other kind of business class really,
157
559000
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืขืช, ืื• ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
09:22
but I assume that in business class, you don't hear many expressions of, you know,
158
562000
4000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืชืื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
09:26
bigotry about racial groups or ethnic groups,
159
566000
3000
ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื™ื•ืช ืื• ืืชื ื™ื•ืช,
09:29
because the people who are flying trans-Atlantic business class
160
569000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื˜ืกื™ื ื˜ืจื ืก ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื
09:32
are doing business with all these people; they're making money
161
572000
2000
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”: ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ
09:34
off all these people. And I really do think that, in that sense at least,
162
574000
4000
ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
09:38
capitalism has been a constructive force,
163
578000
3000
ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื•ื ื”,
09:41
and more fundamentally, it's a non-zero-sumness
164
581000
2000
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก
09:43
that has been a constructive force in expanding people's realm
165
583000
4000
ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
09:47
of moral awareness. I think the non-zero-sum dynamic,
166
587000
5000
ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก,
09:52
which is not only economic by any means -- it's not always commerce --
167
592000
4000
ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” -- ื”ื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช --
09:56
but it has driven us to the verge of a moral truth,
168
596000
5000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื“ื—ืคื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืกืฃ ื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
10:01
which is the fundamental equality of everyone. It has done that.
169
601000
3000
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื. ื”ื™ื ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื–ื”.
10:04
As it has moved global, moved us toward a global level of social organization,
170
604000
5000
ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืขื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™
10:09
it has driven us toward moral truth.
171
609000
2000
ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืžืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
10:11
I think that's wonderful.
172
611000
3000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื.
10:14
Now, back to the unfolding apocalypse.
173
614000
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคืกื” ื”ืžืชืงืจื‘ืช.
10:17
And you may wonder, OK, that's all fine,
174
617000
2000
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืชื”ื•, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:19
sounds great -- moral direction in history --
175
619000
2000
ื ืฉืžืข ื ืคืœื -- ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” --
10:21
but what about this so-called clash of civilizations? Well, first of all,
176
621000
9000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื•ืช? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช,
10:30
I would emphasize that it fits into the non-zero-sum framework,
177
630000
3000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก,
10:33
OK. If you look at the relationship
178
633000
2000
ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ื—ืก
10:35
between the so-called Muslim world and Western world --
179
635000
3000
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ --
10:38
two terms I don't like, but can't really avoid;
180
638000
3000
ืฉื ื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ืžื ืข ืžื”ื --
10:41
in such a short span of time, they're efficient if nothing else --
181
641000
4000
ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฆืจื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื.
10:45
it is non-zero-sum. And by that I mean,
182
645000
3000
ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก. ื•ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ,
10:48
if people in the Muslim world get more hateful, more resentful,
183
648000
4000
ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื™ืฉื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื™ื ื˜ืจื• ื˜ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:52
less happy with their place in the world,
184
652000
1000
ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:53
it'll be bad for the West. If they get more happy, it'll be good for the West.
185
653000
4000
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืข ืœืžืขืจื‘. ืื ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืจื‘.
10:57
So that is a non-zero-sum dynamic.
186
657000
5000
ืื– ื–ื• ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก.
11:02
And I would say the non-zero-sum dynamic is only going to grow more intense over time
187
662000
4000
ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ื”ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ืจืง ืชืชื—ื–ืง ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ
11:06
because of technological trends, but more intense in a kind of negative way.
188
666000
5000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
11:11
It's the downside correlation of their fortunes that will become more and more possible.
189
671000
6000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉื™ื”ืคืš ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:17
And one reason is because of something I call the "growing lethality of hatred."
190
677000
5000
ื•ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืฉื ืื”.
11:22
More and more, it's possible for grassroots hatred abroad
191
682000
4000
ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืฉื•ืจืฉื™ ื”ืฉื ืื” ื‘ื—ื•"ืœ
11:26
to manifest itself in the form of organized violence on American soil.
192
686000
5000
ืœื”ืชื’ืฉื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ืจื’ื ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
11:31
And that's pretty new, and I think it's probably going to get a lot worse
193
691000
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:34
-- this capacity -- because of
194
694000
3000
-- ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช -- ื‘ื’ืœืœ
11:37
trends in information technology, in technologies that can be used
195
697000
4000
ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ
11:41
for purposes of munitions like biotechnology and nanotechnology.
196
701000
6000
ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืชื—ืžื•ืฉืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
11:47
We may be hearing more about that today.
197
707000
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ืฉืžืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
11:49
And there's something I worry about especially, which is that
198
709000
3000
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื“ื•ืื’ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื,
11:52
this dynamic will lead to a kind of a feedback cycle that puts us on a slippery slope.
199
712000
6000
ื”ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื• ืชื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืžื“ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงืœืง.
11:58
What I have in mind is: terrorism happens here; we overreact to it.
200
718000
3000
ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื: ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”; ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™.
12:01
That, you know, we're not sufficiently surgical in our retaliation
201
721000
4000
ื–ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•
12:05
leads to more hatred abroad, more terrorism.
202
725000
2000
ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื ืื” ืฉื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
12:07
We overreact because being human, we feel like retaliating,
203
727000
4000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื ื’ื“,
12:11
and it gets worse and worse and worse.
204
731000
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
12:13
You could call this the positive feedback of negative vibes,
205
733000
4000
ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช,
12:17
but I think in something so spooky,
206
737000
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืคื—ื™ื“,
12:19
we really shouldn't have the word positive there at all, even in a technical sense.
207
739000
3000
ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™.
12:22
So let's call it the death spiral of negativity.
208
742000
3000
ืื– ื‘ื ื ืงืจื ืœื–ื” ืกืคื™ืจืœืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช.
12:25
(Laughter)
209
745000
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:27
I assure you if it happens, at the end, both the West
210
747000
2000
ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื’ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘
12:29
and the Muslim world will have suffered.
211
749000
3000
ื•ื’ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ ื™ืกื‘ืœื•. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
12:32
So, what do we do? Well, first of all, we can do a lot more with arms control,
212
752000
6000
ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื? ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ืฉืง,
12:38
the international regulation of dangerous technologies.
213
758000
2000
ื”ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช.
12:40
I have a whole global governance sermon
214
760000
2000
ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื“ืจืฉื” ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
12:42
that I will spare you right now,
215
762000
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืื—ืกื•ืš ืžื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:44
because I don't think that's going to be enough anyway, although it's essential.
216
764000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™.
12:47
I think we're going to have to have a major round
217
767000
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ
12:49
of moral progress in the world.
218
769000
2000
ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:51
I think you're just going to have to see less hatred among groups,
219
771000
5000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ืื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช,
12:56
less bigotry, and, you know, racial groups, religious groups, whatever.
220
776000
6000
ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
13:02
I've got to admit I feel silly saying that.
221
782000
2000
ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ืคืฉื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:04
It sounds so kind of Pollyannaish. I feel like Rodney King, you know,
222
784000
3000
ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ืงื™ื ื’, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
13:07
saying, why can't we all just get along?
223
787000
2000
ืฉืื•ืžืจ, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืกืชื“ืจ ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™?
13:09
But hey, I don't really see any alternative, given the way I read the situation.
224
789000
6000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืจื•ืื” ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘.
13:15
There's going to have to be moral progress.
225
795000
3000
ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
13:18
There's going to have to be a lessening of the amount of hatred in the world,
226
798000
4000
ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
13:22
given how dangerous it's becoming.
227
802000
4000
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื™ื”.
13:26
In my defense, I'd say, as naive as this may sound,
228
806000
3000
ืœื”ื’ื ืชื™ ืื ื™ ืื’ื™ื“, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ื ืื™ื‘ื™,
13:29
it's ultimately grounded in cynicism.
229
809000
3000
ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:32
That is to say --
230
812000
1000
ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ --
13:33
(Laughter)
231
813000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:34
-- thank you, thank you. That is to say, remember: my whole view
232
814000
5000
-- ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืชื–ื›ืจื•: ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื™
13:39
of morality is that it boils down to self-interest.
233
819000
3000
ืขืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืžืฆื” ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™.
13:42
It's when people's fortunes are correlated.
234
822000
2000
ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ.
13:44
It's when your welfare conduces to mine, that I decide, oh yeah,
235
824000
3000
ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ืฉืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื—ืœื™ื˜, ืื•ื” ื›ืŸ,
13:47
I'm all in favor of your welfare. That's what's responsible
236
827000
4000
ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื. ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™
13:51
for this growth of this moral progress so far,
237
831000
3000
ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
13:54
and I'm saying we once again have a correlation of fortunes,
238
834000
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื—ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืœื•ืช.
13:57
and if people respond to it intelligently, we will see
239
837000
4000
ื•ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื–ื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžื”, ื ืจืื”
14:01
the development of tolerance and so on --
240
841000
3000
ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“ --
14:04
the norms that we need, you know.
241
844000
3000
ื”ื ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
14:07
We will see the further evolution of this kind of business-class morality.
242
847000
4000
ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืœืงืช ืขืกืงื™ื.
14:11
So, these two things, you know, if they get people's attention
243
851000
6000
ืื–, ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื”ื ื™ืชืคืกื• ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื
14:17
and drive home the positive correlation and people do what's in their self-interests,
244
857000
3000
ื•ื™ื ื™ืขื• ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืก ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืžื” ืฉืœื˜ื•ื‘ืชื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช,
14:20
which is further the moral evolution,
245
860000
4000
ืฉื–ื” ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช,
14:24
then they could actually have a constructive effect.
246
864000
3000
ืื– ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืืคืงื˜ ื‘ื•ื ื”.
14:27
And that's why I lump growing lethality of hatred
247
867000
3000
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืชื” ืžืฉื ืื”
14:30
and death spiral of negativity under the general rubric,
248
870000
3000
ื•ืกืคื™ืจืœืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืจื•ื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช:
14:33
reasons to be cheerful.
249
873000
2000
ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื—.
14:35
(Laughter)
250
875000
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:37
Doing the best I can, OK.
251
877000
2000
ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
14:39
(Laughter)
252
879000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:40
I never called myself Mr. Uplift.
253
880000
2000
ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืงืจืืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืžืจ ืžืจื•ืžื.
14:42
I'm just doing what I can here.
254
882000
3000
ืื ื™ ืจืง ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืืŸ.
14:45
(Laughter)
255
885000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:46
Now, launching a moral revolution has got to be hard, right?
256
886000
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
14:49
I mean, what do you do?
257
889000
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
14:51
And I think the answer is a lot of different people
258
891000
2000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
14:53
are going to have to do a lot of different things.
259
893000
3000
ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
14:56
We all start where we are. Speaking as an American
260
896000
5000
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•. ื•ื›ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
15:01
who has children whose security 10, 20, 30 years down the road
261
901000
4000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ 10, 20, 30 ืฉื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ื“ืจืš
15:05
I worry about -- what I personally want to start out doing
262
905000
3000
ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืื’ -- ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช
15:08
is figuring out why so many people around the world hate us, OK.
263
908000
4000
ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
15:12
I think that's a worthy research project myself.
264
912000
4000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ืงืจ ืจืื•ื™.
15:16
I also like it because it's an intrinsically kind of morally redeeming exercise.
265
916000
5000
ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืืช ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืชื’ืžืœ ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกื•,
15:21
Because to understand why somebody
266
921000
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
15:23
in a very different culture does something --
267
923000
2000
ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• --
15:25
somebody you're kind of viewing as alien,
268
925000
2000
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจ --
15:27
who's doing things you consider strange
269
927000
2000
ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื
15:29
in a culture you consider strange -- to really understand why they do
270
929000
4000
ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืžืช ืœืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื
15:33
the things they do is a morally redeeming accomplishment,
271
933000
4000
ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ื”ืฉื’ ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืžืชื’ืžืœ
15:37
because you've got to relate their experience to yours.
272
937000
2000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ื—ืก ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœืฉืœื›ื.
15:39
To really understand it, you've got to say, "Oh, I get it.
273
939000
4000
ื›ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ืื•ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ.
15:43
So when they feel resentful, it's kind of like
274
943000
2000
ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื˜ื™ื ื”, ื–ื” ื›ืžื•
15:45
the way I feel resentful when this happens,
275
945000
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื™ื ื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
15:47
and for somewhat the same reasons." That's true understanding.
276
947000
4000
ื•ื‘ืขืจืš ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช". ื–ื• ื”ื‘ื ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
15:51
And I think that is an expansion of your moral compass when you manage to do that.
277
951000
6000
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
15:57
It's especially hard to do when people hate you, OK,
278
957000
3000
ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืชื›ื, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
16:00
because you don't really, in a sense, want
279
960000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื
16:03
to completely understand why people hate you.
280
963000
2000
ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืœืื” ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืชื›ื.
16:05
I mean, you want to hear the reason, but you don't want to be able to relate to it.
281
965000
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื–ื”.
16:07
You don't want it to make sense, right? (Laughter)
282
967000
2000
ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
16:09
You don't want to say, "Well, yeah, I can kind of understand
283
969000
2000
ืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, "ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:11
how a human being in those circumstances
284
971000
2000
ืื™ืš ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช
16:13
would hate the country I live in." That's not a pleasant thing,
285
973000
3000
ื™ืฉื ื ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื” ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™. "ื–ื” ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืขื™ื,
16:16
but I think it's something that we're going to have to get used to and
286
976000
6000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ืชืจื’ืœ ืืœื™ื•
16:22
work on. Now, I want to stress that to understand, you know --
287
982000
11000
ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
16:33
there are people who don't like this whole business of understanding
288
993000
3000
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื”
16:36
the grassroots, the root causes of things; they don't want to know
289
996000
4000
ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื; ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช
16:40
why people hate us. I want to understand it.
290
1000000
3000
ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
16:43
The reason you're trying to understand why they hate us,
291
1003000
2000
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•,
16:45
is to get them to quit hating us. The idea
292
1005000
3000
ื–ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืฉื ื•ื ืื•ืชื ื•, ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
16:48
when you go through this moral exercise of really coming to appreciate
293
1008000
4000
ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš
16:52
their humanity and better understand them, is part of an effort
294
1012000
5000
ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืืžืฅ
16:57
to get them to appreciate your humanity in the long run.
295
1017000
2000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
16:59
I think it's the first step toward that. That's the long-term goal.
296
1019000
4000
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš.
17:03
There are people who worry about this, and in fact,
297
1023000
5000
ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื–ื”, ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”,
17:08
I, myself, apparently, was denounced on national TV
298
1028000
5000
ืื ื™ ืขืฆืžื™, ืžืกืชื‘ืจ, ื”ื•ืงืขืชื™ ื‘ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
17:13
a couple of nights ago because of an op-ed I'd written.
299
1033000
4000
ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืืžืจ ืฉื›ืชื‘ืชื™.
17:17
It was kind of along these lines, and the allegation was
300
1037000
2000
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ื” ื”ื™ืชื”
17:19
that I have, quote, "affection for terrorists."
301
1039000
4000
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ - ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ - "ื—ื™ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื."
17:23
Now, the good news is that the person who said it was Ann Coulter.
302
1043000
3000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืื“ื ืฉืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ืจ, ืื•ืงื™ื™.
17:26
(Laughter)
303
1046000
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:28
(Applause)
304
1048000
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
17:30
I mean, if you've got to have an enemy, do make it Ann Coulter.
305
1050000
2000
ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื•ื™ื™ื‘, ื‘ื—ืจื• ืืช ืืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜ืจ.
17:32
(Laughter)
306
1052000
1000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:33
But it's not a crazy concern, OK, because understanding behavior
307
1053000
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื“ืื’ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช
17:37
can lead to a kind of empathy,
308
1057000
2000
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืžืคื˜ื™ื”,
17:39
and it can make it a little harder to deliver tough love, and so on.
309
1059000
3000
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื”ื‘ื” ืงืฉื•ื—ื”, ื•ื›ื•'.
17:42
But I think we're a lot closer to erring on the side of not comprehending
310
1062000
7000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื”
17:49
the situation clearly enough, than in comprehending it so clearly
311
1069000
4000
ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืงื”, ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื•
17:53
that we just can't, you know, get the army out to kill terrorists.
312
1073000
3000
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฆื‘ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื.
17:56
So I'm not really worried about it. So --
313
1076000
3000
ืื– ืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืžื–ื”. ืื– --
17:59
(Laughter)
314
1079000
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:01
-- I mean, we're going to have to work on a lot of fronts,
315
1081000
5000
-- ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช, ืื•ืงื™ื™,
18:06
but if we succeed -- if we succeed -- then once again,
316
1086000
7000
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— -- ืื ื ืฆืœื™ื— -- ืื– ืฉื•ื‘,
18:13
non-zero-sumness and the recognition of non-zero-sum dynamics
317
1093000
4000
ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก ื•ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงืช ืกื›ื•ื ืœื ืืคืก
18:17
will have forced us to a higher moral level.
318
1097000
4000
ื™ื“ื—ืคื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืจืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
18:21
And a kind of saving higher moral level,
319
1101000
5000
ื•ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืจืžื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:26
something that kind of literally saves the world.
320
1106000
2000
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืžืฉ ืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:28
If you look at the word "salvation" in the Bible --
321
1108000
3000
ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ื’ืื•ืœื”" ื‘ืชื "ืš --
18:31
the Christian usage that we're familiar with --
322
1111000
3000
ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื ื•ืฆืจื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื,
18:34
saving souls, that people go to heaven -- that's actually a latecomer.
323
1114000
3000
ื”ืฆืœืช ื ืคืฉื•ืช, ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ -- ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืžืื•ื—ืจืช.
18:37
The original meaning of the word "salvation" in the Bible is about saving the social system.
324
1117000
6000
ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืชื "ืš ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
18:43
"Yahweh is our Savior" means "He has saved the nation of Israel,"
325
1123000
3000
"ื”' ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื ื•," ืžืฉืžืขื• "ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืื•ืžืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ,"
18:46
which at the time, was a pretty high-level social organization.
326
1126000
3000
ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
18:49
Now, social organization has reached the global level, and I guess,
327
1129000
4000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—,
18:53
if there's good news I can say I'm bringing you, it's just that
328
1133000
4000
ืฉืื ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื, ื–ื” ืจืง
18:57
all the salvation of the world requires is the intelligent pursuit
329
1137000
6000
ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืืช ื”ืžืจื“ืฃ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื™
19:03
of self-interests in a disciplined and careful way.
330
1143000
6000
ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ืื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื”ื™ืจื” ื•ืžืžื•ืฉืžืขืช.
19:09
It's going to be hard. I say we give it a shot anyway
331
1149000
3000
ื–ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื”. ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื” ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”
19:12
because we've just come too far to screw it up now.
332
1152000
3000
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ืคื•ืง ืืช ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
19:15
Thanks.
333
1155000
2000
ืชื•ื“ื”.
19:17
(Applause)
334
1157000
2000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7