Nationalism vs. globalism: the new political divide | Yuval Noah Harari

1,879,837 views ใƒป 2017-02-21

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Rafi Taglicht ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shlomo Adam
00:12
Chris Anderson: Hello. Welcome to this TED Dialogues.
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ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืฉืœื•ื. ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœ"ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ TED".
00:16
It's the first of a series that's going to be done
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื” ื›ืžืขื ื” ืœืกืขืจื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
00:20
in response to the current political upheaval.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ื›ื;
00:24
I don't know about you;
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00:25
I've become quite concerned about the growing divisiveness in this country
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ืื ื™ ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœืžื“ื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืงืจืข ื”ืžืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
00:28
and in the world.
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
00:30
No one's listening to each other. Right?
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ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื™ืฉ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:33
They aren't.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื.
00:34
I mean, it feels like we need a different kind of conversation,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืฉื™ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
00:38
one that's based on -- I don't know, on reason, listening, on understanding,
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ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ-- ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”, ื”ื‘ื ื”
00:44
on a broader context.
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ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:46
That's at least what we're going to try in these TED Dialogues,
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ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ TED"
00:49
starting today.
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ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
00:50
And we couldn't have anyone with us
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ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืœื ื• ืื“ื ืžืชืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:53
who I'd be more excited to kick this off.
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ื•ืฉืื™ืชื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื•.
00:56
This is a mind right here that thinks pretty much like no one else
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ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืืŸ, ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืื—ืจืช ืžื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
01:00
on the planet, I would hasten to say.
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ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื™ื“.
01:02
I'm serious.
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ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:03
(Yuval Noah Harari laughs)
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(ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื— ื”ืจืจื™ ืฆื•ื—ืง) ืื ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
01:04
I'm serious.
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01:05
He synthesizes history with underlying ideas
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžื–ื’ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
01:10
in a way that kind of takes your breath away.
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01:12
So, some of you will know this book, "Sapiens."
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช"
01:16
Has anyone here read "Sapiens"?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืืŸ ืงืจื ืื•ืชื•?
01:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
01:19
I mean, I could not put it down.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืžื™ื“ื™.
01:22
The way that he tells the story of mankind
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ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
01:26
through big ideas that really make you think differently --
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ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจืช--
01:30
it's kind of amazing.
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ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
01:31
And here's the follow-up,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื”ืžืฉืš,
01:33
which I think is being published in the US next week.
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ืฉื“ืœืขืชื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
01:36
YNH: Yeah, next week.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ื”ื‘ื.
01:37
CA: "Homo Deus."
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ื›"ื: "ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ".
01:38
Now, this is the history of the next hundred years.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
01:42
I've had a chance to read it.
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ื”ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
01:44
It's extremely dramatic,
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ืกืคืจ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™,
01:46
and I daresay, for some people, quite alarming.
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ื•ืืขื– ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื, ืืฃ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื“ืื’ื”.
01:51
It's a must-read.
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ื–ื• ืงืจื™ืืช ื—ื•ื‘ื”.
01:52
And honestly, we couldn't have someone better to help
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ื•ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื“ื ืฉื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:58
make sense of what on Earth is happening in the world right now.
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืกื“ืจ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ืขืช.
02:02
So a warm welcome, please, to Yuval Noah Harari.
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ืื– ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ื—ื•ื, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื ื— ื”ืจืจื™.
02:06
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:14
It's great to be joined by our friends on Facebook and around the Web.
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ื ืคืœื ืœืฆืจืฃ ื’ื ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื• ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช.
02:18
Hello, Facebook.
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ืฉืœื•ื, ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
02:20
And all of you, as I start asking questions of Yuval,
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช,
ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื•ื–ืžื ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
02:24
come up with your own questions,
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02:25
and not necessarily about the political scandal du jour,
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ืœืื• ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™
02:28
but about the broader understanding of: Where are we heading?
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ืืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”:
ืœืืŸ ืคื ื™ื ื• ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช?
02:34
You ready? OK, we're going to go.
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ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื? ื ืชื—ื™ืœ. ืื–, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ:
02:36
So here we are, Yuval:
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02:37
New York City, 2017, there's a new president in power,
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ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, 2017, ื™ืฉ ื ืฉื™ื ื—ื“ืฉ,
02:41
and shock waves rippling around the world.
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ื•ื’ืœื™ ื”ื”ื“ืฃ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
02:44
What on Earth is happening?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช?
02:46
YNH: I think the basic thing that happened
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ ืฉืงืจื”,
02:49
is that we have lost our story.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:51
Humans think in stories,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
02:54
and we try to make sense of the world by telling stories.
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ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื,
02:58
And for the last few decades,
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ื•ื‘ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:59
we had a very simple and very attractive story
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืฉืš
03:02
about what's happening in the world.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:04
And the story said that, oh, what's happening is
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ื•ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืžื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื”ื•ื
03:07
that the economy is being globalized,
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ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
03:10
politics is being liberalized,
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ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช,
03:12
and the combination of the two will create paradise on Earth,
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช,
ื•ืื ื• ืจืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
03:16
and we just need to keep on globalizing the economy
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03:19
and liberalizing the political system,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช,
03:21
and everything will be wonderful.
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื.
03:23
And 2016 is the moment
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2016 ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื’ืข
03:25
when a very large segment, even of the Western world,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™,
03:29
stopped believing in this story.
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ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:32
For good or bad reasons -- it doesn't matter.
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ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื• ืจืขื•ืช-- ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
03:34
People stopped believing in the story,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
03:36
and when you don't have a story, you don't understand what's happening.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœืš ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื™ื ืš ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
03:41
CA: Part of you believes that that story was actually a very effective story.
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“.
03:45
It worked.
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03:46
YNH: To some extent, yes.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื›ืŸ.
03:47
According to some measurements,
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ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
03:49
we are now in the best time ever
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ืื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
03:52
for humankind.
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03:53
Today, for the first time in history,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
03:56
more people die from eating too much than from eating too little,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชื™ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืžืจื•ื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ื•ืœื ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืขื˜ื” ืžื“ื™,
04:00
which is an amazing achievement.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
04:02
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:05
Also for the first time in history,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:07
more people die from old age than from infectious diseases,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื™ื ืžื–ื™ืงื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ืžืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช,
04:11
and violence is also down.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
04:13
For the first time in history,
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ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
04:15
more people commit suicide than are killed by crime and terrorism
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื
ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืคืฉื™ืขื”, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ืžืœื—ืžื” ื’ื ื™ื—ื“,
04:20
and war put together.
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04:22
Statistically, you are your own worst enemy.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืืชื” ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš.
04:26
At least, of all the people in the world,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
04:28
you are most likely to be killed by yourself --
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ื”ื›ื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉืชื™ื”ืจื’ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืš ืืชื”--
04:32
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:33
which is, again, very good news, compared --
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”--
04:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:38
compared to the level of violence that we saw in previous eras.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืจืžืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื.
04:42
CA: But this process of connecting the world
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื”, ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
04:44
ended up with a large group of people kind of feeling left out,
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ื’ืจื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืฉื—ืง,
04:48
and they've reacted.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•.
04:50
And so we have this bombshell
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ื•ื›ืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ื‘ื™ืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื ืคืฅ
04:52
that's sort of ripping through the whole system.
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ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ืจืกืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
04:54
I mean, what do you make of what's happened?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ?
04:57
It feels like the old way that people thought of politics,
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ืฉื ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”,
05:01
the left-right divide, has been blown up and replaced.
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืœืฉืžืืœ-ื™ืžื™ืŸ, ื ื”ืจืกื” ื•ื”ื•ื—ืœืคื”.
05:04
How should we think of this?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื–ืืช?
05:05
YNH: Yeah, the old 20th-century political model of left versus right
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ืฉืœ ืฉืžืืœ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
05:10
is now largely irrelevant,
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ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื—ืกืจ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืขืช
05:11
and the real divide today is between global and national,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™" ืœื‘ื™ืŸ "ืœืื•ืžื™",
05:16
global or local.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืงื•ืžื™.
05:18
And you see it again all over the world
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:21
that this is now the main struggle.
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ืฉื–ื”ื• ื›ืขืช ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™.
05:23
We probably need completely new political models
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ืื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
05:26
and completely new ways of thinking about politics.
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ื•ืœื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
05:32
In essence, what you can say is that we now have global ecology,
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ื‘ืชืžืฆื™ืช, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
05:37
we have a global economy but we have national politics,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
05:41
and this doesn't work together.
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ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื.
05:43
This makes the political system ineffective,
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
05:45
because it has no control over the forces that shape our life.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•.
05:49
And you have basically two solutions to this imbalance:
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ื™ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื”:
05:52
either de-globalize the economy and turn it back into a national economy,
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ืื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื“ื”-ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื•ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
05:57
or globalize the political system.
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ืื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
06:00
CA: So some, I guess many liberals out there
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ื›"ื: ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
06:05
view Trump and his government as kind of irredeemably bad,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจืืžืค ื•ืžืžืฉืœื• ืจื•ืข ืœืœื ืชืงื ื”,
06:11
just awful in every way.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจื”.
06:14
Do you see any underlying narrative or political philosophy in there
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืฉื ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื• ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช
06:21
that is at least worth understanding?
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ืฉืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื?
06:22
How would you articulate that philosophy?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื ืกื— ืืช ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื–ื•?
06:24
Is it just the philosophy of nationalism?
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ื”ืื ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช?
06:28
YNH: I think the underlying feeling or idea
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื
06:33
is that the political system -- something is broken there.
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ื”ื ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช-- ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืœืงืœ.
ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
06:38
It doesn't empower the ordinary person anymore.
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06:41
It doesn't care so much about the ordinary person anymore,
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ืœื ืื›ืคืช ืœื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
06:45
and I think this diagnosis of the political disease is correct.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:50
With regard to the answers, I am far less certain.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช - ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช.
06:53
I think what we are seeing is the immediate human reaction:
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช:
06:57
if something doesn't work, let's go back.
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ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื–ืจื”.
06:59
And you see it all over the world,
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ื•ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
07:01
that people, almost nobody in the political system today,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื... ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
07:05
has any future-oriented vision of where humankind is going.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ื™, ืœืืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืคื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
07:09
Almost everywhere, you see retrograde vision:
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื ืกื™ื’ื”:
"ื‘ื•ื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืœื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉื•ื‘",
07:13
"Let's make America great again,"
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07:15
like it was great -- I don't know -- in the '50s, in the '80s, sometime,
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ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช-- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข-- ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”-80, ืžืชื™ืฉื”ื•,
07:18
let's go back there.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื.
07:19
And you go to Russia a hundred years after Lenin,
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ืŸ,
07:24
Putin's vision for the future
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ื•ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื“
07:26
is basically, ah, let's go back to the Tsarist empire.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”: "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืฆืืจื™ืช".
07:29
And in Israel, where I come from,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ืžืžื ื” ืื ื™ ื‘ื,
ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื:
07:32
the hottest political vision of the present is:
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07:35
"Let's build the temple again."
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ",
07:37
So let's go back 2,000 years backwards.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ 2,000 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ".
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:40
So people are thinking sometime in the past we've lost it,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืชื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
ืคืขื, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ... ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืชืขื™ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ,
07:45
and sometimes in the past, it's like you've lost your way in the city,
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07:48
and you say OK, let's go back to the point where I felt secure
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ื•ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
07:51
and start again.
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ื•ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ,
07:53
I don't think this can work,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“,
07:54
but a lot of people, this is their gut instinct.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ื.
07:57
CA: But why couldn't it work?
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“?
07:59
"America First" is a very appealing slogan in many ways.
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"ืืžืจื™ืงื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ" ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืกืžื” ืขื ืงืกื ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:03
Patriotism is, in many ways, a very noble thing.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืืฆืœืช ืžืื•ื“.
08:07
It's played a role in promoting cooperation
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ื”ื™ื ืžื™ืœืื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
08:09
among large numbers of people.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
08:11
Why couldn't you have a world organized in countries,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืืจื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
08:15
all of which put themselves first?
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื”?
08:19
YNH: For many centuries, even thousands of years,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
08:22
patriotism worked quite well.
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ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ื™.
08:25
Of course, it led to wars an so forth,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
08:27
but we shouldn't focus too much on the bad.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื‘ืจืข;
08:30
There are also many, many positive things about patriotism,
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ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
08:33
and the ability to have a large number of people
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
08:37
care about each other,
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ืœื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”
08:39
sympathize with one another,
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08:40
and come together for collective action.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืื’ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
08:43
If you go back to the first nations,
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ืื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
08:46
so, thousands of years ago,
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08:48
the people who lived along the Yellow River in China --
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ื”ืขืžื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ--
08:51
it was many, many different tribes
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื
08:54
and they all depended on the river for survival and for prosperity,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ื›ื•ืœื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื”ืจ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื•ืœืฉื’ืฉื’,
08:58
but all of them also suffered from periodical floods
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ืืš ื›ื•ืœื ื’ื ืกื‘ืœื• ืžืฉื˜ืคื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื™ื
09:03
and periodical droughts.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช,
09:04
And no tribe could really do anything about it,
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ื•ืืฃ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš,
09:07
because each of them controlled just a tiny section of the river.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื˜ ืจืง ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
09:11
And then in a long and complicated process,
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืืจื•ืš ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘
09:14
the tribes coalesced together to form the Chinese nation,
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ื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืœื›ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช,
09:18
which controlled the entire Yellow River
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ืฉืฉืœื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ืฆื”ื•ื‘
09:21
and had the ability to bring hundreds of thousands of people together
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
09:26
to build dams and canals and regulate the river
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื›ืจื™ื ื•ืชืขืœื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื”ืจ,
09:31
and prevent the worst floods and droughts
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:34
and raise the level of prosperity for everybody.
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ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ืœืžืขืŸ ื›ื•ืœื.
09:37
And this worked in many places around the world.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
09:40
But in the 21st century,
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09:43
technology is changing all that in a fundamental way.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“:
09:46
We are now living -- all people in the world --
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ืื ื• ื›ืขืช ื—ื™ื™ื-- ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื--
09:49
are living alongside the same cyber river,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ื ื”ืจ ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ,
09:53
and no single nation can regulate this river by itself.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื•ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื–ืจื™ืžืช ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื”.
09:58
We are all living together on a single planet,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“,
10:02
which is threatened by our own actions.
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ืฉืžืื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืขืฆืžื ื•.
10:05
And if you don't have some kind of global cooperation,
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ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
10:09
nationalism is just not on the right level to tackle the problems,
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ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช,
10:14
whether it's climate change or whether it's technological disruption.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ืื• ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
10:19
CA: So it was a beautiful idea
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื–ื”ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืคื”
10:21
in a world where most of the action, most of the issues,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื,
10:25
took place on national scale,
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ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืœืื•ืžื™,
10:28
but your argument is that the issues that matter most today
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ืืš ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš, ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื
10:30
no longer take place on a national scale but on a global scale.
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืืœื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
10:34
YNH: Exactly. All the major problems of the world today
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง. ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื
10:37
are global in essence,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชืŸ,
10:40
and they cannot be solved
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ื•ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ
10:41
unless through some kind of global cooperation.
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ืœืœื ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
10:45
It's not just climate change,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
10:47
which is, like, the most obvious example people give.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื.
10:50
I think more in terms of technological disruption.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
ืื ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืžืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
10:54
If you think about, for example, artificial intelligence,
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10:57
over the next 20, 30 years
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ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš 20, 30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
11:00
pushing hundreds of millions of people out of the job market --
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ืชื”ื“ื•ืฃ ืžืื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”--
ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
11:04
this is a problem on a global level.
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11:06
It will disrupt the economy of all the countries.
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ื”ื™ื ืชืฉื‘ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
11:09
And similarly, if you think about, say, bioengineering
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ื•ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื›ืš, ืื ืชื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ, ื ืืžืจ, ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
11:13
and people being afraid of conducting,
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ื•ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข...
11:16
I don't know, genetic engineering research in humans,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
11:19
it won't help if just a single country, let's say the US,
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ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืื ืจืง ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช, ื ืืžืจ ืืจื”"ื‘,
11:24
outlaws all genetic experiments in humans,
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ืชื•ืฆื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื—ื•ืง ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
11:27
but China or North Korea continues to do it.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ืกื™ืŸ ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืจื™ืื” ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
11:31
So the US cannot solve it by itself,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื”,
11:34
and very quickly, the pressure on the US to do the same will be immense
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ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืขืœ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื•ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ื
11:39
because we are talking about high-risk, high-gain technologies.
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื•ืจื•ื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
11:44
If somebody else is doing it, I can't allow myself to remain behind.
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ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
11:48
The only way to have regulations, effective regulations,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”, ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช,
11:54
on things like genetic engineering,
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
11:56
is to have global regulations.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
11:58
If you just have national regulations, nobody would like to stay behind.
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ืื ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
12:03
CA: So this is really interesting.
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ื›"ื: ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
12:05
It seems to me that this may be one key
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจื ืื—ื“
12:07
to provoking at least a constructive conversation
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื— ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
12:11
between the different sides here,
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12:12
because I think everyone can agree that the start point
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ืกื›ื™ื
ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืขืก ื”ืจื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขื“ ื”ืœื•ื
12:16
of a lot of the anger that's propelled us to where we are
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12:18
is because of the legitimate concerns about job loss.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ืื’ื” ื”ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”,
12:21
Work is gone, a traditional way of life has gone,
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ื”ืขื“ืจ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ืื•ื‘ื“ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
12:25
and it's no wonder that people are furious about that.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš.
12:28
And in general, they have blamed globalism, global elites,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช
12:33
for doing this to them without asking their permission,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื•ืœืœื• ืœื”ื ื–ืืช ืœืœื ืจืฉื•ืชื,
12:35
and that seems like a legitimate complaint.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื• ืชืœื•ื ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช.
12:38
But what I hear you saying is that -- so a key question is:
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืžืš ื”ื•ื-- ืฉืืœืช ืžืคืชื— ื”ื™ื:
12:41
What is the real cause of job loss, both now and going forward?
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ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื’ื ื›ืขืช ื•ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื?
12:46
To the extent that it's about globalism,
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ื›ื™ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
12:49
then the right response, yes, is to shut down borders
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ืื– ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื, ื›ืŸ, ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
12:53
and keep people out and change trade agreements and so forth.
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ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ื ื™ืกืช ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืกื›ืžื™ ืกื—ืจ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
12:57
But you're saying, I think,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
12:59
that actually the bigger cause of job loss is not going to be that at all.
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ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื”.
ืžืงื•ืจื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
13:04
It's going to originate in technological questions,
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13:07
and we have no chance of solving that
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื–ืืช ืื ืœื ื ืคืขืœ ื›ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
13:09
unless we operate as a connected world.
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13:11
YNH: Yeah, I think that,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ...
13:13
I don't know about the present, but looking to the future,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืขืชื™ื“,
13:16
it's not the Mexicans or Chinese who will take the jobs
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ืœื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืงื ื™ื ืื• ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
13:19
from the people in Pennsylvania,
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื ืกื™ืœื‘ื ื™ื”,
13:21
it's the robots and algorithms.
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ืืœื ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื•ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
13:23
So unless you plan to build a big wall on the border of California --
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ื›ืš ืฉืืœื ืื ืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”--
13:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:28
the wall on the border with Mexico is going to be very ineffective.
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ื”ื—ื•ืžื” ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืงืกื™ืงื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
13:32
And I was struck when I watched the debates before the election,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ื›ืฉืฆืคื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
13:38
I was struck that certainly Trump did not even attempt to frighten people
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ื ื“ื”ืžืชื™ ืฉื˜ืจืืžืค, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:44
by saying the robots will take your jobs.
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ื‘ืืžื™ืจื” ืฉ"ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื™ืงื—ื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”".
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
13:47
Now even if it's not true, it doesn't matter.
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13:49
It could have been an extremely effective way of frightening people --
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื--
13:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืื ืฉื™ื:
13:53
and galvanizing people:
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"ื”ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื!" ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
13:55
"The robots will take your jobs!"
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13:56
And nobody used that line.
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13:58
And it made me afraid,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืคื—ื™ื“ ืื•ืชื™,
14:00
because it meant that no matter what happens
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื,
ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช -
14:04
in universities and laboratories,
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ืฉื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจ ืขืœ ื›ืš -
14:07
and there, there is already an intense debate about it,
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14:09
but in the mainstream political system and among the general public,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœืœื™
14:13
people are just unaware
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
14:16
that there could be an immense technological disruption --
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืขืฆื•ื--
14:20
not in 200 years, but in 10, 20, 30 years --
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ืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 200 ืฉื ื”, ืืœื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10, 20, 30 ืฉื ื”--
14:24
and we have to do something about it now,
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš ื›ืขืช,
14:27
partly because most of what we teach children today in school or in college
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœื’'
14:33
is going to be completely irrelevant to the job market of 2040, 2050.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ ืœืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 2040, 2050.
14:39
So it's not something we'll need to think about in 2040.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘-2040.
14:43
We need to think today what to teach the young people.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžื” ืœืœืžื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื.
14:46
CA: Yeah, no, absolutely.
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ื›"ื: ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
14:50
You've often written about moments in history
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ื›ืชื‘ืช ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืชื›ื•ืคื•ืช ืขืœ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
14:54
where humankind has ... entered a new era, unintentionally.
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ื‘ื”ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช... ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
15:01
Decisions have been made, technologies have been developed,
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื ืขืฉื•, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืคื•ืชื—ื•,
15:04
and suddenly the world has changed,
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ื•ืœืคืชืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืชื ื”,
15:06
possibly in a way that's worse for everyone.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
15:09
So one of the examples you give in "Sapiens"
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช ืฉื ืชืช ื‘"ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช"
15:11
is just the whole agricultural revolution,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช,
15:13
which, for an actual person tilling the fields,
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ืฉื‘ื” ืื“ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช
15:17
they just picked up a 12-hour backbreaking workday
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ืœืงื— ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ 12 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืคืจื›ื•ืช
15:20
instead of six hours in the jungle and a much more interesting lifestyle.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœ ืขื ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:27
So are we at another possible phase change here,
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ืื– ื”ืื ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
15:30
where we kind of sleepwalk into a future that none of us actually wants?
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ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื›ืกื”ืจื•ืจื™ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืื™ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื•?
15:35
YNH: Yes, very much so.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“.
15:38
During the agricultural revolution,
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ื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ืช, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
15:40
what happened is that immense technological and economic revolution
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื”ืคื›ื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื”
15:44
empowered the human collective,
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ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
15:47
but when you look at actual individual lives,
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ืืš ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืขืฆืžื•,
15:50
the life of a tiny elite became much better,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืฉืชืคืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
15:54
and the lives of the majority of people became considerably worse.
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืจืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช.
15:58
And this can happen again in the 21st century.
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ื•ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21.
16:01
No doubt the new technologies will empower the human collective.
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ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืขืฆื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
16:06
But we may end up again
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื•ื‘
16:08
with a tiny elite reaping all the benefits, taking all the fruits,
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ืขื ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื–ืขื™ืจื” ืฉืงื•ื˜ืคืช ืืช ื”ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืช, ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืช,
16:13
and the masses of the population finding themselves worse
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ
16:17
than they were before,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
16:18
certainly much worse than this tiny elite.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
16:22
CA: And those elites might not even be human elites.
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ื›"ื: ื•ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื›ืœืœ.
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืŸ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื ืื•--
16:25
They might be cyborgs or --
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16:26
YNH: Yeah, they could be enhanced super humans.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ-ืื ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจื™ื,
16:29
They could be cyborgs.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืกื™ื™ื‘ื•ืจื’ื™ื.
16:30
They could be completely nonorganic elites.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืืœื• ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
16:32
They could even be non-conscious algorithms.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
16:35
What we see now in the world is authority shifting away
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื˜ืช
16:40
from humans to algorithms.
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ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
16:42
More and more decisions -- about personal lives,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช-- ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
16:46
about economic matters, about political matters --
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื--
16:48
are actually being taken by algorithms.
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ืžืชืงื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
16:51
If you ask the bank for a loan,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื” ืžื”ื‘ื ืง,
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“ ืฉื’ื•ืจืœืš ื ื—ืจืฅ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื, ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
16:54
chances are your fate is decided by an algorithm, not by a human being.
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16:58
And the general impression is that maybe Homo sapiens just lost it.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื–ื”.
17:04
The world is so complicated, there is so much data,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื,
17:09
things are changing so fast,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื”,
17:12
that this thing that evolved on the African savanna
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ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื— ื‘ืกื•ื•ืื ื” ื”ืืคืจื™ืงื ื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื--
17:15
tens of thousands of years ago --
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17:17
to cope with a particular environment,
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช,
17:20
a particular volume of information and data --
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ื ืคื— ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ื ืชื•ื ื™ื--
17:24
it just can't handle the realities of the 21st century,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
17:28
and the only thing that may be able to handle it
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“
17:31
is big-data algorithms.
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ื”ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื ึฐืชื•ึผื ึตื™ ืขึธืชึตืง,
17:33
So no wonder more and more authority is shifting from us to the algorithms.
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืคืœื ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื˜ืช ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื.
17:40
CA: So we're in New York City for the first of a series of TED Dialogues
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ื›"ื: ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžืกื“ืจืช "ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ TED"
17:44
with Yuval Harari,
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ืขื ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืจื™,
17:46
and there's a Facebook Live audience out there.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
17:50
We're excited to have you with us.
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ืื ื• ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืš ืฉืืชื ืื™ืชื ื•.
17:52
We'll start coming to some of your questions
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ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
17:54
and questions of people in the room
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ื•ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื
17:56
in just a few minutes,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืกืคืจ ื“ืงื•ืช,
17:57
so have those coming.
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ืื– ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื•ืชืŸ.
17:59
Yuval, if you're going to make the argument
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ืื ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื”ื•ื
18:03
that we need to get past nationalism because of the coming technological ...
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช...
18:11
danger, in a way,
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ื•ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืŸ
18:12
presented by so much of what's happening
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืื•ืชื”,
18:14
we've got to have a global conversation about this.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืฉื™ื— ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื›ืš.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื, ืฉืงืฉื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉืœืžืฉืœ,
18:17
Trouble is, it's hard to get people really believing that, I don't know,
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18:20
AI really is an imminent threat, and so forth.
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ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ืื™ื•ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
18:22
The things that people, some people at least,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช,
18:25
care about much more immediately, perhaps,
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ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื”ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื•ืœื™,
18:27
is climate change,
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ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
18:29
perhaps other issues like refugees, nuclear weapons, and so forth.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
18:34
Would you argue that where we are right now
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื›ืจื’ืข
18:39
that somehow those issues need to be dialed up?
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ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ?
18:42
You've talked about climate change,
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
18:45
but Trump has said he doesn't believe in that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืจืืžืค ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš.
18:48
So in a way, your most powerful argument,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœืš,
18:51
you can't actually use to make this case.
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื›ืืŸ.
ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
18:54
YNH: Yeah, I think with climate change,
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18:56
at first sight, it's quite surprising
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ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืžืคืชื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื–ื™ืงื” ื”ื“ื•ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
18:59
that there is a very close correlation
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19:02
between nationalism and climate change.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
19:05
I mean, almost always, the people who deny climate change are nationalists.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžืขื˜ ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื.
19:10
And at first sight, you think: Why?
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ื•ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘: ืœืžื”?
19:12
What's the connection?
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ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ?
19:13
Why don't you have socialists denying climate change?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืชื›ื—ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื
19:16
But then, when you think about it, it's obvious --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ--
19:18
because nationalism has no solution to climate change.
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ื›ื™ ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
19:22
If you want to be a nationalist in the 21st century,
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ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
19:25
you have to deny the problem.
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื›ื—ืฉ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
19:27
If you accept the reality of the problem, then you must accept that, yes,
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ืื ืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”, ืชื”ื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื›ืš, ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ,
19:32
there is still room in the world for patriotism,
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ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
19:35
there is still room in the world for having special loyalties
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืžื ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช
19:39
and obligations towards your own people, towards your own country.
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ื•ืœืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœืคื™ ืขืžืš, ื›ืœืคื™ ืืจืฆืš.
19:43
I don't think anybody is really thinking of abolishing that.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ืืช.
19:47
But in order to confront climate change,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
19:50
we need additional loyalties and commitments
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
19:55
to a level beyond the nation.
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ื‘ืจืžื” ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืื•ืžื”.
19:57
And that should not be impossible,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™,
19:59
because people can have several layers of loyalty.
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ื›ื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ื“ื™ื.
20:03
You can be loyal to your family
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืš,
20:05
and to your community
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ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ืฉืœืš
20:07
and to your nation,
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ื•ื’ื ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœืš,
20:08
so why can't you also be loyal to humankind as a whole?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื ืืžืŸ ื’ื ืœืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”?
20:12
Of course, there are occasions when it becomes difficult,
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื–ื” ืงืฉื”,
20:15
what to put first,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืžื”?
20:17
but, you know, life is difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื.
20:19
Handle it.
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ืชืชืžื•ื“ื“.
20:20
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
20:23
CA: OK, so I would love to get some questions from the audience here.
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ื›"ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืฉืžื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ.
20:27
We've got a microphone here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ.
20:29
Speak into it, and Facebook, get them coming, too.
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืœืชื•ื›ื•, ื•ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื’ื ืืชื.
20:32
Howard Morgan: One of the things that has clearly made a huge difference
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ื”ื•ื•ืืจื“ ืžื•ืจื’ืŸ: ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื’ืจืžื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ
20:36
in this country and other countries
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ื‘ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ื• ื•ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
20:38
is the income distribution inequality,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื”,
20:40
the dramatic change in income distribution in the US
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ื‘ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
20:44
from what it was 50 years ago,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 50 ืฉื ื”
20:46
and around the world.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
20:47
Is there anything we can do to affect that?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ืš?
20:50
Because that gets at a lot of the underlying causes.
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“.
20:56
YNH: So far I haven't heard a very good idea about what to do about it,
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ื™ื "ื”: ืขื“ ืขืชื” ืœื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”,
21:01
again, partly because most ideas remain on the national level,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
21:05
and the problem is global.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
21:06
I mean, one idea that we hear quite a lot about now
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืขืช
21:09
is universal basic income.
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ื”ื•ื "ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช".
21:11
But this is a problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื”...
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
21:13
I mean, I think it's a good start,
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21:14
but it's a problematic idea because it's not clear what "universal" is
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื• "ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™"
21:18
and it's not clear what "basic" is.
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžื”ื• "ื‘ืกื™ืกื™".
21:20
Most people when they speak about universal basic income,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
21:23
they actually mean national basic income.
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ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ื›ื ืกื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
21:26
But the problem is global.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
21:28
Let's say that you have AI and 3D printers taking away millions of jobs
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ื ื™ืงื— ืœืžืฉืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื”ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“
ืฉื’ื•ื–ืœื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
21:33
in Bangladesh,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืขืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœื™.
21:35
from all the people who make my shirts and my shoes.
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21:38
So what's going to happen?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืงืจื”?
21:39
The US government will levy taxes on Google and Apple in California,
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ื”ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื™ื’ื‘ื” ืžื™ืกื™ื ืžื’ื•ื’ืœ ื•ืืคืœ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
21:46
and use that to pay basic income to unemployed Bangladeshis?
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ื•ื™ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื?
21:50
If you believe that, you can just as well believe
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื“ื•ืžื”
21:53
that Santa Claus will come and solve the problem.
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ืฉืกื ื˜ื” ืงืœืื•ืก ื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ื™ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
21:57
So unless we have really universal and not national basic income,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืืœื ืื ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ื•ืœื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช,
22:02
the deep problems are not going to go away.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืœื ื™ืขืœืžื•.
22:05
And also it's not clear what basic is,
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื’ื ืžื” ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘"ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช",
22:08
because what are basic human needs?
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ื›ื™ ืžื”ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื?
22:10
A thousand years ago, just food and shelter was enough.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžื—ืกื” ื”ืกืคื™ืงื•.
22:13
But today, people will say education is a basic human need,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืจืš ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
22:17
it should be part of the package.
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ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื‘ื™ืœื”.
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื”? 6 ืฉื ื™ื? 12 ืฉื ื”? ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜?
22:19
But how much? Six years? Twelve years? PhD?
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22:22
Similarly, with health care,
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืขื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช:
22:24
let's say that in 20, 30, 40 years,
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ 20, 30, 40 ืฉื ื”
22:27
you'll have expensive treatments that can extend human life
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ื™ืงืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืืจื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื
22:31
to 120, I don't know.
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ืขื“ 120, ืœืžืฉืœ.
22:33
Will this be part of the basket of basic income or not?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื™ื™ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกืœ ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืื• ืœื?
22:38
It's a very difficult problem,
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ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”,
22:39
because in a world where people lose their ability to be employed,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขืกืงื™ื,
22:46
the only thing they are going to get is this basic income.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื–ื•.
22:49
So what's part of it is a very, very difficult ethical question.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.
22:54
CA: There's a bunch of questions on how the world affords it as well,
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ื›"ื: ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช,
ืžื™ ื™ืฉืœื ืืช ื–ื”?
22:58
who pays.
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22:59
There's a question here from Facebook from Lisa Larson:
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง, ืžืœื™ืกื” ืœืืจืกื•ืŸ:
23:02
"How does nationalism in the US now
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"ืื™ืš ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื
23:04
compare to that between World War I and World War II
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"ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื–ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช?"
23:08
in the last century?"
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23:09
YNH: Well the good news, with regard to the dangers of nationalism,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ, ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช,
23:14
we are in a much better position than a century ago.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช.
23:18
A century ago, 1917,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ื‘-1917,
23:20
Europeans were killing each other by the millions.
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ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื.
23:23
In 2016, with Brexit, as far as I remember,
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ื‘-2016, ืขื ื”"ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜", ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ,
23:28
a single person lost their life, an MP who was murdered by some extremist.
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ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื—ื‘ืจืช ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ืฉื ืจืฆื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืื—ื“.
23:33
Just a single person.
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ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
23:35
I mean, if Brexit was about British independence,
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ืื ื”"ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜" ื ื’ืขื” ืœืขืฆืžืื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
23:37
this is the most peaceful war of independence in human history.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
23:42
And let's say that Scotland will now choose to leave the UK
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ื•ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืชื‘ื—ืจ ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช
23:48
after Brexit.
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ืœืื—ืจ "ื‘ืจืงื–ื™ื˜".
23:50
So in the 18th century,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”-18,
23:52
if Scotland wanted -- and the Scots wanted several times --
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ืื ืกืงื•ื˜ืœื ื“ ืจืฆืชื”-- ื•ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื ืจืฆื• ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื--
23:55
to break out of the control of London,
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ืœื”ืชื ืชืง ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ืชื” ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
23:59
the reaction of the government in London was to send an army up north
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”
24:03
to burn down Edinburgh and massacre the highland tribes.
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ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื• ื•ืœื˜ื‘ื•ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื.
24:07
My guess is that if, in 2018, the Scots vote for independence,
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ืฆื‘ื™ืขื• ื‘-2018 ื‘ืขื“ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช,
24:12
the London government will not send an army up north
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ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœื ืชืฉืœื— ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”
24:16
to burn down Edinburgh.
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ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืืช ืื“ื™ื ื‘ื•ืจื•.
24:17
Very few people are now willing to kill or be killed
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ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื• ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’
24:22
for Scottish or for British independence.
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ืขืœ ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช.
24:24
So for all the talk of the rise of nationalism
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ื›ืš ืฉืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช
ื•ืขืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ื•ืœืžืื” ื”-19,
24:30
and going back to the 1930s,
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24:32
to the 19th century, in the West at least,
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ื‘ืžืขืจื‘, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช,
24:36
the power of national sentiments today is far, far smaller
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ื›ื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื
24:42
than it was a century ago.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื”.
24:44
CA: Although some people now, you hear publicly worrying
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ื›"ื: ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืขืช ืฉืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ื“ืื’ื”
24:48
about whether that might be shifting,
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉืชื ื”,
24:50
that there could actually be outbreaks of violence in the US
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ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช
24:54
depending on how things turn out.
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ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
24:56
Should we be worried about that,
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ืžื›ืš,
ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืฉืชื ื•?
24:58
or do you really think things have shifted?
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ื™ื "ื”: ืœื, ืžื—ื•ื‘ืชื ื• ืœื“ืื•ื’.
25:00
YNH: No, we should be worried.
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25:01
We should be aware of two things.
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ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื™ื.
25:03
First of all, don't be hysterical.
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25:05
We are not back in the First World War yet.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœื ื—ื–ืจื ื• ืœื™ืžื™ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
25:08
But on the other hand, don't be complacent.
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ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™, ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื ื™ื.
25:11
We reached from 1917 to 2017,
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืž-1917 ื•ืขื“ 2017
25:16
not by some divine miracle,
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ืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื ื™ืกื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ื™ื,
25:19
but simply by human decisions,
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช,
25:21
and if we now start making the wrong decisions,
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ื•ืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืขืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช,
25:23
we could be back in an analogous situation to 1917
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ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื’ืช ืœืžืฆื‘ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœ-1917
25:28
in a few years.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื.
25:29
One of the things I know as a historian
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ
25:32
is that you should never underestimate human stupidity.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืžืขื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
25:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
25:38
It's one of the most powerful forces in history,
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ื–ื”ื• ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
25:42
human stupidity and human violence.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคืฉื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
25:44
Humans do such crazy things for no obvious reason,
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ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ืœืœื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”,
25:48
but again, at the same time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
25:50
another very powerful force in human history is human wisdom.
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ื›ื•ื— ื—ื–ืง ืื—ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื• ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
25:53
We have both.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื—ื“.
25:55
CA: We have with us here moral psychologist Jonathan Haidt,
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ื›"ื: ื ืžืฆื ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจ, ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜,
25:57
who I think has a question.
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ื•ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืฉืืœื”.
26:00
Jonathan Haidt: Thanks, Yuval.
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ื’'ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื“ื˜: ืชื•ื“ื”, ื™ื•ื‘ืœ.
26:02
So you seem to be a fan of global governance,
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ื ืจืื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืฆื“ื“ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
26:04
but when you look at the map of the world from Transparency International,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™,
26:08
which rates the level of corruption of political institutions,
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ืฉืžื“ืจื’ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
26:11
it's a vast sea of red with little bits of yellow here and there
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•ืคื” ื•ืฉื ืžืขื˜ ืื•ืจื•ืช ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื
26:14
for those with good institutions.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
26:16
So if we were to have some kind of global governance,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
26:18
what makes you think it would end up being more like Denmark
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง,
26:21
rather than more like Russia or Honduras,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืจืก,
26:23
and aren't there alternatives,
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ื•ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
26:25
such as we did with CFCs?
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืคืขืœื ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื–ื™ ื”ื—ืžืžื”?
26:27
There are ways to solve global problems with national governments.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช.
26:30
What would world government actually look like,
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ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื” ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
26:32
and why do you think it would work?
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืฆืœื™ื—?
26:34
YNH: Well, I don't know what it would look like.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืจืื”.
26:38
Nobody still has a model for that.
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ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
26:41
The main reason we need it
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื•
ื”ื™ื ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื.
26:44
is because many of these issues are lose-lose situations.
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26:48
When you have a win-win situation like trade,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื— ืœื›ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžืกื—ืจ,
26:51
both sides can benefit from a trade agreement,
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ืกื›ื ืกื—ืจ,
26:54
then this is something you can work out.
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ืื– ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ืกื›ื.
26:56
Without some kind of global government,
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ืœืœื ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
26:58
national governments each have an interest in doing it.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื›ืš.
27:01
But when you have a lose-lose situation like with climate change,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืกื“ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
27:05
it's much more difficult
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”
27:07
without some overarching authority, real authority.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
27:12
Now, how to get there and what would it look like,
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื”,
27:15
I don't know.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
27:16
And certainly there is no obvious reason
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง,
27:20
to think that it would look like Denmark,
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27:22
or that it would be a democracy.
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ืื• ืฉื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”.
27:24
Most likely it wouldn't.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ืืช.
27:26
We don't have workable democratic models
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
27:32
for a global government.
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27:34
So maybe it would look more like ancient China
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื™ื™ืจืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ืงื”
27:38
than like modern Denmark.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื“ื ืžืจืง ืฉืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
27:39
But still, given the dangers that we are facing,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืกื›ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
27:45
I think the imperative of having some kind of real ability
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27:50
to force through difficult decisions on the global level
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ืœืื›ื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
27:54
is more important than almost anything else.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืžืขื˜.
27:59
CA: There's a question from Facebook here,
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืžืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
28:01
and then we'll get the mic to Andrew.
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ื•ืื– ื ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ืœืื ื“ืจื•.
28:03
So, Kat Hebron on Facebook,
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ืื– ืงืืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื•ื•ื™ื™ืœ:
28:05
calling in from Vail:
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28:07
"How would developed nations manage the millions of climate migrants?"
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" ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืขื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื”ื’ืจื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื?"
28:12
YNH: I don't know.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
28:14
CA: That's your answer, Kat. (Laughter)
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ื›"ื: ื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš ืงืืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
28:16
YNH: And I don't think that they know either.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื’ื ื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
28:18
They'll just deny the problem, maybe.
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ื”ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ืชื›ื—ืฉื• ืœื‘ืขื™ื”, ืื•ืœื™.
28:20
CA: But immigration, generally, is another example of a problem
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ
28:23
that's very hard to solve on a nation-by-nation basis.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืžื” ืชืชืงืฉื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
ืื•ืžื” ื›ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉืขืจื™ื,
28:26
One nation can shut its doors,
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28:27
but maybe that stores up problems for the future.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
28:30
YNH: Yes, I mean -- it's another very good case,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช,
28:34
especially because it's so much easier
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ื‘ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ืจ
28:36
to migrate today
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28:38
than it was in the Middle Ages or in ancient times.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืขืชื™ืงื™ื.
28:42
CA: Yuval, there's a belief among many technologists, certainly,
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ื›"ื: ื™ื•ื‘ืœ, ื™ืฉื ื” ืืžื•ื ื”, ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
28:46
that political concerns are kind of overblown,
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ืฉื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื’ื–ืžื•ืช,
28:48
that actually, political leaders don't have that much influence
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
28:52
in the world,
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28:53
that the real determination of humanity at this point is by science,
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ื•ืฉื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ืข,
28:57
by invention, by companies,
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ื”ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช
28:59
by many things other than political leaders,
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื,
29:03
and it's actually very hard for leaders to do much,
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ื•ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื”,
29:06
so we're actually worrying about nothing here.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืืŸ.
29:09
YNH: Well, first, it should be emphasized
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ื™ื "ื”: ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ
29:12
that it's true that political leaders' ability to do good is very limited,
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ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืื•ื“,
29:17
but their ability to do harm is unlimited.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื”ื–ื™ืง ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช.
29:20
There is a basic imbalance here.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
29:22
You can still press the button and blow everybody up.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืคืชื•ืจ ื•ืœืคื•ืฆืฅ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
29:26
You have that kind of ability.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื• ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
29:27
But if you want, for example, to reduce inequality,
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ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืื™-ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ,
29:31
that's very, very difficult.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงืฉื”.
29:33
But to start a war,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžืœื—ืžื” -
29:34
you can still do so very easily.
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ืืช ื–ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
29:36
So there is a built-in imbalance in the political system today
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉื ื• ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
29:40
which is very frustrating,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืกื›ืœ ืžืื•ื“:
ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ืจื•ื ื ื–ืง ืจื‘.
29:42
where you cannot do a lot of good but you can still do a lot of harm.
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29:46
And this makes the political system still a very big concern.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœื“ืื’ื” ืจื‘ื”.
29:51
CA: So as you look at what's happening today,
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ื›"ื: ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื.
29:53
and putting your historian's hat on,
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื›ื•ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
29:55
do you look back in history at moments when things were going just fine
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ืœื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
29:59
and an individual leader really took the world or their country backwards?
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ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ืกื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื• ืืช ืืจืฆื• ืœืื—ื•ืจ?
30:05
YNH: There are quite a few examples,
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ื™ื "ื”: ื™ืฉ ืœื ืžืขื˜ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช,
30:07
but I should emphasize, it's never an individual leader.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
30:10
I mean, somebody put him there,
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ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื,
30:12
and somebody allowed him to continue to be there.
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ื•ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฉื.
30:15
So it's never really just the fault of a single individual.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ืŸ ื–ื• ืืฉืžืช ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“.
30:19
There are a lot of people behind every such individual.
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ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื›ื–ื”.
30:24
CA: Can we have the microphone here, please, to Andrew?
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ื›"ื: ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืœืื ื“ืจื•?
30:30
Andrew Solomon: You've talked a lot about the global versus the national,
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ืื ื“ืจื• ืกื•ืœื•ืžื•ืŸ: ื“ื™ื‘ืจืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™,
ืืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื ืจืื” ืœื™,
30:34
but increasingly, it seems to me,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื›ื•ืช.
30:36
the world situation is in the hands of identity groups.
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30:38
We look at people within the United States
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
30:41
who have been recruited by ISIS.
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ืฉื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืขื"ืฉ .
30:42
We look at these other groups which have formed
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจื’ื•ืช ืžื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
30:45
which go outside of national bounds
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ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืกืžื›ื•ืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
30:47
but still represent significant authorities.
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30:49
How are they to be integrated into the system,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช,
30:51
and how is a diverse set of identities to be made coherent
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื’ื‘ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
30:55
under either national or global leadership?
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ืชื—ืช ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืื• ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช?
30:59
YNH: Well, the problem of such diverse identities
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ื™ื "ื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช
31:02
is a problem from nationalism as well.
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ื”ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
31:05
Nationalism believes in a single, monolithic identity,
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ื”ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”, ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช,
31:09
and exclusive or at least more extreme versions of nationalism
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ื•ื’ืจืกื” ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช
31:13
believe in an exclusive loyalty to a single identity.
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ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
31:17
And therefore, nationalism has had a lot of problems
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ื•ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื• ืœืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
31:20
with people wanting to divide their identities
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืฆื• ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
31:23
between various groups.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
31:25
So it's not just a problem, say, for a global vision.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ, ื ืืžืจ, ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
31:30
And I think, again, history shows
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืจืื”
31:34
that you shouldn't necessarily think in such exclusive terms.
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ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•ืช.
31:40
If you think that there is just a single identity for a person,
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ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืจืง ื–ื”ื•ืช ืื—ืช ืœืื“ื,
31:43
"I am just X, that's it, I can't be several things, I can be just that,"
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"ืื ื™ ืจืง X, ื–ื”ื•, ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื–ื”,"
31:48
that's the start of the problem.
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ื–ื• ืชื—ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
31:51
You have religions, you have nations
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ืช,
31:53
that sometimes demand exclusive loyalty,
615
1913815
3182
31:57
but it's not the only option.
616
1917021
1731
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”.
31:58
There are many religions and many nations
617
1918776
2382
ื™ืฉ ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
32:01
that enable you to have diverse identities at the same time.
618
1921182
3878
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืš ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•-ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
32:05
CA: But is one explanation of what's happened in the last year
619
1925084
4357
ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื•ืœืคืช
32:09
that a group of people have got fed up with, if you like,
620
1929465
5180
ืฉืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื ืžืืก ืžื›ืš, ืื ืชืจืฆื”,
32:14
the liberal elites, for want of a better term,
621
1934669
3167
ืฉ"ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช", ื‘ื”ืขื“ืจ ืžื•ื ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
32:17
obsessing over many, many different identities and them feeling,
622
1937860
4373
ืฉืงื•ืขื” ื‘ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื ื—ืฉื™ื,
32:22
"But what about my identity? I am being completely ignored here.
623
1942257
3859
"ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื™? ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื™ ื›ืืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
32:26
And by the way, I thought I was the majority"?
624
1946140
2974
"ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื”ืจื•ื‘."
32:29
And that that's actually sparked a lot of the anger.
625
1949138
2981
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฆื™ืช ื›ืขืก ืจื‘.
32:32
YNH: Yeah. Identity is always problematic,
626
1952738
3145
ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™,
32:35
because identity is always based on fictional stories
627
1955907
4310
ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืชื‘ืกืกืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื
32:40
that sooner or later collide with reality.
628
1960241
2889
ืฉื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžืชื ื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
32:43
Almost all identities,
629
1963710
1518
ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช,
32:45
I mean, beyond the level of the basic community
630
1965252
3411
ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืจืžืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื,
32:48
of a few dozen people,
631
1968687
1469
32:50
are based on a fictional story.
632
1970180
1929
ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื•ื™.
32:52
They are not the truth.
633
1972133
1641
ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช.
32:53
They are not the reality.
634
1973798
1315
ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
32:55
It's just a story that people invent and tell one another
635
1975137
3094
ืืœื” ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื.
32:58
and start believing.
636
1978255
1491
32:59
And therefore all identities are extremely unstable.
637
1979770
5320
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช.
33:05
They are not a biological reality.
638
1985114
2527
ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
33:07
Sometimes nationalists, for example,
639
1987665
2006
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
33:09
think that the nation is a biological entity.
640
1989695
2927
33:12
It's made of the combination of soil and blood,
641
1992646
3613
ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื•ืื“ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื”.
33:16
creates the nation.
642
1996283
1702
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™.
33:18
But this is just a fictional story.
643
1998009
3092
33:21
CA: Soil and blood kind of makes a gooey mess.
644
2001125
2563
ื›"ื: ื“ื ื•ืื“ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขื™ืกื” ื“ื‘ื™ืงื”.
33:23
(Laughter)
645
2003712
1822
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
33:25
YNH: It does, and also it messes with your mind
646
2005558
3024
ื™ื "ื”: ืื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ื’ื ืืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ืฉืœืš ืœืขื™ืกื”
33:28
when you think too much that I am a combination of soil and blood.
647
2008606
4784
ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™: "ืื ื™ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื“ื ื•ืื“ืžื”".
33:33
If you look from a biological perspective,
648
2013414
2867
ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
33:36
obviously none of the nations that exist today
649
2016305
3478
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืืฃ ืœื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
33:39
existed 5,000 years ago.
650
2019807
2243
ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ืœืคื ื™ 5000 ืฉื ื”.
ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง,
33:42
Homo sapiens is a social animal, that's for sure.
651
2022074
3858
33:45
But for millions of years,
652
2025956
2427
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
33:48
Homo sapiens and our hominid ancestors lived in small communities
653
2028407
4639
ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื”ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืคืจื˜ื™ื,
33:53
of a few dozen individuals.
654
2033070
2329
33:55
Everybody knew everybody else.
655
2035423
2127
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ื•ืœื.
33:57
Whereas modern nations are imagined communities,
656
2037574
4021
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
34:01
in the sense that I don't even know all these people.
657
2041619
2551
ื•ื”ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ื”ื™ื, "ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื•."
34:04
I come from a relatively small nation, Israel,
658
2044194
2848
ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืžืื•ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื,
34:07
and of eight million Israelis,
659
2047066
2143
34:09
I never met most of them.
660
2049233
1990
ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืชื™
34:11
I will never meet most of them.
661
2051247
2308
ื•ืืช ืจื•ื‘ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืคื’ื•ืฉ.
34:13
They basically exist here.
662
2053579
2562
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื”ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉ.
34:16
CA: But in terms of this identity,
663
2056165
2749
ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช,
34:18
this group who feel left out and perhaps have work taken away,
664
2058938
5437
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื ื•ื—ื”, ืื• ื›ื–ื• ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ื” ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
34:24
I mean, in "Homo Deus,"
665
2064399
2294
ื‘"ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ",
34:26
you actually speak of this group in one sense expanding,
666
2066717
3111
ืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
34:29
that so many people may have their jobs taken away
667
2069852
3622
ื›ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ืœืงื—ื• ืžื”ื
34:33
by technology in some way that we could end up with
668
2073498
4380
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืขื“ ืฉืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขืฆืžื ื•
34:37
a really large -- I think you call it a "useless class" --
669
2077902
3171
ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืืžืช-- ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืืชื” ืžื›ื ื” ืื•ืชื”
"ืžืขืžื“ ื—ืกืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืขืœืช"-- ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ.
34:41
a class where traditionally,
670
2081097
2103
ื›"ื: ืžืขืžื“ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื• ื›ื—ืกืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช.
34:43
as viewed by the economy, these people have no use.
671
2083224
2731
34:45
YNH: Yes.
672
2085979
1198
ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ.
34:47
CA: How likely a possibility is that?
673
2087201
2931
ื›"ื: ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื• ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจื”?
34:50
Is that something we should be terrified about?
674
2090156
2744
ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•,
34:52
And can we address it in any way?
675
2092924
2659
ื•ื”ืื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื›ืš?
34:55
YNH: We should think about it very carefully.
676
2095607
2247
ื™ื "ื”: ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
34:57
I mean, nobody really knows what the job market will look like
677
2097878
2971
ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืืžืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื™ื™ืจืื” ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
35:00
in 2040, 2050.
678
2100873
1690
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2040, 2050.
35:02
There is a chance many new jobs will appear,
679
2102587
2708
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
35:05
but it's not certain.
680
2105319
1754
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื•ื“ืื™.
35:07
And even if new jobs do appear,
681
2107097
2211
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™ืขื•,
35:09
it won't necessarily be easy
682
2109332
1984
ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ ืžืฉืื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืŸ 50,
35:11
for a 50-year old unemployed truck driver
683
2111340
2999
35:14
made unemployed by self-driving vehicles,
684
2114363
3033
ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
35:17
it won't be easy for an unemployed truck driver
685
2117420
3653
ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ืœื ื”ื’ ืื• ื ื”ื’ืช ืžืฉืื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื
35:21
to reinvent himself or herself as a designer of virtual worlds.
686
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
35:25
Previously, if you look at the trajectory of the industrial revolution,
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
35:30
when machines replaced humans in one type of work,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ื“,
35:34
the solution usually came from low-skill work
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ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”
35:38
in new lines of business.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ืขื™ืกื•ืง ื—ื“ืฉ.
35:41
So you didn't need any more agricultural workers,
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ื–ืงืงื ื• ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
35:44
so people moved to working in low-skill industrial jobs,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”,
35:50
and when this was taken away by more and more machines,
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ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ื ืœืงื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
35:53
people moved to low-skill service jobs.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ืจืฉื• ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
35:56
Now, when people say there will be new jobs in the future,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
35:59
that humans can do better than AI,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
36:02
that humans can do better than robots,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื,
36:04
they usually think about high-skill jobs,
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
36:06
like software engineers designing virtual worlds.
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ื›ืžื• ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื.
36:10
Now, I don't see how an unemployed cashier from Wal-Mart
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืงื•ืคืื™ ืื• ืงื•ืคืื™ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืžื•ื•ืœืžืืจื˜
36:16
reinvents herself or himself at 50 as a designer of virtual worlds,
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50 ื›ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™ื™ื,
36:20
and certainly I don't see
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืœื ืจื•ืื”
36:22
how the millions of unemployed Bangladeshi textile workers
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืฃ ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ
36:25
will be able to do that.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
36:27
I mean, if they are going to do it,
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ื”ืจื™ ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
36:29
we need to start teaching the Bangladeshis today
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืœืžื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
36:32
how to be software designers,
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ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืชื•ื›ื ื”,
36:34
and we are not doing it.
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ื•ืื ื• ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
36:35
So what will they do in 20 years?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื•ื“ 20 ืฉื ื”?
36:38
CA: So it feels like you're really highlighting a question
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ื›"ื: ืขื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืืชื” ืžื‘ืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”
36:42
that's really been bugging me the last few months more and more.
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ืฉืžืฆื™ืงื” ืœื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
36:46
It's almost a hard question to ask in public,
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
36:49
but if any mind has some wisdom to offer in it, maybe it's yours,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื—ื›ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ื–ื” ืืชื”,
36:52
so I'm going to ask you:
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ืื– ืืฉืืœ ืื•ืชืš:
36:54
What are humans for?
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ืœืžื” ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื?
36:57
YNH: As far as we know, for nothing.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง) ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืœื•ืžืจ...
36:59
(Laughter)
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37:00
I mean, there is no great cosmic drama, some great cosmic plan,
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื“ืจืžื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืฉื•ื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
37:06
that we have a role to play in.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ืชืคืงื™ื“,
37:09
And we just need to discover what our role is
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืจืง ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืžื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื•
37:12
and then play it to the best of our ability.
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ื•ืœืžืœื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื•.
37:15
This has been the story of all religions and ideologies and so forth,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
37:20
but as a scientist, the best I can say is this is not true.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ, ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ืืžืช.
37:23
There is no universal drama with a role in it for Homo sapiens.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืžื—ื–ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก.
37:29
So --
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ืื–--
37:30
CA: I'm going to push back on you just for a minute,
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ื›"ื: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœื™ืš ืจืง ืœืจื’ืข, ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
37:33
just from your own book,
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ื›"ื: ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœืš. ื‘"ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืจ",
37:34
because in "Homo Deus,"
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37:35
you give really one of the most coherent and understandable accounts
729
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ืืชื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
37:40
about sentience, about consciousness,
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืฉืžื”, ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
37:43
and that unique sort of human skill.
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ืขืœ ื”"ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช" ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
37:46
You point out that it's different from intelligence,
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ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
37:48
the intelligence that we're building in machines,
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ืžื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
ื•ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
37:51
and that there's actually a lot of mystery around it.
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37:54
How can you be sure there's no purpose
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“
37:58
when we don't even understand what this sentience thing is?
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ื›ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื”ื™ ื”ื ืฉืžื” ื”ื–ืืช?
38:02
I mean, in your own thinking, isn't there a chance
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืงืคืชืš, ื”ืื ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
38:04
that what humans are for is to be the universe's sentient things,
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ืฉืื ื• ื›ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื ื•ืขื“ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™-ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
38:09
to be the centers of joy and love and happiness and hope?
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ ืฉืœ ืฉืžื—ื”, ืื”ื‘ื” ื•ืชืงื•ื”?
38:12
And maybe we can build machines that actually help amplify that,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ื–ืืช,
38:15
even if they're not going to become sentient themselves?
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ื’ื ืื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืŸ ืขืฆืžืŸ ื ืฉืžื”? ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ?
38:18
Is that crazy?
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ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš ื›ืฉืงืจืืชื™ ืืช ืกืคืจืš.
38:19
I kind of found myself hoping that, reading your book.
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ื™ื "ื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžื“ืข ื›ื™ื•ื
38:23
YNH: Well, I certainly think that the most interesting question today in science
744
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38:26
is the question of consciousness and the mind.
745
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื ืคืฉ.
38:29
We are getting better and better in understanding the brain
746
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ืื ื• ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”,
38:32
and intelligence,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืฉืชืคืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
38:34
but we are not getting much better
748
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38:36
in understanding the mind and consciousness.
749
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืœืชื•ื“ืขื”,
38:39
People often confuse intelligence and consciousness,
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38:42
especially in places like Silicon Valley,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
38:44
which is understandable, because in humans, they go together.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
38:48
I mean, intelligence basically is the ability to solve problems.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
38:52
Consciousness is the ability to feel things,
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ื•ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
38:54
to feel joy and sadness and boredom and pain and so forth.
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ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืขืฆื‘ ื•ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืฉืขืžื•ื ื•ื›ืื‘ ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
39:00
In Homo sapiens and all other mammals as well -- it's not unique to humans --
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ื‘ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื ื›ืŸ-- ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื--
ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื, ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
39:04
in all mammals and birds and some other animals,
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39:06
intelligence and consciousness go together.
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ื‘ื–ื•.
39:09
We often solve problems by feeling things.
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืจื’ืฉื”,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ.
39:13
So we tend to confuse them.
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39:14
But they are different things.
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ืืš ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขืžืง ื”ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ
39:16
What's happening today in places like Silicon Valley
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39:19
is that we are creating artificial intelligence
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช
39:22
but not artificial consciousness.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
39:24
There has been an amazing development in computer intelligence
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื
39:28
over the last 50 years,
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ื‘-50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
39:29
and exactly zero development in computer consciousness,
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืคืก ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขืช ืžื—ืฉื‘,
39:33
and there is no indication that computers are going to become conscious
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืžื•ื“ืขื™ื
39:37
anytime soon.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
39:40
So first of all, if there is some cosmic role for consciousness,
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ืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืœืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
39:45
it's not unique to Homo sapiens.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก.
39:47
Cows are conscious, pigs are conscious,
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ื”ืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
39:50
chimpanzees are conscious, chickens are conscious,
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ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
39:53
so if we go that way, first of all, we need to broaden our horizons
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื–ื” ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืคืงื™ื ื•
ื•ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ืฉืžื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื
39:57
and remember very clearly we are not the only sentient beings on Earth,
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40:01
and when it comes to sentience --
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ืฉืžื”--
40:03
when it comes to intelligence, there is good reason to think
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ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
40:06
we are the most intelligent of the whole bunch.
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ืฉืื ื• ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื”.
40:10
But when it comes to sentience,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ืฉืžื” -
40:12
to say that humans are more sentient than whales,
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ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืฉืžื” ืžืืฉืจ ืœืœื•ื•ื™ืชื ื™ื,
ืžืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืžืืฉืจ ืœื—ืชื•ืœื™ื -
40:16
or more sentient than baboons or more sentient than cats,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืจื•ืื” ืฉื•ื ืจืื™ื” ืœื›ืš.
40:20
I see no evidence for that.
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40:22
So first step is, you go in that direction, expand.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืฉื”.
40:26
And then the second question of what is it for,
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ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, "ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“?"
40:30
I would reverse it
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื–ื”
40:31
and I would say that I don't think sentience is for anything.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื ืฉืžื” ื™ืฉ ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
40:36
I think we don't need to find our role in the universe.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื;
40:40
The really important thing is to liberate ourselves from suffering.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžืกื‘ืœ.
40:46
What characterizes sentient beings
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืฉืžื”,
40:49
in contrast to robots, to stones,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืœืื‘ื ื™ื,
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”,
40:52
to whatever,
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40:53
is that sentient beings suffer, can suffer,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืฉืžื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื•ืช, ืžืกื•ื’ืœื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ,
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื•
40:57
and what they should focus on
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40:59
is not finding their place in some mysterious cosmic drama.
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ืื™ื ื• ืžืฆื™ืืช ืžืงื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™;
41:03
They should focus on understanding what suffering is,
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ื”ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ืœ,
41:07
what causes it and how to be liberated from it.
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ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืžืžื ื•.
41:11
CA: I know this is a big issue for you, and that was very eloquent.
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ื›"ื: ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจืš, ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืจื”ื•ื˜.
41:14
We're going to have a blizzard of questions from the audience here,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžื”ืงื”ืœ ื›ืืŸ
41:18
and maybe from Facebook as well,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง,
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื’ื ืžืกืคืจ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
41:20
and maybe some comments as well.
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41:21
So let's go quick.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื–ื“ืจื–,
41:23
There's one right here.
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ื™ืฉ ืื—ืช ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
41:26
Keep your hands held up at the back if you want the mic,
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ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืžืื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ,
41:29
and we'll get it back to you.
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ื•ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื.
41:31
Question: In your work, you talk a lot about the fictional stories
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ืฉืืœื”: ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš, ืืชื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื
ืฉืื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ืืžืช,
41:34
that we accept as truth,
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41:35
and we live our lives by it.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื.
41:37
As an individual, knowing that,
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ื›ืื“ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช,
41:39
how does it impact the stories that you choose to live your life,
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื™ื”ื ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
41:43
and do you confuse them with the truth, like all of us?
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ื•ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืืžืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ืœื ื•?
41:48
YNH: I try not to.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชื“ืœ ืฉืœื.
41:49
I mean, for me, maybe the most important question,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
41:52
both as a scientist and as a person,
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืžื“ืขืŸ ื•ื”ืŸ ื›ืื“ื,
41:54
is how to tell the difference between fiction and reality,
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
41:58
because reality is there.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
42:01
I'm not saying that everything is fiction.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ื™ื”.
42:03
It's just very difficult for human beings to tell the difference
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ืืœื ืฉืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
42:06
between fiction and reality,
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42:07
and it has become more and more difficult as history progressed,
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ื–ื” ื”ืœืš ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืชืงื“ืžื”,
42:12
because the fictions that we have created --
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ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• --
42:15
nations and gods and money and corporations --
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ืื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื•ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื--
42:18
they now control the world.
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ื”ื ื›ืขืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
42:20
So just to even think,
823
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ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, "ืื”, ืืœื• ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื•",
42:21
"Oh, this is just all fictional entities that we've created,"
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42:24
is very difficult.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“.
42:25
But reality is there.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžืช.
42:28
For me the best ...
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘...
42:30
There are several tests
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ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื” ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
42:33
to tell the difference between fiction and reality.
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42:35
The simplest one, the best one that I can say in short,
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ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ืงืฆืจื”,
42:39
is the test of suffering.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ืกื‘ืœ.
42:40
If it can suffer, it's real.
832
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ - ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
ืื ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ - ื–ื” ืœื ืืžื™ืชื™.
42:43
If it can't suffer, it's not real.
833
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42:44
A nation cannot suffer.
834
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ืื•ืžื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ.
42:46
That's very, very clear.
835
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
42:47
Even if a nation loses a war,
836
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืื•ืžื” ืžืคืกื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”
42:49
we say, "Germany suffered a defeat in the First World War,"
837
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ื•ืื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืกื‘ืœื” ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”",
42:53
it's a metaphor.
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ื–ื• ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื”.
ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ. ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ื ืคืฉ.
42:55
Germany cannot suffer. Germany has no mind.
839
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42:57
Germany has no consciousness.
840
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ืœื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช.
42:59
Germans can suffer, yes, but Germany cannot.
841
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ื’ืจืžื ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ, ื›ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”.
43:02
Similarly, when a bank goes bust,
842
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื•ืžื”, ื›ืฉื‘ื ืง ืคื•ืฉื˜ ืจื’ืœ,
43:05
the bank cannot suffer.
843
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ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ.
43:07
When the dollar loses its value, the dollar doesn't suffer.
844
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ื›ืฉื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืžืื‘ื“ ืžืขืจื›ื•, ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื™ื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœ.
43:11
People can suffer. Animals can suffer.
845
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2250
ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ, ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ:
43:13
This is real.
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ื–ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
43:14
So I would start, if you really want to see reality,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ...
ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
43:19
I would go through the door of suffering.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจ ื”ืกื‘ืœ.
43:21
If you can really understand what suffering is,
849
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืกื‘ืœ,
43:24
this will give you also the key
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
43:26
to understand what reality is.
851
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2017
43:28
CA: There's a Facebook question here that connects to this,
852
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2783
ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื›ืš,
ืžืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉืคื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื.
43:31
from someone around the world in a language that I cannot read.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื•, ื–ื• ืขื‘ืจื™ืช. ื›"ื: ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ื ื” ืœืš.
43:34
YNH: Oh, it's Hebrew. CA: Hebrew. There you go.
854
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43:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
43:37
Can you read the name?
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื?
43:38
YNH: Or Lauterbach Goren.
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื•ืจ ืœืื•ื˜ืจื‘ืš ื’ื•ืจืŸ.
43:40
CA: Well, thank you for writing in.
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ื›"ื: ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื›ืชื‘ืช ืืœื™ื ื•.
43:42
The question is: "Is the post-truth era really a brand-new era,
859
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื: ื”ืื ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
43:47
or just another climax or moment in a never-ending trend?
860
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ืื• ืจืง ืขื•ื“ ืฉื™ื ืื• ืจื’ืข ื‘ืžื’ืžื” ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช?
43:52
YNH: Personally, I don't connect with this idea of post-truth.
861
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช.
43:55
My basic reaction as a historian is:
862
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื:
43:58
If this is the era of post-truth, when the hell was the era of truth?
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ืื ื–ื” ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช, ืžืชื™ ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืืžืช?
44:02
CA: Right.
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ื›"ื: ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
44:03
(Laughter)
865
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
44:05
YNH: Was it the 1980s, the 1950s, the Middle Ages?
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื?
44:09
I mean, we have always lived in an era, in a way, of post-truth.
867
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ื”ืจื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช
44:14
CA: But I'd push back on that,
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ื›"ื: ืื ื™ ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืจื’ืข ืœื–ื”,
44:17
because I think what people are talking about
869
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื
44:19
is that there was a world where you had fewer journalistic outlets,
870
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืœื ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืืžืฆืขื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
44:26
where there were traditions, that things were fact-checked.
871
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
44:30
It was incorporated into the charter of those organizations
872
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืžื ื” ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•.
44:34
that the truth mattered.
873
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ืœืืžืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช.
44:36
So if you believe in a reality,
874
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื” ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
44:38
then what you write is information.
875
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื“ืข--
44:40
There was a belief that that information should connect to reality in a real way,
876
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืžื™ืชื™ืช,
44:44
and if you wrote a headline, it was a serious, earnest attempt
877
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ื•ืื ื›ืชื‘ืช ื›ื•ืชืจืช, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ื•ื›ืŸ
44:47
to reflect something that had actually happened.
878
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ืœืฉืงืฃ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื›ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
44:49
And people didn't always get it right.
879
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืš.
44:51
But I think the concern now is you've got
880
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ืื’ื” ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื
44:53
a technological system that's incredibly powerful
881
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ืฉื™ืฉื ื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืจื‘ืช ืขื•ืฆืžื”
44:55
that, for a while at least, massively amplified anything
882
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ืฉืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
45:00
with no attention paid to whether it connected to reality,
883
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ืื ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
45:02
only to whether it connected to clicks and attention,
884
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ืืœื ืจืง ืœืงืœื™ืงื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
45:06
and that that was arguably toxic.
885
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ื•ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื–ื™ืง.
45:07
That's a reasonable concern, isn't it?
886
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ื–ื• ื“ืื’ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืœื ื›ืš?
45:10
YNH: Yeah, it is. I mean, the technology changes,
887
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ื™ื "ื”: ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™. ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื”,
45:12
and it's now easier to disseminate both truth and fiction and falsehood.
888
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ื’ื ืืžืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืงืจ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื”.
45:17
It goes both ways.
889
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืขืœ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
45:19
It's also much easier, though, to spread the truth than it was ever before.
890
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ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืงืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
45:24
But I don't think there is anything essentially new
891
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื”ื•ืชื™
45:28
about this disseminating fictions and errors.
892
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ื‘ื”ืคืฆื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื•ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
45:32
There is nothing that -- I don't know -- Joseph Goebbels, didn't know
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ืื™ืŸ ืคื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉ-- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข-- ืฉื™ื•ื–ืฃ ื’ื‘ืœืก ืœื ื™ื“ืข
45:36
about all this idea of fake news and post-truth.
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืžืช.
45:42
He famously said that if you repeat a lie often enough,
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืงืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืคืขืžื™ื,
45:46
people will think it's the truth,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืช,
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืฉืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
45:48
and the bigger the lie, the better,
897
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45:50
because people won't even think that something so big can be a lie.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงืจ.
45:56
I think that fake news has been with us for thousands of years.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืื™ืชื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
46:02
Just think of the Bible.
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชื "ืš.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
46:04
(Laughter)
901
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1387
46:05
CA: But there is a concern
902
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ื›"ื: ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื“ืื’ื”
46:06
that the fake news is associated with tyrannical regimes,
903
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ืฉื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื™ื,
46:10
and when you see an uprise in fake news
904
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ื•ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช
46:13
that is a canary in the coal mine that there may be dark times coming.
905
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ื–ืืช ื”ืงื ืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืจื” ืฉืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืขืช ื–ืžื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื›ื™ื.
46:19
YNH: Yeah. I mean, the intentional use of fake news is a disturbing sign.
906
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ื™ื "ื”: ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื–ื•ื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
46:27
But I'm not saying that it's not bad, I'm just saying that it's not new.
907
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืจืข, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื—ื“ืฉ.
46:32
CA: There's a lot of interest on Facebook on this question
908
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ื›"ื: ื™ืฉ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืจื‘ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืืœื”
46:35
about global governance versus nationalism.
909
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ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ืœืื•ืžื ื•ืช.
46:41
Question here from Phil Dennis:
910
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืคื™ืœ ื“ื ื™ืก:
46:42
"How do we get people, governments, to relinquish power?
911
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"ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช, ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื—?
46:46
Is that -- is that -- actually, the text is so big
912
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"ื”ืื ื–ื”--?" ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ื” ืจื‘,
46:50
I can't read the full question.
913
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ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืžืœื•ืื”.
46:51
But is that a necessity?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™?
46:53
Is it going to take war to get there?
915
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ื”ืื ืชื™ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืžืœื—ืžื”?
46:55
Sorry Phil -- I mangled your question, but I blame the text right here.
916
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ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืคื™ืœ-- ื‘ื™ืœื’ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืœืš, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื›ืืŸ.
46:59
YNH: One option that some people talk about
917
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”
47:01
is that only a catastrophe can shake humankind
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืง ืืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ืขื–ืข ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช
47:06
and open the path to a real system of global governance,
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ื•ืœืืคืฉืจ ืฉื™ื˜ื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
47:11
and they say that we can't do it before the catastrophe,
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื›ืš ืœืœื ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื”,
47:15
but we need to start laying the foundations
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
47:18
so that when the disaster strikes,
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื” ื‘ื ื•,
47:21
we can react quickly.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
47:23
But people will just not have the motivation to do such a thing
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื–ื”
47:27
before the disaster strikes.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืกื•ืŸ ื™ืชืจื—ืฉ.
47:29
Another thing that I would emphasize
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ
47:31
is that anybody who is really interested in global governance
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
47:36
should always make it very, very clear
928
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘
47:39
that it doesn't replace or abolish local identities and communities,
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื–ื”ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช,
47:46
that it should come both as --
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ืฉืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื›--
47:49
It should be part of a single package.
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ื–ื• ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื—ืช.
47:52
CA: I want to hear more on this,
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ื›"ื: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืš,
47:56
because the very words "global governance"
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ื›ื™ ืขืฆื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื "ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™"
47:59
are almost the epitome of evil in the mindset of a lot of people
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ื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ืชื’ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื›ื™ื•ื.
48:03
on the alt-right right now.
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48:05
It just seems scary, remote, distant, and it has let them down,
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืฉืžืข ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“, ืžืจื•ื—ืง, ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื›ื–ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
48:08
and so globalists, global governance -- no, go away!
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ืื– ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™-- ืœื, ืœื›ื• ืžื›ืืŸ!
48:12
And many view the election as the ultimate poke in the eye
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ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ืงื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ื•
ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืš.
48:16
to anyone who believes in that.
939
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48:17
So how do we change the narrative
940
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžืฉื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘
48:21
so that it doesn't seem so scary and remote?
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ื›ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ ื•ืžืจื•ื—ืง?
48:24
Build more on this idea of it being compatible
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ืชืคืชื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืœื™ืžื” ืขื ื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช, ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
48:26
with local identity, local communities.
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48:29
YNH: Well, I think again we should start
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืฉื•ื‘, ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืฉื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
48:32
really with the biological realities
945
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48:35
of Homo sapiens.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก,
48:37
And biology tells us two things about Homo sapiens
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก
48:41
which are very relevant to this issue:
948
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ืฉื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”:
48:43
first of all, that we are completely dependent
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื• ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
48:46
on the ecological system around us,
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48:49
and that today we are talking about a global system.
951
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
48:52
You cannot escape that.
952
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ืื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืก ืžื›ืš.
48:54
And at the same time, biology tells us about Homo sapiens
953
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก
48:57
that we are social animals,
954
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
49:00
but that we are social on a very, very local level.
955
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
49:04
It's just a simple fact of humanity
956
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ื–ื• ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช:
49:08
that we cannot have intimate familiarity
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช
49:13
with more than about 150 individuals.
958
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ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›-150 ืื™ืฉ.
49:17
The size of the natural group,
959
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ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ "ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช", ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื• ืกืคื™ื™ืื ืก,
49:21
the natural community of Homo sapiens,
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49:24
is not more than 150 individuals,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื,
49:27
and everything beyond that is really based on all kinds of imaginary stories
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ื•ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ืš ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื‘ืืžืช ืขืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
49:34
and large-scale institutions,
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ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
49:36
and I think that we can find a way,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืžื ื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš,
49:40
again, based on a biological understanding of our species,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
49:45
to weave the two together
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ืœืฉื–ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
49:47
and to understand that today in the 21st century,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
49:50
we need both the global level and the local community.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ื”ืŸ ืœืจืžื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืŸ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
49:56
And I would go even further than that
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืง ื•ืื•ืžืจ
49:58
and say that it starts with the body itself.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืขืฆืžื•.
50:02
The feelings that people today have of alienation and loneliness
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ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช
50:06
and not finding their place in the world,
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ื•ืื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
50:09
I would think that the chief problem is not global capitalism.
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ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
50:16
The chief problem is that over the last hundred years,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
50:19
people have been becoming disembodied,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
50:22
have been distancing themselves from their body.
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ืžืจื—ื™ืงื™ื ืขืฆืžื ืžื’ื•ืคื.
ื›ืฆื™ื™ื“-ืœืงื˜ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืื™ื›ืจ,
50:26
As a hunter-gatherer or even as a peasant,
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50:28
to survive, you need to be constantly in touch
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืช ืงืฉื•ื‘
50:33
with your body and with your senses,
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ืœื’ื•ืคืš ื•ืœื—ื•ืฉื™ืš,
50:35
every moment.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื•ืจื’ืข.
50:36
If you go to the forest to look for mushrooms
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ืื ืืชื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ืขืจ ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช,
50:38
and you don't pay attention to what you hear,
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ื•ืื™ื ืš ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืžืข,
50:41
to what you smell, to what you taste,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืจื™ื—, ืœืžื” ืฉืืชื” ื˜ื•ืขื -
ืืชื” ืžืช.
50:43
you're dead.
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50:44
So you must be very connected.
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ื›ืš ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ.
50:46
In the last hundred years, people are losing their ability
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื
50:51
to be in touch with their body and their senses,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื ื•ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
50:53
to hear, to smell, to feel.
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ืœืฉืžื•ืข, ืœื”ืจื™ื—, ืœื—ื•ืฉ.
50:56
More and more attention goes to screens,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžื•ืคื ื™ืช ืœืžืกื›ื™ื,
50:59
to what is happening elsewhere,
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ,
51:00
some other time.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืื—ืจ.
51:02
This, I think, is the deep reason
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ื–ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขืžื•ืงื”
51:04
for the feelings of alienation and loneliness and so forth,
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ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”,
51:08
and therefore part of the solution
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ
ืื™ื ื ื• ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืœื™ื•ืฉื ื” ืื™ื–ื• ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช,
51:11
is not to bring back some mass nationalism,
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51:15
but also reconnect with our own bodies,
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ืืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขื ื’ื•ืคื ื• ืฉืœื ื•,
51:19
and if you are back in touch with your body,
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ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื’ื•ืคืš,
51:22
you will feel much more at home in the world also.
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ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
51:25
CA: Well, depending on how things go, we may all be back in the forest soon.
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ื›"ื: ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื; ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื•ืœื™ ื ืžืฆื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
51:29
We're going to have one more question in the room
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ืื ื• ื ืงื‘ืœ ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื”ืื•ืœื ื•ืื—ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง.
51:32
and one more on Facebook.
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51:33
Ama Adi-Dako: Hello. I'm from Ghana, West Africa, and my question is:
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ืืžื” ืื“ื™-ื“ืงื•: ืฉืœื•ื. ืื ื™ ืžื’ืื ื”, ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ื:
51:36
I'm wondering how do you present and justify the idea of global governance
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ืื ื™ ืชื•ื”ื” ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืฆื™ื’ ื•ืžืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™
51:41
to countries that have been historically disenfranchised
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ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื ืฉืœืœื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—
51:44
by the effects of globalization,
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”,
51:46
and also, if we're talking about global governance,
1006
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ื•ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
51:49
it sounds to me like it will definitely come from a very Westernized idea
1007
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ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ืžืื•ื“,
51:53
of what the "global" is supposed to look like.
1008
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ืื™ืš "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™" ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืื•ืช.
51:55
So how do we present and justify that idea of global
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ืื– ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืฆื™ื’ ื•ื ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™" ืœืขื•ืžืช "ืœืื•ืžื™" ืžื›ื™ืœ
51:58
versus wholly nationalist
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52:01
to people in countries like Ghana and Nigeria and Togo
1011
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ืœืขืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื’ืื ื”, ื ื™ื’ืจื™ื” ื•ื˜ื•ื’ื•
52:04
and other countries like that?
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื›ืืœื•?
52:07
YNH: I would start by saying that history is extremely unfair,
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ื™ื "ื”: ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื’ื ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
52:14
and that we should realize that.
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ื•ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช.
52:18
Many of the countries that suffered most
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ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืกื‘ืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
52:21
from the last 200 years of globalization
1016
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ืž-200 ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ื–ื ื•ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ
52:26
and imperialism and industrialization
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52:28
are exactly the countries which are also most likely to suffer most
1018
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื”
52:33
from the next wave.
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ืžื”ื’ืœ ื”ื‘ื.
52:36
And we should be very, very clear about that.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“:
52:41
If we don't have a global governance,
1021
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ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืžืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
52:44
and if we suffer from climate change,
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ื•ื ืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
52:47
from technological disruptions,
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ืžืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
52:49
the worst suffering will not be in the US.
1024
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘;
52:53
The worst suffering will be in Ghana, will be in Sudan, will be in Syria,
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ื”ืกื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืื ื”, ื‘ืกื•ื“ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”,
52:58
will be in Bangladesh, will be in those places.
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ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
53:01
So I think those countries have an even greater incentive
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืืจืฆื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
53:07
to do something about the next wave of disruption,
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื’ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื,
53:12
whether it's ecological or whether it's technological.
1029
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื.
53:14
Again, if you think about technological disruption,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
53:17
so if AI and 3D printers and robots will take the jobs
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ืื ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช, ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื
ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื,
53:22
from billions of people,
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53:24
I worry far less about the Swedes
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ืื ื™ ื“ื•ืื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื
53:27
than about the people in Ghana or in Bangladesh.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืื ื” ืื• ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
53:31
And therefore, because history is so unfair
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื”ื•ื’ื ืช
53:36
and the results of a calamity
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ
53:41
will not be shared equally between everybody,
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ืœื ื™ืชื—ืœืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื,
53:43
as usual, the rich will be able to get away
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ื›ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืžื•ืง
53:47
from the worst consequences of climate change
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ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื
53:51
in a way that the poor will not be able to.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
53:55
CA: And here's a great question from Cameron Taylor on Facebook:
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ื›"ื: ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืžืงืžืจื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ืœื•ืจ ื‘ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง:
53:58
"At the end of 'Sapiens,'"
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"ื‘ืกื™ื•ื 'ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช'
54:00
you said we should be asking the question,
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"ืืžืจืช ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
54:02
'What do we want to want?'
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"'ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช?'
54:05
Well, what do you think we should want to want?"
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"ืื– ืžื” ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืช?"
54:08
YNH: I think we should want to want to know the truth,
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
54:11
to understand reality.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
54:15
Mostly what we want is to change reality,
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ืื ื• ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
54:20
to fit it to our own desires, to our own wishes,
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ื›ืš ืฉืชืชืื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
54:23
and I think we should first want to understand it.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจืืฉื™ืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
54:27
If you look at the long-term trajectory of history,
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ืื ืืชื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืืจื•ืš ื”ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
54:31
what you see is that for thousands of years
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื
54:34
we humans have been gaining control of the world outside us
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ืื ื•, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
54:37
and trying to shape it to fit our own desires.
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ื•ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืš ืฉื™ืชืื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ื ื•ืชื™ื ื•.
54:41
And we've gained control of the other animals,
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ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืขืœ ื ื”ืจื•ืช, ืขืœ ื™ืขืจื•ืช
54:44
of the rivers, of the forests,
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54:45
and reshaped them completely,
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
54:49
causing an ecological destruction
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจืก ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™
54:52
without making ourselves satisfied.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ื•.
54:55
So the next step is we turn our gaze inwards,
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ืื– ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื”,
54:59
and we say OK, getting control of the world outside us
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื•ืคื™, ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื ื•
55:04
did not really make us satisfied.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืกื™ืคืงื” ืื•ืชื ื•,
55:06
Let's now try to gain control of the world inside us.
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืฉืชืœื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
55:08
This is the really big project
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื
55:11
of science and technology and industry in the 21st century --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21,
55:15
to try and gain control of the world inside us,
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ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•,
ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ื•ืคื™ื, ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ื ืคืฉื•ืช.
55:19
to learn how to engineer and produce bodies and brains and minds.
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55:23
These are likely to be the main products of the 21st century economy.
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ืืœื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-21.
55:28
When people think about the future, very often they think in terms,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ืš:
55:32
"Oh, I want to gain control of my body and of my brain."
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"ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื’ื•ืคื™ ื•ืžื•ื—ื™."
55:36
And I think that's very dangerous.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
55:39
If we've learned anything from our previous history,
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ืื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
55:42
it's that yes, we gain the power to manipulate,
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ื”ืจื™ ื–ื” ืฉื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื• ืžืฉื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื ื”ืœ,
55:46
but because we didn't really understand the complexity
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืœืืฉื•ืจื” ืืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
55:49
of the ecological system,
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55:51
we are now facing an ecological meltdown.
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ืื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื” ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
55:54
And if we now try to reengineer the world inside us
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ื•ืื ื ื ืกื” ื›ืขืช ืœื”ื ื“ืก ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•
56:00
without really understanding it,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•,
56:02
especially without understanding the complexity of our mental system,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื ืคืฉื™ืช,
56:06
we might cause a kind of internal ecological disaster,
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ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืืกื•ืŸ ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืคื ื™ืžื™,
56:11
and we'll face a kind of mental meltdown inside us.
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ื•ื ืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกื” ื ืคืฉื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
56:16
CA: Putting all the pieces together here --
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ื›"ื: ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“--
56:18
the current politics, the coming technology,
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ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™, ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ืช,
56:21
concerns like the one you've just outlined --
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ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื• ืฉืชื™ืืจืช--
56:23
I mean, it seems like you yourself are in quite a bleak place
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืœืš ืขืฆืžืš ื™ืฉ ืจืื™ื” ืงื•ื“ืจืช ืœืžื“ื™
56:26
when you think about the future.
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
56:28
You're pretty worried about it.
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ืืชื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืœืžื“ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื•.
56:29
Is that right?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ืœืชืงื•ื•ื”, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืฆื™ื’ ืื•ืชื”?
56:31
And if there was one cause for hope, how would you state that?
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56:37
YNH: I focus on the most dangerous possibilities
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ื™ื "ื”: ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
56:41
partly because this is like my job or responsibility
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื–ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ื•ืชื™ ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื›ืžื‘ืงืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
56:44
as a historian or social critic.
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56:46
I mean, the industry focuses mainly on the positive sides,
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืจื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื,
56:51
so it's the job of historians and philosophers and sociologists
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ื›ืš ืฉืžื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื•ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
56:54
to highlight the more dangerous potential of all these new technologies.
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ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
56:59
I don't think any of that is inevitable.
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืข.
57:01
Technology is never deterministic.
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืœืขื•ืœื ืื™ื ื ื” ื“ื˜ืจืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
57:04
You can use the same technology
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื”.
57:06
to create very different kinds of societies.
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57:09
If you look at the 20th century,
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ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
57:11
so, the technologies of the Industrial Revolution,
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ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
57:14
the trains and electricity and all that
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”
57:17
could be used to create a communist dictatorship
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ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
57:20
or a fascist regime or a liberal democracy.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืคืืฉื™ืกื˜ื™, ืื• ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช.
57:23
The trains did not tell you what to do with them.
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ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืืžืจื• ืœืš ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
57:26
Similarly, now, artificial intelligence and bioengineering and all of that --
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื: ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ื›ื•'--
57:30
they don't predetermine a single outcome.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช.
57:34
Humanity can rise up to the challenge,
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ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจ,
57:37
and the best example we have
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ื•ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
57:39
of humanity rising up to the challenge of a new technology
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ื‘ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืขื ืชื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”
57:43
is nuclear weapons.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
57:45
In the late 1940s, '50s,
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40 ื•ื”-50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20,
57:48
many people were convinced
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืขื™ื
57:50
that sooner or later the Cold War will end in a nuclear catastrophe,
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ืฉื‘ืžื•ืงื“ื ืื• ื‘ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื” ืชืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืกื˜ืจื•ืคื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช,
57:54
destroying human civilization.
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ืฉืชื—ืจื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
57:56
And this did not happen.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืงืจื”.
57:57
In fact, nuclear weapons prompted humans all over the world
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
58:04
to change the way that they manage international politics
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช
58:09
to reduce violence.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
58:11
And many countries basically took out war
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”
58:14
from their political toolkit.
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ืžืืจื’ื– ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
58:16
They no longer tried to pursue their interests with warfare.
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ื”ืŸ ืœื ื ื™ืกื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื•ื—ืžื”.
58:21
Not all countries have done so, but many countries have.
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช.
58:24
And this is maybe the most important reason
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ื•ื–ื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
58:28
why international violence declined dramatically since 1945,
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืžืื– 1945,
58:34
and today, as I said, more people commit suicide
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืžืจืชื™, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืื‘ื“ื™ื
58:38
than are killed in war.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืœื” ืฉื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”.
58:40
So this, I think, gives us a good example
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ืื– ื–ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
58:45
that even the most frightening technology,
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื•ื›ื— ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
58:49
humans can rise up to the challenge
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ื”ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœืืชื’ืจ
58:51
and actually some good can come out of it.
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ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืชื•ืขืœืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
58:54
The problem is, we have very little margin for error.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื˜ืขื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืื•ื“.
ืื ืœื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš,
58:59
If we don't get it right,
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59:01
we might not have a second option to try again.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘.
59:06
CA: That's a very powerful note,
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ื›"ื: ื–ื”ื• ื˜ื™ืขื•ืŸ ืจื‘-ืขื•ืฆืžื”
59:07
on which I think we should draw this to a conclusion.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืื™ืชื• ื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
59:10
Before I wrap up, I just want to say one thing to people here
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืกื™ื™ื, ืื ื™ ืจืง ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืŸ
59:13
and to the global TED community watching online, anyone watching online:
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ื•ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ TED ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื•ืŸ, ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ืจืฉืช:
59:19
help us with these dialogues.
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ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
59:22
If you believe, like we do,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
59:24
that we need to find a different kind of conversation,
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื™ื— ืžืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ,
59:27
now more than ever, help us do it.
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ื›ืขืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืžื™ื“, ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
59:30
Reach out to other people,
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ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
59:33
try and have conversations with people you disagree with,
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ื ืกื• ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ืชื,
59:35
understand them,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื,
59:37
pull the pieces together,
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ืฆืจืคื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
59:38
and help us figure out how to take these conversations forward
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ื•ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืงื“ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
59:42
so we can make a real contribution
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืชืจื•ืžื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
59:44
to what's happening in the world right now.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
59:47
I think everyone feels more alive,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืจื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
59:50
more concerned, more engaged
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59:53
with the politics of the moment.
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ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช.
59:55
The stakes do seem quite high,
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ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ืื›ืŸ ื ืจืื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืžื“ื™,
59:58
so help us respond to it in a wise, wise way.
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ืื– ืขื™ื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื ื‘ื•ื ื”.
60:02
Yuval Harari, thank you.
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ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”ืจืจื™, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš.
60:04
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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