Norman Foster: Building on the green agenda

86,798 views ใƒป 2008-03-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
As an architect you design for the present,
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ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”,
00:23
with an awareness of the past,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืขื‘ืจ,
00:26
for a future which is essentially unknown.
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ืœืžืขืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ื ืขืœื.
00:33
The green agenda is probably the most important agenda
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ืกื“ืจ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ืกื“ืจ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:37
and issue of the day.
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ื•ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•.
00:40
And I'd like to share some experience
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืชืฃ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™
00:44
over the last 40 years -- we celebrate our fortieth anniversary this year --
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ืฉืœ 40 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช-- ื”ืฉื ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ื”-40--
00:49
and to explore and to touch on some observations
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ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื•ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช
00:55
about the nature of sustainability.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:59
How far you can anticipate, what follows from it,
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ืœืื™ื–ื” ืžืจื—ืง ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžื›ืš,
01:02
what are the threats, what are the possibilities,
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ืžื”ื ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื, ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
01:04
the challenges, the opportunities?
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ืžื”ื ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช?
01:07
I think that -- I've said in the past, many, many years ago,
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื ื™-- ื›ื‘ืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช
01:11
before anybody even invented the concept of a green agenda,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืกื“ืจ-ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืง,
01:17
that it wasn't about fashion -- it was about survival.
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื ื” ืืœื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช.
01:23
But what I never said, and what I'm really going to make the point is,
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉืœื ืืžืจืชื™, ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื“ื’ื™ืฉ,
01:28
that really, green is cool.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื™ืจื•ืง ื–ื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘.
01:31
I mean, all the projects which have, in some way, been inspired
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื•
01:36
by that agenda are about a celebratory lifestyle,
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ืžืกื“ืจ-ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ืžืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
01:41
in a way celebrating the places and the spaces
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ืžืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื ืก ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื
01:46
which determine the quality of life.
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ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:49
I rarely actually quote anything,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ื ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื•ืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ื˜ ืžืฉื”ื•,
01:53
so I'm going to try and find a piece of paper if I can,
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ืื– ืื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื™ืกืช ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืื ืื•ื›ืœ,
01:57
[in] which somebody, at the end of last year, ventured the thought
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ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื•, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ืขื– ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™
02:03
about what for that individual, as a kind of important observer,
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ืžื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื•, ื›ืžืขื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืคื” ื ื—ืฉื‘,
02:08
analyst, writer -- a guy called Thomas Friedman,
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ืžื ืชื—-ืžื™ื“ืข, ืกื•ืคืจ-- ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืชื•ืžืก ืคืจื™ื“ืžืŸ,
02:12
who wrote in the Herald Tribune, about 2006.
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ื‘"ื”ืจืœื“ ื˜ืจื™ื‘ื™ื•ืŸ" ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื ืช 2006.
02:18
He said,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
02:21
"I think the most important thing to happen in 2006
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"ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืงืจื” ื‘-2006
02:24
was that living and thinking green hit Main Street.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ื.
02:29
We reached a tipping point this year
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื”
02:32
where living, acting, designing, investing and manufacturing green
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ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื
02:37
came to be understood by a critical mass
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ื ืขืฉื• ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืืฆืœ ืžืกื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
02:39
of citizens, entrepreneurs and officials
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ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืฉื™-ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
02:42
as the most patriotic, capitalistic, geo-political
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ื™, ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™, ื’ื™ืื•-ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
02:45
and competitive thing they could do.
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ื•ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื•.
02:48
Hence my motto: green is the new red, white and blue."
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ื•ืžื›ืืŸ ื ื•ื‘ืข ื”ืžื•ื˜ื• ืฉืœื™: ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื•ื-ืœื‘ืŸ-ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:54
And I asked myself, in a way, looking back,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
02:58
"When did that kind of awareness of the planet and its fragility first appear?"
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"ืžืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ืœืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•?"
03:08
And I think it was July 20, 1969,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-20 ืœื™ื•ืœื™ 1969,
03:12
when, for the first time, man could look back at planet Earth.
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ื›ืฉืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืื“ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืžืจื—ื•ืง ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:18
And, in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined that phrase.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืงืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืคื•ืœืจ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™.
03:24
And before the kind of collapse of the communist system,
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืงืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
03:30
I was privileged to meet a lot of cosmonauts
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ื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืงื•ืกืžื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื
03:33
in Space City and other places in Russia.
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
03:35
And interestingly, as I think back,
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:38
they were the first true environmentalists.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื.
03:42
They were filled with a kind of pioneering passion,
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื“ื•ืจื™ ืœื”ื˜ ื—ืœื•ืฆื™,
03:47
fired about the problems of the Aral Sea.
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ื ืกืขืจื™ื ืžื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ.
03:50
And at that period it was --
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”--
03:53
in a way, a number of things were happening.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืงืจื• ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:55
Buckminster Fuller was the kind of green guru --
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ื‘ืงืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืคื•ืœืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื• ื™ืจื•ืง--
04:00
again, a word that had not been coined.
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ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืžืฆืื”.
04:02
He was a design scientist, if you like, a poet,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ-ืžืชื›ื ืŸ, ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืžืฉื•ืจืจ,
04:06
but he foresaw all the things that are happening now.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:10
It's another subject. It's another conversation.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืกืฃ. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ื— ื ื•ืกืฃ.
04:13
You can go back to his writings: it's quite extraordinary.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื•: ื”ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืœืžื“ื™.
04:18
It was at that time, with an awareness
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช, ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช
04:23
fired by Bucky's prophecies, his concerns
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืชื• ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื“ืื’ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืงื™,
04:28
as a citizen, as a kind of citizen of the planet,
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ื›ืื–ืจื—, ื›ืžื™ืŸ ืื–ืจื— ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:33
that influenced my thinking and what we were doing at that time.
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ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ืชื™ ื•ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขืช.
04:37
And it's a number of projects.
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ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื.
04:40
I select this one because it was 1973, and it was a master plan
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ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื‘ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1973 ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื›ื ื™ืช-ืื‘
04:46
for one of the Canary Islands.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ื™ื ื”ืงื ืจื™ื™ื.
04:48
And this probably coincided with the time
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ
04:52
when you had the planet Earth's sourcebook,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฆื "ืกืคืจ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ",
04:55
and you had the hippie movement.
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื”ื™ืคื™ืช.
04:57
And there are some of those qualities in this drawing,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ืื™ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
05:01
which seeks to sum up the recommendations.
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ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืกื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื•ืช.
05:04
And all the components are there which are now
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืขืช
05:07
in common parlance, in our vocabulary,
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ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื‘ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
05:10
you know, 30-odd years later:
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ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ:
05:13
wind energy, recycling, biomass, solar cells.
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ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ, ื‘ื™ื•-ืžืกื”, ืชืื™-ืฉืžืฉ.
05:18
And in parallel at that time, there was
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื›ืš ืคืขืœ ืื–
05:22
a very kind of exclusive design club.
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ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืงืกืงืœื•ืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:27
People who were really design conscious
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
05:30
were inspired by the work of Dieter Rams,
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื˜ืจ ืจืืžืก,
05:33
and the objects that he would create
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ื•ืžื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ
05:36
for the company called Braun.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ".
05:38
This is going back the mid-'50s, '60s.
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ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ื”-60.
05:41
And despite Bucky's prophecies
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื‘ื•ืื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืงื™
05:44
that everything would be miniaturized
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ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื™ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืชืžื–ืขืจ
05:47
and technology would make an incredible style --
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ื•ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืชื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื--
05:50
access to comfort, to amenities --
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ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื•ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื--
05:54
it was very, very difficult to imagine
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
05:57
that everything that we see in this image,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื–ื•
05:59
would be very, very stylishly packaged.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ื– ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:02
And that, and more besides, would be in the palm of your hand.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืš, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“.
06:05
And I think that that digital revolution
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช
06:09
now is coming to the point
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืขืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื”
06:12
where, as the virtual world, which brings so many people together here,
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ืฉื‘ื”,ื›ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืžื•ื—ืฉื‘, ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื,
06:18
finally connects with the physical world,
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™,
06:20
there is the reality that that has become humanized,
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ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:26
so that digital world has all the friendliness,
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ื™ืฉื ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
06:30
all the immediacy, the orientation of the analog world.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชืžืฆืื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™.
06:34
Probably summed up in a way
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืกื•ื›ืžืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื•
06:36
by the stylish or alternative available here,
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ืข"ื™ ื”ืžืกื•ื’ื ืŸ ืื• ื”ืืœื˜ืจื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ ื›ืืŸ,
06:40
as we generously had gifted at lunchtime,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ืขื ืง ืœื ื• ื‘ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื,
06:44
the [unclear], which is a further kind of development --
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ื”"ืžืงืกื™ืŸ" ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช--
06:48
and again, inspired by the incredible sort of sensual feel.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ืฉื ื™ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:52
A very, very beautiful object.
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ื™ืคื”.
06:54
So, something which in [the] '50s, '60s was very exclusive
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ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50 ื•ื”-60
06:59
has now become, interestingly, quite inclusive.
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ื ืขืฉื” ื›ืขืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื—ืœืช ื”ื›ืœืœ.
07:02
And the reference to the iPod as iconic,
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ื•ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ื›ืืœ ืกืžืœ,
07:06
and in a way evocative of performance, delivery --
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืžื•ืคืช ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื--
07:11
quite interesting that [in] the beginning of the year 2007,
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช 2007,
07:14
the Financial Times commented that the Detroit companies
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ื”"ืคื™ื ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก" ื›ืชื‘ ืฉื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜
07:18
envy the halo effect that Toyota has gained
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ืงื™ื ืื• ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื”ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืฉื™ื’ื” ื—ื‘ืจืช "ื˜ื•ื™ื•ื˜ื”"
07:21
from the Prius as the hybrid, energy-conscious vehicle,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœ"ืคืจื™ื•ืก" ื”ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™, ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
07:26
which rivals the iPod as an iconic product.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื” ื‘ืื™ื™ืคื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™.
07:28
And I think it's very tempting to, in a way, seduce ourselves --
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช--
07:33
as architects, or anybody involved with the design process --
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ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื, ืื• ื›ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘--
07:36
that the answer to our problems lies with buildings.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื˜ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”.
07:40
Buildings are important, but
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ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ
07:42
they're only a component of a much bigger picture.
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ื”ื ืจืง ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:45
In other words, as I might seek to demonstrate,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ื,
07:47
if you could achieve the impossible,
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ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™,
07:49
the equivalent of perpetual motion,
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ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื ืฆื—ื™ืช,
07:52
you could design a carbon-free house, for example.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืœื ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ.
07:56
That would be the answer.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
07:57
Unfortunately, it's not the answer.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื–ื• ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
07:59
It's only the beginning of the problem.
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ื–ื• ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
08:01
You cannot separate the buildings out
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
08:03
from the infrastructure of cites
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ืžื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ
08:05
and the mobility of transit.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช.
08:07
For example, if, in that Bucky-inspired phrase, we draw back
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ืื ื ื™ืกื•ื’ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืืงื™,
08:13
and we look at planet Earth,
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ื•ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
08:15
and we take a kind of typical, industrialized society,
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ื•ื ื™ืงื— ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืชื•ืขืฉืช ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช,
08:18
then the energy consumed would be split
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ืช ืชืชื—ืœืง
08:21
between the buildings, 44 percent, transport, 34 percent, and industry.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, 44%, ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”, 34%, ื•ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื”.
08:27
But again, that only shows part of the picture.
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ืืš ื–ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืจืื” ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืžื•ื ื”.
08:29
If you looked at the buildings together with the associated transport,
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ืื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื,
08:34
in other words, the transport of people, which is 26 percent,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื 26 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื,
08:39
then 70 percent of the energy consumption
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ื›ื™-ืื– 70% ืžืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
08:41
is influenced by the way that our cites and infrastructure work together.
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ืžื•ืฉืคืขืช ืžื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืขืจื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:48
So the problems of sustainability
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
08:51
cannot be separated from the nature of the cities,
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืœื˜ื‘ืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื,
08:54
of which the buildings are a part.
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืŸ.
08:57
For example, if you take, and you make a comparison
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื”
09:01
between a recent kind of city,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืขื“ื›ื ื™,
09:05
what I'll call, simplistically, a North American city --
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื ื•ืช "ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช",
09:08
and Detroit is not a bad example, it is very car dependent.
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ื•ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืจืขื”, ื”ื™ื ืžืื“ ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœื™-ืจื›ื‘.
09:13
The city goes out in annular rings,
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ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื›ืžื• ื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช,
09:16
consuming more and more green space,
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ืฆื•ืจื›ืช ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื™ืจื•ืง,
09:18
and more and more roads, and more and more energy
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจื›ื™ื, ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
09:22
in the transport of people between the city center --
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ืœืชืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ,
09:26
which again, the city center, as it becomes deprived
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื, ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ื ื•ืฉืœ
09:29
of the living and just becomes commercial, again becomes dead.
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ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื ืขืฉื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืช.
09:34
If you compared Detroit with a city of a Northern European example --
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ืื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ืœืขื™ืจ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ--
09:40
and Munich is not a bad example of that,
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ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืŸ ืื™ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืจืขื” ืœื›ืš,
09:44
with the greater dependence on walking and cycling --
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืชืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฆืขื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื--
09:49
then a city which is really only twice as dense,
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ื”ืจื™ ืขื™ืจ ื“ื—ื•ืกื” ืจืง ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
09:55
is only using one-tenth of the energy.
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ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
09:59
In other words, you take these comparable examples
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืช-ื”ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ืืœื”
10:01
and the energy leap is enormous.
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ืงืคื™ืฆืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
10:05
So basically, if you wanted to generalize, you can demonstrate
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ืœื”ื›ืœื™ืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช
10:11
that as the density increases along the bottom there,
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ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช,
10:16
that the energy consumed reduces dramatically.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื•ื—ืชืช ื‘ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ื•ืช.
10:20
Of course you can't separate this out from issues like
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ื–ืืช ืžืกื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื•ืŸ,
10:23
social diversity, mass transit,
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ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ,
10:26
the ability to be able to walk a convenient distance,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืจื—ืง ื ื•ื— ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื”,
10:30
the quality of civic spaces.
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ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
10:32
But again, you can see Detroit, in yellow at the top,
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ืืš ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื ื” ื“ื˜ืจื•ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ืœืžืขืœื”,
10:37
extraordinary consumption, down below Copenhagen.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”, ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ.
10:40
And Copenhagen, although it's a dense city,
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ื•ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื™ืจ ืฆืคื•ืคื”,
10:42
is not dense compared with the really dense cities.
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ืื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ืคื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืขืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ืืžืช.
10:47
In the year 2000, a rather interesting thing happened.
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ื‘-2000 ืงืจื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™.
10:52
You had for the first time mega-cities, [of] 5 million or more,
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืขืจื™ ื”ืขืœ, 5 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
10:56
which were occurring in the developing world.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
11:00
And now, out of typically 46 cities,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื, ืžืชื•ืš 46 ืขืจื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื•ืช,
11:03
33 of those mega-cities are in the developing world.
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33 ื”ืŸ ืขืจื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
11:08
So you have to ask yourself -- the environmental impact of,
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืชื”ื•ืช-- ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ,
11:12
for example, China or India.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืกื™ืŸ ืื• ื”ื•ื“ื•.
11:14
If you take China, and you just take Beijing,
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ืื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืŸ, ื•ืจืง ืืช ื‘ื™ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’,
11:19
you can see on that traffic system,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืจื”,
11:22
and the pollution associated with the consumption of energy
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ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:28
as the cars expand at the price of the bicycles.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื.
11:35
In other words, if you put onto the roads, as is currently happening,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืžืขืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:40
1,000 new cars every day --
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1,000 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื--
11:44
statistically, it's the biggest booming auto market in the world --
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ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืื™-ืคืขื--
11:50
and the half a billion bicycles serving one and a third billion people are reducing.
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ื•ื—ืฆื™-ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ื•ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื.
11:58
And that urbanization is extraordinary, accelerated pace.
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ื•ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžื•ืืฅ.
12:05
So, if we think of the transition in our society
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ืื– ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•
12:12
of the movement from the land to the cities, which took 200 years,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื”ื›ืคืจ ืœืขื™ืจ ืฉืืจืš 200 ืฉื ื”,
12:17
then that same process is happening in 20 years.
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ื›ื™-ืื– ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืงื•ืจื” ื‘-20 ืฉื ื”.
12:22
In other words, it is accelerating by a factor of 10.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืืฅ ืคื™ 10.
12:27
And quite interestingly, over something like a 60-year period,
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ื•ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ืš ื›-60 ืฉื ื”,
12:35
we're seeing the doubling in life expectancy,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื›ืคืœื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื—ืœืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื,
12:38
over that period where the urbanization has trebled.
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื‘ื” ืงืฆื‘ ื”ืขื™ื•ืจ ืฉื•ืœืฉ.
12:44
If I pull back from that global picture,
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ืื ืืกื•ื’ ืžืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
12:47
and I look at the implication over a similar period of time
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ื•ืื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื”ื”
12:51
in terms of the technology -- which, as a tool,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื-- ืฉื›ื›ืœื™,
12:55
is a tool for designers,
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ื–ื” ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื,
12:57
and I cite our own experience as a company,
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ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื ื• ื›ื—ื‘ืจื”,
13:01
and I just illustrate that by a small selection of projects --
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ืื“ื’ื™ื ื–ืืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื--
13:06
then how do you measure that change of technology?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™?
13:11
How does it affect the design of buildings?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื?
13:14
And particularly, how can it lead
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ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื
13:17
to the creation of buildings which consume less energy,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
13:21
create less pollution and are more socially responsible?
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืจืื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช?
13:26
That story, in terms of buildings, started in the late '60s, early '70s.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70.
13:32
The one example I take is a corporate headquarters
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ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื ื”ืœื”
13:35
for a company called Willis and Faber,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืฉื "ื•ื™ืœื™ืก ืื ื“ ืคืื‘ืจ",
13:38
in a small market town in the northeast of England,
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ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืง ืงื˜ื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
13:45
commuting distance with London.
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื ืกื™ืขืช-ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืก ืžืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
13:48
And here, the first thing you can see
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ
13:50
is that this building, the roof is a very warm kind of
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื’ื’ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•
13:55
overcoat blanket, a kind of insulating garden,
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ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ื—ืžื” ืžืื“, ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“,
13:58
which is also about the celebration of public space.
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ืฉื’ื ืžื›ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
14:02
In other words, for this community, they have this garden in the sky.
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืงื”ื™ืœื” ื–ื• ื™ืฉ ื’ืŸ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
14:06
So the humanistic ideal is very, very strong in all this work,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื™ื“ืืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
14:11
encapsulated perhaps by one of my early sketches here,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฆืœื—ืชื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™,
14:16
where you can see greenery, you can see sunlight,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืื–ื•ืจ ื™ืจื•ืง, ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ,
14:19
you have a connection with nature.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
14:21
And nature is part of the generator, the driver for this building.
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ื•ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ, ืฉืžืกืคืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
14:26
And symbolically, the colors of the interior are green and yellow.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืžืœื™, ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื”ื ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
14:30
It has facilities like swimming pools, it has flextime,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื‘ืจื™ื›ื”, ืฉืขื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช,
14:34
it has a social heart, a space, you have contact with nature.
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ืžืจื›ื– ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืžืจื—ื‘, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื‘ืข.
14:39
Now this was 1973.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘-1973.
14:42
In 2001, this building received an award.
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ื‘-2001 ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืคืจืก.
14:46
And the award was about a celebration for a building
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ื•ื”ืคืจืก ื ื™ืชืŸ ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:49
which had been in use over a long period of time.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคื” ืืจื•ื›ื”.
14:53
And the people who'd created it came back:
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ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืืœื• ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื•:
14:56
the project managers, the company chairmen then.
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ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ื™ื•"ืจ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื“ืื–.
15:00
And they were saying, you know,
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
15:01
"The architects, Norman was always going on about
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"ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื ื•ืจืžืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืงืฉืงืฉ
15:04
designing for the future, and you know,
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ืขืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขืชื™ื“, ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
15:06
it didn't seem to cost us any more.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœื” ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:08
So we humored him, we kept him happy."
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ืื– ื•ื™ืชืจื ื• ืœื•, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”."
15:12
The image at the top,
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืœืžืขืœื”,
15:14
what it doesn't -- if you look at it in detail,
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ืื ืžืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
15:16
really what it is saying is you can wire this building.
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ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
15:20
This building was wired for change.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื—ื•ื•ื˜ ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
15:24
So, in 1975, the image there is of typewriters.
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ืื– ื‘-1975 ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
15:28
And when the photograph was taken, it's word processors.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฆื•ืœืžื”, ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ ืชืžืœื™ืœื™ื.
15:33
And what they were saying on this occasion was that our competitors
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
15:37
had to build new buildings for the new technology.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”.
15:41
We were fortunate,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื–ืœ.
15:43
because in a way our building was future-proofed.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“.
15:45
It anticipated change, even though those changes were not known.
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ื”ื•ื ืฆืคื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข.
15:51
Round about that design period leading up to this building,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
15:55
I did a sketch, which we pulled out of the archive recently.
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืื™ื•ืจ, ืฉืฉืœืคื ื• ืžื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
16:00
And I was saying, and I wrote, "But we don't have the time,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ื•ืื ื™ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™, "ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
16:04
and we really don't have the immediate expertise
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช
16:07
at a technical level."
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ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช."
16:08
In other words, we didn't have the technology
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
16:10
to do what would be really interesting on that building.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
16:14
And that would be to create a kind of three-dimensional bubble --
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืขื” ืชืœืช ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช --
16:18
a really interesting overcoat that would naturally ventilate,
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ื›ื™ืกื•ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืื•ื•ืจืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
16:23
would breathe and would seriously reduce the energy loads.
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ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ื™ื•ืจื™ื“ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช.
16:28
Notwithstanding the fact that the building, as a green building,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื, ื›ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง,
16:31
is very much a pioneering building.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืคื•ืจืฅ ื“ืจืš.
16:33
And if I fast-forward in time, what is interesting
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ื•ืื ืื ื™ ืืจื•ืฅ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ
16:36
is that the technology is now available and celebratory.
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ื–ื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ืžื™ื ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื•ื ื—ื’ื’ืช.
16:41
The library of the Free University, which opened last year,
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ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช, ืฉื ืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
16:47
is an example of that.
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
16:49
And again, the transition from one of the many thousands
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืžื›ืžื” ืžืืœืคื™
16:53
of sketches and computer images to the reality.
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ื”ืื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
16:57
And a combination of devices here,
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ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืคื”,
16:59
the kind of heavy mass concrete of these book stacks,
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ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
17:03
and the way in which that is enclosed by this skin,
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืžื›ื•ืกื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืขื˜ืคืช,
17:09
which enables the building to be ventilated,
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ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ,
17:13
to consume dramatically less energy,
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ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
17:16
and where it's really working with the forces of nature.
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ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:19
And what is interesting is that this is hugely popular
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™
17:25
by the people who use it.
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ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•.
17:27
Again, coming back to that thing about the lifestyle,
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื,
17:30
and in a way, the ecological agenda is very much at one with the spirit.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืจื•ื—.
17:39
So it's not a kind of sacrifice, quite the reverse.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ื”, ืœื”ืคืš.
17:42
I think it's a great -- it's a celebration.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื -- ื–ื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”.
17:45
And you can measure the performance,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื,
17:49
in terms of energy consumption, of that building
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
17:52
against a typical library.
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช.
17:55
If I show another aspect of that technology
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ืื ืื ื™ ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืคืŸ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
17:58
then, in a completely different context --
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ืื–, ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ --
18:02
this apartment building in the Alps in Switzerland.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฆืจื™ื™ื.
18:07
Prefabricated from the most traditional of materials,
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ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืจืืฉ ืžื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื,
18:10
but that material -- because of the technology, the computing ability,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” -- ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘,
18:15
the ability to prefabricate, make high-performance components
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆืจ ืžืจืืฉ, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
18:19
out of timber -- very much at the cutting edge.
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ืžืขืฅ -- ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
18:23
And just to give a sort of glimpse of that technology,
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ื•ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
18:26
the ability to plot points in the sky
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชืจืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
18:34
and to transmit, to transfer that information
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ื•ืœืฉื“ืจ, ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
18:41
now, directly into the factory.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืžืคืขืœ.
18:46
So if you cross the border -- just across the border --
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ -- ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ --
18:49
a small factory in Germany, and here you can see the guy with his computer screen,
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ืžืคืขืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื”, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื ืžืกืš ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื•,
18:55
and those points in space are communicated.
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ื•ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืžืงื•ืฉืจื•ืช.
18:59
And on the left are the cutting machines,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืืœ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš,
19:02
which then, in the factory,
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ืฉืื–, ื‘ืžืคืขืœ,
19:04
enable those individual pieces to be fabricated
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ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื
19:08
and plus or minus very, very few millimeters,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืคืœื•ืก ืžื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื,
19:11
to be slotted together on site.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ.
19:14
And then interestingly, that building to then be clad
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ื•ืื–, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ,ืฉื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื™ื™ืขืฉื”
19:20
in the oldest technology, which is the kind of hand-cut shingles.
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ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื—ืช ืจืขืคื™ื ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื™ื“.
19:26
One quarter of a million of them applied by hand as the final finish.
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ืจื‘ืข ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื ืžื•ืฉืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื›ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ืกื•ืคื™.
19:33
And again, the way in which that works as a building,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
19:37
for those of us who can enjoy the spaces,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืืฉืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ื,
19:41
to live and visit there.
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ื”ื
19:44
If I made the leap into these new technologies,
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ืื ื“ื™ืœื’ืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืืœื”,
19:48
then how did we -- what happened before that?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื•-- ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ?
19:51
I mean, you know, what was life like before the mobile phone,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื™ื ืš ื ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ื“,
19:57
the things that you take for granted?
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืืœื™ื”ื?
20:00
Well, obviously the building still happened.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื‘ื ื”.
20:02
I mean, this is a glimpse of the interior of our Hong Kong bank of 1979,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฆืฆื” ืœืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘-1979,
20:10
which opened in 1985, with the ability to be able to reflect sunlight
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ืฉื ืคืชื— ื‘ืฉื ืช 1985, ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ
20:15
deep into the heart of this space here.
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ืขืžื•ืง ืœืœื‘ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ.
20:18
And in the absence of computers, you have to physically model.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื”ื™ื” ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ื–ื™.
20:22
So for example, we would put models under an artificial sky.
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ื›ืš ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืงืžื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
20:29
For wind tunnels, we would literally put them
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื—, ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื
20:31
in a wind tunnel and blast air,
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ื‘ืžื ื”ืจืช ืจื•ื—, ื•ืœื”ื˜ื™ื— ืื•ื™ืจ,
20:34
and the many kilometers of cable and so on.
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ื•ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
20:38
And the turning point was probably, in our terms,
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ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืคื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื›ื ืจืื”, ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
20:42
when we had the first computer.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
20:46
And that was at the time that we sought
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•
20:50
to redesign, reinvent the airport.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ, ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ืžืœ ื”ืชืขื•ืคื”.
20:54
This is Terminal Four at Heathrow, typical of any terminal --
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ื–ื”ื• ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ 4 ื‘ื”ื™ืช'ืจื•, ื”ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ืœื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ-
20:59
big, heavy roof, blocking out the sunlight,
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ื’ื’ ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื›ื‘ื“, ื—ื•ืกื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
21:01
lots of machinery, big pipes, whirring machinery.
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ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ื–ืžื–ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
21:06
And Stansted, the green alternative,
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ื•ืกื˜ื ืกื˜ื“, ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
21:11
which uses natural light, is a friendly place:
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ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ื”ื™ื ืžืงื•ื ื—ื‘ื™ื‘:
21:13
you know where you are, you can relate to the outside.
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ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืคื” ืืชื” ื ืžืฆื , ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
21:17
And for a large part of its cycle, not needing electric light --
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืชืื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ-
21:21
electric light, which in turn creates more heat,
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ืชืื•ืจืช ื—ืฉืžืœ,ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื•ื,
21:24
which creates more cooling loads and so on.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืžืกื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
21:26
And at that particular point in time,
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ื•ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื™ื,
21:29
this was one of the few solitary computers.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
21:33
And that's a little image of the tree of Stansted.
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ื•ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื ืกื˜ื“
21:39
Not going back very far in time, 1990,
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, 1990,
21:42
that's our office.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
21:45
And if you looked very closely, you'd see
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ื•ืื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ืชื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
21:48
that people were drawing with pencils,
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื˜ื˜ื• ืขื ืขืคืจื•ื ื•ืช,
21:50
and they were pushing, you know, big rulers and triangles.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืกืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
21:54
It's not that long ago, 17 years, and here we are now.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื–ืžืŸ, 17 ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืขืช.
21:58
I mean, major transformation.
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
22:01
Going back in time, there was a lady called Valerie Larkin,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื‘ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืืœืจื™ ืœืจืงื™ืŸ,
22:05
and in 1987, she had all our information on one disk.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1987, ื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืกืงื˜ ืื—ื“.
22:12
Now, every week, we have the equivalent of 84 million disks,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื•ืข, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ 84 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื,
22:21
which record our archival information
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ืฉืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืืจื›ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื ื•
22:24
on past, current and future projects.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
22:27
That reaches 21 kilometers into the sky.
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 21 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ื.
22:31
This is the view you would get, if you looked down on that.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื’ืœื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ื”ืžืจืื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”
22:34
But meanwhile, as you know,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
22:36
wonderful protagonists like Al Gore
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ืคืจื•ื˜ื’ื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ืžื• ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ
22:40
are noting the inexorable rise in temperature,
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ืžืฆื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ืžืชืžื“ืช,
22:46
set in the context of that,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”,
22:49
interestingly, those buildings which are celebratory
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื™ื
22:51
and very, very relevant to this place.
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ื•ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”.
22:55
Our Reichstag project,
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ืžื™ื–ื ื”ืจื™ื™ื›ืกื˜ืื’ ืฉืœื ื•,
22:58
which has a very familiar agenda, I'm sure,
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื’'ื ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืžืื•ื“, ืื ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
23:02
as a public place where we sought to, in a way,
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ื›ืžืงื•ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื•,ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”,
23:08
through a process of advocacy,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืจ,
23:11
reinterpret the relationship between society and politicians,
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ืœืชืช ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื,
23:16
public space. And maybe its hidden agenda, an energy manifesto --
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ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™. ื•ืื•ืœื™ "ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื" ื”ืกืžื•ื™ ืฉืœื•, ืžื™ื ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”-
23:21
something that would be free, completely free
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
23:24
of fuel as we know it.
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ืžื“ืœืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
23:27
So it would be totally renewable.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉื• .
23:29
And again, the humanistic sketch, the translation into the public space,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื”ื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™, ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™,
23:34
but this very, very much a part of the ecology.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
23:37
But here, not having to model it for real.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืืŸ, ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืžืฉื™.
23:41
Obviously the wind tunnel had a place,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืœืžื ื”ืจืช ืจื•ื—,
23:44
but the ability now with the computer
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื›ืขืช ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘
23:46
to explore, to plan, to see how that would work
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ, ืœืชื›ื ืŸ, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“
23:50
in terms of the forces of nature:
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข:
23:52
natural ventilation, to be able to model the chamber below,
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ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ืฉืžืชื—ืช,
23:56
and to look at biomass.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื”.
23:59
A combination of biomass, aquifers, burning vegetable oil --
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ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืžืกื”, ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื, ืฉืžืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ ื‘ื•ืขืจ-
24:06
a process that, quite interestingly, was developed
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™, ืคื•ืชื—
24:10
in Eastern Germany, at the time of its
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ื‘ื’ืจืžื ื™ื” ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ืช, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช
24:14
dependence on the Soviet Bloc.
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ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื‘ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™.
24:16
So really, retranslating that technology and developing something
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืช, ืชืจื’ื•ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืžืฉื”ื•
24:20
which was so clean, it was virtually pollution-free.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื ืงื™, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื.
24:24
You can measure it again.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื•ื‘.
24:25
You can compare how that building, in terms of its emission
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” , ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืœื™ื˜ืช
24:29
in tons of carbon dioxide per year --
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ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื‘ืฉื ื”-
24:31
at the time that we took that project, over 7,000 tons --
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื, ืžืขืœ 7,000 ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช-
24:35
what it would have been with natural gas
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
24:36
and finally, with the vegetable oil, 450 tons.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขื ืฉืžืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™, 450 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
24:39
I mean, a 94 percent reduction -- virtually clean.
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ื“ื”ื™ื™ื ื•,, 94 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืคื—ืชื” โ€“ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืงื™.
24:42
We can see the same processes at work
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
24:44
in terms of the Commerce Bank --
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ืœืžืกื—ืจ-
24:46
its dependence on natural ventilation,
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ื•ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™,
24:48
the way that you can model those gardens,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื’ื ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื”,
24:50
the way they spiral around.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืชืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘.
24:52
But again, very much about the lifestyle, the quality --
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช -
24:56
something that would be more enjoyable as a place to work.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
25:00
And again, we can measure the reduction
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืคื—ืชื”
25:02
in terms of energy consumption.
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
25:06
There is an evolution here between the projects,
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
25:08
and Swiss Re again develops that a little bit further --
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ื•ืกื•ื•ื™ืก ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืคืชื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ื”ืœืื”
25:13
the project in the city in London.
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ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ.
25:15
And this sequence shows the buildup of that model.
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ื•ืจืฆืฃ ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ื–ื”.
25:19
But what it shows first, which I think is quite interesting,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
25:22
is that here you see the circle, you see the public space around it.
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืŸ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
25:27
What are the other ways of putting
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ืžื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื
25:29
the same amount of space on the site?
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ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื‘ืืชืจ?
25:32
If, for example, you seek to do a building
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ืื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืŸ
25:36
which goes right to the edge of the pavement,
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ื”ืžื“ืจื›ื”,
25:41
it's the same amount of space.
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ื–ื• ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื—.
25:44
And finally, you profile this, you cut grooves into it.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื”, ื—ื•ืจืฅ ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœืชื•ื›ื•.
25:49
The grooves become the kind of green lungs
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ื”ื—ืจื™ืฆื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืจื™ืื•ืช ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช
25:52
which give views, which give light, ventilation,
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉื“ื•ืช ืจืื™ื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืื•ืจ, ืื•ื•ืจื•ืจ,
25:56
make the building fresher.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ..
25:58
And you enclose that with something that also
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ื•ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื
26:01
is central to its appearance,
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ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžืจืื” ืฉืœื•,
26:04
which is a mesh of triangulated structures --
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ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื --
26:08
again, in a long connection evocative of
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจ
26:11
some of those works of Buckminster Fuller,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืชืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืžื™ื ืกื˜ืจ ืคื•ืœืจ,
26:14
and the way in which triangulation can increase performance
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืื ื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
26:18
and also give that building its sense of identity.
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ื•ื’ื ืœืชืช ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
26:23
And here, if we look at a detail of the way
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ื•ื›ืืŸ, ืื ื ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš
26:26
that the building opens up and breathes into those atria,
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืคืชื—, ื•ื ื•ืฉื ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœื™ ืื˜ืจื™ื•ื ืืœื”,
26:29
the way in which now, with a computer, we can model the forces,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื“ื™ื’ื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช,
26:34
we can see the high pressure, the low pressure,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”, ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื ืžื•ืš,
26:37
the way in which the building behaves rather like an aircraft wing.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื›ื ืฃ ืžื˜ื•ืก.
26:41
So it also has the ability, all the time,
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช, ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
26:44
regardless of the direction of the wind,
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—,
26:46
to be able to make the building fresh and efficient.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืจืขื ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื™ืœ.
26:51
And unlike conventional buildings,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื,
26:54
the top of the building is celebratory.
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืืจื•ืขื™ื. .
26:56
It's a viewing place for people, not machinery.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืงื•ื ืฆืคื™ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื, ืœื ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช.
26:59
And the base of the building is again about public space.
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ื•ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™.
27:03
Comparing it with a typical building,
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ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™,
27:05
what happens if we seek to use such design strategies
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืื ืื ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืืœื”
27:10
in terms of really large-scale thinking?
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืช?
27:14
And I'm just going to give two images
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ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื
27:16
out of a kind of company research project.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
27:22
It's been well known that the Dead Sea is dying.
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ื–ื” ืžื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื’ื•ืกืก.
27:28
The level is dropping, rather like the Aral Sea.
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ืฉืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื™ืžืช ืืจืืœ.
27:32
And the Dead Sea is obviously much lower
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ื™ื ื”ืžืœื— ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
27:36
than the oceans and seas around it.
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ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืžื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
27:40
So there has been a project which rescues the Dead Sea
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืžืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—
27:44
by creating a pipeline, a pipe,
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืงื• ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ, ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
27:48
sometimes above the surface, sometimes buried,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืจ ืžืชื—ืช,
27:51
that will redress that, and will feed from the Gulf of Aqaba
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ืฉื™ืคืฆื” ืขืœ ื›ืš ื•ื™ื•ื–ืŸ ืžืžืคืจืฅ ืขืงื‘ื”
27:57
into the Dead Sea.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื™ื ื”ืžืœื—.
27:59
And our translation of that,
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ื•ื”ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉืœื ื• ืœื–ื”,
28:00
using a lot of the thinking built up over the 40 years, is to say,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 40 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžืจ,
28:05
what if that, instead of being just a pipe,
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ืžื” ืื ื–ื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ,
28:08
what if it is a lifeline?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืจืง ื—ื™ื™ื?
28:10
What if it is the equivalent, depending on where you are,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื”-ื”ืขืจืš, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื ืžืฆื,
28:14
of the Grand Canal,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืจืื ื“ ืงื ืืœ,
28:16
in terms of tourists, habitation, desalination, agriculture?
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชื™ื™ืจื•ืช, ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ื”ืชืคืœื”, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช?
28:21
In other words, water is the lifeblood.
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื ืกื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
28:23
And if you just go back to the previous image,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช,
28:26
and you look at this area of volatility and hostility,
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ื•ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•ืช,
28:30
that a unifying design idea as a humanitarian gesture
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ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ ืžืื—ื“ ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ืžื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืช
28:36
could have the affect of bringing all those warring factions together
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื’ื™ื ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“
28:40
in a united cause, in terms of something that would be
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ืœืžื˜ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”
28:44
genuinely green and productive in the widest sense.
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ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ืคื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
28:50
Infrastructure at that large scale is also
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื
28:52
inseparable from communication.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ืช ืžื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
28:57
And whether that communication is the virtual world
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ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื–ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืืœื™
29:00
or it is the physical world,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ืกื™,
29:01
then it's absolutely central to society.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื”.
29:04
And how do we make more legible in this growing world,
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื–ื”,
29:09
especially in some of the places that I'm talking about --
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื-
29:13
China, for example, which in the next ten years
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ืกื™ืŸ,ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฉื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
29:15
will create 400 new airports.
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ืชืงื™ื 400. ืฉื“ื•ืช ืชืขื•ืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
29:19
Now what form do they take?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื™ื–ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉื™ื?
29:21
How do you make them more friendly at that scale?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื”?
29:24
Hong Kong I refer to as a kind of analog experience in a digital age,
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ืœื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ืื ื™ ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ื›ืืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™,
29:31
because you always have a point of reference.
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ื›ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืฉื ื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช.
29:33
So what happens when we take that and you expand that further
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
29:39
into the Chinese society?
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช?
29:43
And what is interesting is that that produces in a way
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืžื“ืช ืžื”
29:47
perhaps the ultimate mega-building.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื”-ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
29:49
It is physically the largest project on the planet at the moment.
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ื–ื”ื• ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื”ืžื™ื–ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืขืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
29:53
250 -- excuse me, 50,000 people working 24 hours, seven days.
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250 - ืกืœื™ื—ื”, 50,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืฉื‘ืขื” ื™ืžื™ื.
29:59
Larger by 17 percent than every terminal put together
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ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘- 17 ืื—ื•ื– ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื›ืœ ืžืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“
30:03
at Heathrow -- built -- plus the new, un-built Terminal Five.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืช'ืจื• โ€“ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” - ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ืจืžื™ื ืœ 5 ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™.
30:08
And the challenge here is a building that will be green,
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ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื•ืง,
30:12
that is compact despite its size
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ืœืžืจื•ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœื•
30:15
and is about the human experience of travel,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืขื”,
30:20
is about friendly, is coming back to that starting point,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™, ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
30:25
is very, very much about the lifestyle.
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“, ืžืื•ื“ ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
30:27
And perhaps these, in the end, as celebratory spaces.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืœื”, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ื—ืœืœื™ ืืจื•ืขื™ื.
30:33
As Hubert was talking over lunch,
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ื›ืคื™ื• ืฉื”ื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื,
30:35
as we sort of engaged in conversation,
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ื—ื—ื ื•.
30:37
talked about this, talked about cities.
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ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ืขืœ ืขืจื™ื.
30:39
Hubert was saying, absolutely correctly, "These are the new cathedrals."
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ื”ื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืืžืจ, ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, "ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืงืชื“ืจืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช."
30:44
And in a way, one aspect of this conversation
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ื–ื•
30:48
was triggered on New Year's Eve,
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ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ืช,
30:52
when I was talking about the Olympic agenda in China
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืื•ืœื™ืžืคื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
31:00
in terms of its green ambitions and aspirations.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฉืื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
31:05
And I was voicing the thought that --
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื‘ืขืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉ--
31:07
it just crossed my mind that New Year's Eve,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœื” ื‘ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืขืจื‘ ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”,
31:09
a sort of symbolic turning point as we move from 2006 to 2007 --
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžืคื ื” ืกืžืœื™ืช ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ืขื™ื ืž-2006-2007
31:15
that maybe, you know, the future was
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ืฉืื•ืœื™, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื™ื”
31:17
the most powerful, innovative sort of nation.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช .
31:21
The way in which somebody like Kennedy inspirationally could say,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืงื ื“ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื ื”ืฉืจืื”,
31:24
"We put a man on the moon."
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"ื”ื ื—ืชื ื• ืื“ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—."
31:25
You know, who is going to say
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื™ ื™ืืžืจ
31:27
that we cracked this thing of the dependence on fossil fuels,
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ืฉืคื™ืฆื—ื ื• ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื,
31:32
with all that being held to ransom by rogue regimes, and so on.
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ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืกืชืžื›ื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ืžื™ ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
31:36
And that's a concerted platform.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื” ืžืชื•ืืžืช.
31:38
It's more than one device, you know, it's renewable.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœื™ ืื—ื“, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื“ืฉื•.
31:41
And I voiced the thought that maybe at the turn of the year,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื ื”,
31:45
I thought that the inspiration was more likely
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืจืื”
31:47
to come from those other, larger countries out there --
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ืชื’ื™ืข ืžืืœื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื
31:49
the Chinas, the Indias, the Asian-Pacific tigers.
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ืžื”ื ืžืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื ื”ื”ื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื”ืืกื™ืื ื™ื-ืคืกื™ืคื™ื™ื.
31:53
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
31:55
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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