Norman Foster: Building on the green agenda

譯者: Dxm Online大小媒體 審譯者: Hoi San Sio

As an architect you design for the present,

身為建築師，你爲現在而設計，

with an awareness of the past,

帶著對過去的驚覺，

for a future which is essentially unknown.

邁向基本上無從得知的未來。

The green agenda is probably the most important agenda

「綠色議題」也許是現今最重要的議題

and issue of the day.

及問題 。

And I'd like to share some experience

我想跟大家分享一些經驗，

over the last 40 years -- we celebrate our fortieth anniversary this year --

過去四十年來--今年是我們的四十週年慶--

and to explore and to touch on some observations

探索和觸及一些關於

about the nature of sustainability.

永續本質的觀察。

How far you can anticipate, what follows from it,

你可以預期多少、後續是什麼，

what are the threats, what are the possibilities,

有哪些威脅，有哪些可能性個、

the challenges, the opportunities?

挑戰和機會？

I think that -- I've said in the past, many, many years ago,

許多年前我曾說過，

before anybody even invented the concept of a green agenda,

在有人發明這「綠色議題」的觀念以前，

that it wasn't about fashion -- it was about survival.

建築跟流行無關，而是關於生存。

But what I never said, and what I'm really going to make the point is,

但我從未說過，而且真正想說的重點是，

that really, green is cool.

環保(綠色)真的很酷。

I mean, all the projects which have, in some way, been inspired

所有受到那個概念啟發的作品就某種程度來說，

by that agenda are about a celebratory lifestyle,

都與歡慶的生活風格有關。

in a way celebrating the places and the spaces

慶祝決定生活品質的地方

which determine the quality of life.

和空間。

I rarely actually quote anything,

我很少引述別人的話，

so I'm going to try and find a piece of paper if I can,

如果可以，我想找出一張紙，

[in] which somebody, at the end of last year, ventured the thought

去年底有人大膽提出一個想法，

about what for that individual, as a kind of important observer,

那個重要的趨勢觀察者、

analyst, writer -- a guy called Thomas Friedman,

分析家、作家，一個名叫湯姆士佛里曼的人，

who wrote in the Herald Tribune, about 2006.

2006年左右他在《國際先鋒論壇報》上寫了一篇文章。

He said,

他說：

"I think the most important thing to happen in 2006

「我想2006年發生的最重要的事，

was that living and thinking green hit Main Street.

就是綠色生活及綠色思想席捲了商業街。

We reached a tipping point this year

今年我們達到了一個引爆點，

where living, acting, designing, investing and manufacturing green

當中綠色的生活設計、投資及生產，

came to be understood by a critical mass

使眾多民眾、企業家和官員

of citizens, entrepreneurs and officials

都認識到

as the most patriotic, capitalistic, geo-political

這是他們做到的最愛國、最資本主義、最地理政治學

and competitive thing they could do.

及最競爭性的事。

Hence my motto: green is the new red, white and blue."

所以，我的座右銘是：綠色(環保)是新的紅白藍」

And I asked myself, in a way, looking back,

回顧過往我問我自己：

"When did that kind of awareness of the planet and its fragility first appear?"

「關注地球及她的脆弱性是何時開始的呢？」

And I think it was July 20, 1969,

我想是從1969年7月20日，

when, for the first time, man could look back at planet Earth.

當人類首次可以觀望地球的那天開始浮現的 。

And, in a way, it was Buckminster Fuller who coined that phrase.

就某程度來說，是巴克明斯特·福勒創造了那個詞的。

And before the kind of collapse of the communist system,

在共產體制瓦解之前，

I was privileged to meet a lot of cosmonauts

我有榮幸跟許多

in Space City and other places in Russia.

前蘇聯的太空人在蘇聯的太空城等地方見面 。

And interestingly, as I think back,

我回顧後發現有趣的是，

they were the first true environmentalists.

他們是第一批真正的環保主義者。

They were filled with a kind of pioneering passion,

他們充滿一種開墾者的熱情，

fired about the problems of the Aral Sea.

為鹹海的問題而激動。

And at that period it was --

當時--

in a way, a number of things were happening.

發生了幾件事情。

Buckminster Fuller was the kind of green guru --

巴克明斯特·福勒是那一種環保上師 --

again, a word that had not been coined.

這也是當時尚未被創造的詞。

He was a design scientist, if you like, a poet,

他是一個設計科學家，你也可以說他是一個詩人，

but he foresaw all the things that are happening now.

可是他預期了所有現在正在發生的事情。

It's another subject. It's another conversation.

這是另一個主題、另一段談話，

You can go back to his writings: it's quite extraordinary.

你可以追溯他的寫作，真的很非凡，

It was at that time, with an awareness

就是在那時

fired by Bucky's prophecies, his concerns

巴克的預言，激起了關注

as a citizen, as a kind of citizen of the planet,

他那身為公民，身為地球公民的擔心

that influenced my thinking and what we were doing at that time.

影響了我的思想及當時正在做的事。

And it's a number of projects.

有幾個作品，

I select this one because it was 1973, and it was a master plan

我選這個因為它建於1973年，這是爲

for one of the Canary Islands.

康那利群島之一所畫的整體設計。

And this probably coincided with the time

或許是恰巧遇上

when you had the planet Earth's sourcebook,

地球資源叢書的出版，

and you had the hippie movement.

及嘻皮運動，

And there are some of those qualities in this drawing,

這設計圖上有一些那樣的特性，

which seeks to sum up the recommendations.

嘗試總合那些優點。

And all the components are there which are now

那些構成要素現在

in common parlance, in our vocabulary,

成了共用的語法，

you know, 30-odd years later:

在30多年之後出現在我們的詞彙裡。

wind energy, recycling, biomass, solar cells.

風力發電、回收、生物能源、太陽能電池--

And in parallel at that time, there was

同時，在當時

a very kind of exclusive design club.

有一種獨特的設計俱樂部。

People who were really design conscious

那些真的有設計意識的人，

were inspired by the work of Dieter Rams,

都深受迪特‧拉姆斯的作品，

and the objects that he would create

與及那些他為百靈公司

for the company called Braun.

所創造的物品啟發。

This is going back the mid-'50s, '60s.

這是回到50年代中期 60年代的事了。

And despite Bucky's prophecies

不顧巴克

that everything would be miniaturized

所有的東西都小型化，

and technology would make an incredible style --

和科技會創造一個不可思議的風格的預言--

access to comfort, to amenities --

貼近舒適度及優雅--

it was very, very difficult to imagine

很難想像

that everything that we see in this image,

我們在這圖上所看到的一切，

would be very, very stylishly packaged.

將會被包裝得很時髦。

And that, and more besides, would be in the palm of your hand.

此外，還能放到你掌心裡，

And I think that that digital revolution

我認為數位革命

now is coming to the point

現在走到了一個點，

where, as the virtual world, which brings so many people together here,

讓可聚集許多人來此的虛擬世界，

finally connects with the physical world,

終於與實體世界有了連結 。

there is the reality that that has become humanized,

事實上，這連結已被人性化了，

so that digital world has all the friendliness,

所以，數位世界擁有親切感、

all the immediacy, the orientation of the analog world.

即時性及類比世界中的方位。

Probably summed up in a way

也許可以用

by the stylish or alternative available here,

手邊這時髦，或是替代的產品來作總結，

as we generously had gifted at lunchtime,

就像是我們在午餐時間被慷慨給與的，

the [unclear], which is a further kind of development --

下一階段的發展Maxin，

and again, inspired by the incredible sort of sensual feel.

這也是受到奇妙的感受所啓發的。

A very, very beautiful object.

一個非常非常美的物品，

So, something which in [the] '50s, '60s was very exclusive

在50、60年代很獨特的東西，

has now become, interestingly, quite inclusive.

現在卻有趣地成為，蘊含在內的元素

And the reference to the iPod as iconic,

把iPod當成象徵性的指標，

and in a way evocative of performance, delivery --

他創造了難忘的性能與傳達經驗，

quite interesting that [in] the beginning of the year 2007,

有趣的是 2007年初，

the Financial Times commented that the Detroit companies

《金融時報》報導底特律的幾家公司，

envy the halo effect that Toyota has gained

都羨慕豐田從Prius得到的月暈效應，

from the Prius as the hybrid, energy-conscious vehicle,

節電油能混合汽車Prius也因此，

which rivals the iPod as an iconic product.

成為象徵商品iPod的競爭對手。

And I think it's very tempting to, in a way, seduce ourselves --

我想我們很容易誘使自己落入圈套，

as architects, or anybody involved with the design process --

無論是建築師或任何參與設計過程的人，

that the answer to our problems lies with buildings.

會認為解決問題的方法就在建築上。

Buildings are important, but

建築是重要的，可是

they're only a component of a much bigger picture.

那只是整體的部分結構。

In other words, as I might seek to demonstrate,

換句話說，我將試圖說明，

if you could achieve the impossible,

如果你能做到不可能的事，

the equivalent of perpetual motion,

例如永恆運動，

you could design a carbon-free house, for example.

你就可以設計一棟零碳房屋。

That would be the answer.

那將會是解決辦法。

Unfortunately, it's not the answer.

可惜的是，那並不是解答，

It's only the beginning of the problem.

只是問題的開始而已。

You cannot separate the buildings out

你不能將建築

from the infrastructure of cites

從城市基礎建設

and the mobility of transit.

及交通運輸中切割出來。

For example, if, in that Bucky-inspired phrase, we draw back

例如，如果在巴克所啟發的詞彙中，我們回顧

and we look at planet Earth,

並觀察地球，

and we take a kind of typical, industrialized society,

拿個一般工業化的社會來看，

then the energy consumed would be split

所消耗的能源可分成

between the buildings, 44 percent, transport, 34 percent, and industry.

建築佔44%、交通佔34%及工業。

But again, that only shows part of the picture.

不過那也只是其中一部分而已，

If you looked at the buildings together with the associated transport,

如果你把建築跟相關交通一起觀察，

in other words, the transport of people, which is 26 percent,

換句話說，就是人們的運輸佔26%，

then 70 percent of the energy consumption

那麼70%的能源消耗

is influenced by the way that our cites and infrastructure work together.

則會受到城市及基礎建設一起運作的影響。

So the problems of sustainability

於是，永續性的問題，

cannot be separated from the nature of the cities,

不能跟建築所歸屬的

of which the buildings are a part.

城市的本質分開。

For example, if you take, and you make a comparison

例如，如果你把兩個城市做比較，

between a recent kind of city,

一個新的城市，

what I'll call, simplistically, a North American city --

我簡單稱為一個北美的城市--

and Detroit is not a bad example, it is very car dependent.

底特律是個不錯的例子，大量依賴汽車，

The city goes out in annular rings,

底特律城市以環狀的方式擴散，

consuming more and more green space,

耗用更多的綠地

and more and more roads, and more and more energy

及更多的道路，還有更多更多的能源，

in the transport of people between the city center --

就爲了運輸人們往返市中心--

which again, the city center, as it becomes deprived

隨著市中心被剝奪

of the living and just becomes commercial, again becomes dead.

生活空間，成為商業中心，它也就死亡了。

If you compared Detroit with a city of a Northern European example --

如果你將底特律跟一個北歐城市比較，

and Munich is not a bad example of that,

慕尼黑是個不錯的例子。

with the greater dependence on walking and cycling --

大量依賴走路和腳踏車，

then a city which is really only twice as dense,

那麼這個密度多了一倍的城市，

is only using one-tenth of the energy.

卻只有使用底特律十分之一的能源。

In other words, you take these comparable examples

換句話說，你看這兩個比較的例子，

and the energy leap is enormous.

就知道其中能源的差距很巨大。

So basically, if you wanted to generalize, you can demonstrate

基本上，如果你想歸納，你可以說

that as the density increases along the bottom there,

在底線上隨著人口密度的增加，

that the energy consumed reduces dramatically.

能源消耗卻可大幅減少。

Of course you can't separate this out from issues like

當然，你無法撇開

social diversity, mass transit,

社會多樣性、大眾運輸、

the ability to be able to walk a convenient distance,

方便行走的距離、

the quality of civic spaces.

城市空間的品質等條件。

But again, you can see Detroit, in yellow at the top,

你可以再次看到上方黃色的底特律，

extraordinary consumption, down below Copenhagen.

有驚人的用量，哥本哈根則在它之下，

And Copenhagen, although it's a dense city,

哥本哈根雖然是人口密集的城市，

is not dense compared with the really dense cities.

比起其他真正密度高的城市卻不太擁擠。

In the year 2000, a rather interesting thing happened.

2000年，發生了一件蠻有趣的事，

You had for the first time mega-cities, [of] 5 million or more,

你首次看見五百萬人或以上的巨型城市，

which were occurring in the developing world.

開始在發展中國家形成。

And now, out of typically 46 cities,

今天在46個典型城市中，

33 of those mega-cities are in the developing world.

其中33個巨型城市都位於發展中國家。

So you have to ask yourself -- the environmental impact of,

所以你必須問自己--例如，

for example, China or India.

中國或印度，將帶來什麼環境衝擊。

If you take China, and you just take Beijing,

假如中國，拿北京做例子，

you can see on that traffic system,

你可以看到那交通系統及

and the pollution associated with the consumption of energy

因為汽車變得跟自行車一樣便宜

as the cars expand at the price of the bicycles.

的消耗能源所帶來的污染

In other words, if you put onto the roads, as is currently happening,

換句話說，如果每天都增加

1,000 new cars every day --

1000輛新車在路上--

statistically, it's the biggest booming auto market in the world --

數據顯示這是世界上最蓬勃的汽車市場，

and the half a billion bicycles serving one and a third billion people are reducing.

而三億多人騎的五億輛自行車正在減少，

And that urbanization is extraordinary, accelerated pace.

這樣都市化的速度是驚人的快。

So, if we think of the transition in our society

假如，我們思考自己的社會轉變，

of the movement from the land to the cities, which took 200 years,

從空地發展到城市整整花了200年，

then that same process is happening in 20 years.

同樣的過程卻只花了北京20年。

In other words, it is accelerating by a factor of 10.

也就是北京以快十倍的速度行進著，

And quite interestingly, over something like a 60-year period,

有趣的是，在大約60年之間，

we're seeing the doubling in life expectancy,

我們看到預期壽命正在倍增，

over that period where the urbanization has trebled.

同時都市化也變成三倍。

If I pull back from that global picture,

如果我回看全球局面，

and I look at the implication over a similar period of time

以類似的時間長度來看其中的含義，

in terms of the technology -- which, as a tool,

從科技的角度來看--就工具而言，

is a tool for designers,

科技是設計師的工具 ，

and I cite our own experience as a company,

我將以我自己公司的經驗舉證 ，

and I just illustrate that by a small selection of projects --

選幾個作品來說明--

then how do you measure that change of technology?

你如何測量科技的改變呢?

How does it affect the design of buildings?

科技又如何影響建築的設計呢?

And particularly, how can it lead

特別是，它如何引領

to the creation of buildings which consume less energy,

我們創造節能的、

create less pollution and are more socially responsible?

低污染的且負有社會責任的建築呢？

That story, in terms of buildings, started in the late '60s, early '70s.

那個故事始於60年代後期70年代初，

The one example I take is a corporate headquarters

我所選的例子是，一個企業總部大樓，

for a company called Willis and Faber,

客戶是威利法柏。

in a small market town in the northeast of England,

地點是英格蘭東北部的商業小鎮，

commuting distance with London.

與倫敦隔著合理的通勤距離。

And here, the first thing you can see

首先，你可以看見的

is that this building, the roof is a very warm kind of

這棟大樓的屋頂像是

overcoat blanket, a kind of insulating garden,

很溫暖的棉大衣、一個隔熱的花園，

which is also about the celebration of public space.

也是在讚揚公共空間的美好。

In other words, for this community, they have this garden in the sky.

也就是說，群眾會有一個空中花園，

So the humanistic ideal is very, very strong in all this work,

在這作品中，有濃厚的人文理想氣息，

encapsulated perhaps by one of my early sketches here,

或許這也涵蓋在我早期的手稿當中，

where you can see greenery, you can see sunlight,

你看得到綠地、陽光，

you have a connection with nature.

跟大自然有連結 ，

And nature is part of the generator, the driver for this building.

而大自然是這棟建築的發電機及驅動者之一，

And symbolically, the colors of the interior are green and yellow.

象徵性地，地室內的顏色是綠色和黃色的。

It has facilities like swimming pools, it has flextime,

它有游泳池等設施，有彈性工時，

it has a social heart, a space, you have contact with nature.

有個社交中心地，一個能接近自然的空間，。

Now this was 1973.

而這是1973年的設計，

In 2001, this building received an award.

在2001年這棟建築得到了一個獎，

And the award was about a celebration for a building

表揚一棟

which had been in use over a long period of time.

使用了許多年的建築 ，

And the people who'd created it came back:

打造這棟建築的人都回來了。

the project managers, the company chairmen then.

企劃主管及當時的公司總裁

And they were saying, you know,

他們說：

"The architects, Norman was always going on about

那建築師諾曼總是說，

designing for the future, and you know,

要為未來做設計 ，

it didn't seem to cost us any more.

而且，也不多花我們更多錢。

So we humored him, we kept him happy."

所以，我們就遷就他讓他快樂，

The image at the top,

上方的圖片，

what it doesn't -- if you look at it in detail,

如果你仔細看

really what it is saying is you can wire this building.

它其實是在說，你可以替這棟建築佈線，

This building was wired for change.

這棟建築為改變而佈線。

So, in 1975, the image there is of typewriters.

1975年，圖片上的是打字機

And when the photograph was taken, it's word processors.

當拍攝照片時，則變成了電腦。

And what they were saying on this occasion was that our competitors

這兩樣東西，在那時間點顯示出我們的競爭者，

had to build new buildings for the new technology.

必須建蓋新的大樓來迎接新科技。

We were fortunate,

我們很幸運，

because in a way our building was future-proofed.

因為我們的建築是可適應未來的。

It anticipated change, even though those changes were not known.

它預期了改變，儘管那些改變並不可知。

Round about that design period leading up to this building,

大約在完成這棟大樓的設計之前，

I did a sketch, which we pulled out of the archive recently.

我畫的一張草圖，最近才從檔案中拿出來，

And I was saying, and I wrote, "But we don't have the time,

我在上面寫著：「但是我們沒有那個時間，

and we really don't have the immediate expertise

也沒有現有的

at a technical level."

技術專業可用」

In other words, we didn't have the technology

也就是說，我們當時並沒有相關的科技，

to do what would be really interesting on that building.

能把真的有意思的東西放進這棟建築裡。

And that would be to create a kind of three-dimensional bubble --

如創造一種立體的泡泡--

a really interesting overcoat that would naturally ventilate,

一種會自然通風的有趣外層，

would breathe and would seriously reduce the energy loads.

會呼吸且真的能減少能量的消耗。

Notwithstanding the fact that the building, as a green building,

儘管，事實上，這棟建築

is very much a pioneering building.

還是可稱為綠建築的開創先鋒。

And if I fast-forward in time, what is interesting

有趣的是，如果我把時間快轉，

is that the technology is now available and celebratory.

現在有環保科技可用且蓬勃發展。

The library of the Free University, which opened last year,

去年落成的自由大學的圖書館，

is an example of that.

就是一個例子。

And again, the transition from one of the many thousands

從幾萬分草圖之一，

of sketches and computer images to the reality.

變成電腦圖再到實體。

And a combination of devices here,

裡頭混合著許多設備，

the kind of heavy mass concrete of these book stacks,

那些厚重的水泥書櫃，

and the way in which that is enclosed by this skin,

還有被外層包覆的方式，

which enables the building to be ventilated,

可讓圖書館自然通風

to consume dramatically less energy,

大量節能，

and where it's really working with the forces of nature.

而且，真的能夠以大自然的力量運作。

And what is interesting is that this is hugely popular

有趣的是，這很受

by the people who use it.

使用者的喜愛。

Again, coming back to that thing about the lifestyle,

這又帶我們回到生活品味的觀念上，

and in a way, the ecological agenda is very much at one with the spirit.

某種程度上，人們的心靈認同生態議題。

So it's not a kind of sacrifice, quite the reverse.

所以，這不是一種犧牲恰好相反。

I think it's a great -- it's a celebration.

我認為環保是很棒、很值得慶祝的事。

And you can measure the performance,

你可以測量環保的效能，

in terms of energy consumption, of that building

將這建築的耗能量

against a typical library.

跟典型的圖書館做比較。

If I show another aspect of that technology

讓我舉出另一個環保科技，

then, in a completely different context --

在背景完全不同的地方--

this apartment building in the Alps in Switzerland.

這是在瑞士阿爾卑斯山的公寓大樓，

Prefabricated from the most traditional of materials,

用最傳統的建材預先打造，

but that material -- because of the technology, the computing ability,

那建材--因為有科技和電腦的協助，

the ability to prefabricate, make high-performance components

可預製且製造高性能的木材結構，

out of timber -- very much at the cutting edge.

是很先進的建材。

And just to give a sort of glimpse of that technology,

稍微來看一下這個技術，

the ability to plot points in the sky

將點畫在空中，

and to transmit, to transfer that information

再將資料

now, directly into the factory.

直接傳輸到工廠。

So if you cross the border -- just across the border --

越過瑞士的邊界一點距離，

a small factory in Germany, and here you can see the guy with his computer screen,

在德國有一間小工廠，你可以看到這裡有一個人站在電腦前，

and those points in space are communicated.

剛才那些空中的點就傳輸過來了。

And on the left are the cutting machines,

在左邊的是用來切割的機器，

which then, in the factory,

它讓工廠

enable those individual pieces to be fabricated

可以預製每一塊獨特的建材，

and plus or minus very, very few millimeters,

只留下幾公厘

to be slotted together on site.

讓工人在現場組裝。

And then interestingly, that building to then be clad

有趣的是，接著那棟建築

in the oldest technology, which is the kind of hand-cut shingles.

將以最古老的技術覆蓋起來，有點像手工切製的瓦片。

One quarter of a million of them applied by hand as the final finish.

以手工鋪上25萬片來完成最後的表面處理，

And again, the way in which that works as a building,

就建築而言，瓦片讓我們

for those of us who can enjoy the spaces,

可以享受到那兒居住

to live and visit there.

和參觀的空間。

If I made the leap into these new technologies,

我跳到這裡講這些新的科技，

then how did we -- what happened before that?

那之前發生了什麼事呢？

I mean, you know, what was life like before the mobile phone,

我的意思是，手機及你認為理所當然的東西出現之前，

the things that you take for granted?

那生活又是怎樣的呢？

Well, obviously the building still happened.

顯然，建築還是蓋起來了。

I mean, this is a glimpse of the interior of our Hong Kong bank of 1979,

這是1979年建蓋的香港銀行的內部，

which opened in 1985, with the ability to be able to reflect sunlight

在1985年落成，能夠將陽光折射進入

deep into the heart of this space here.

這個空間的中心。

And in the absence of computers, you have to physically model.

在沒有電腦的情況下，你必須製作實體模型，

So for example, we would put models under an artificial sky.

例如，我們會將模型放在人造的天空下，

For wind tunnels, we would literally put them

如果是風道，我們就會把它們

in a wind tunnel and blast air,

放在風道裡猛烈吹風，

and the many kilometers of cable and so on.

及應用好幾公里的鋼索等等。

And the turning point was probably, in our terms,

對我們而言那個轉捩點是，

when we had the first computer.

當我們擁有第一批電腦的時候，

And that was at the time that we sought

當時我們正在探索

to redesign, reinvent the airport.

重新設計及創造機場。

This is Terminal Four at Heathrow, typical of any terminal --

這是希司羅機場的第四航空站，很典型的航空站，

big, heavy roof, blocking out the sunlight,

很大、很厚重的屋頂，完全阻擋了陽光，

lots of machinery, big pipes, whirring machinery.

許多機器大的運輸管、吵雜的機械聲。

And Stansted, the green alternative,

史丹斯泰德機場則是個綠色的選擇，

which uses natural light, is a friendly place:

使用自然採光，是個很友善的空間--

you know where you are, you can relate to the outside.

你知道自己的位置，你也可跟外界有連結，

And for a large part of its cycle, not needing electric light --

而整個循環的重點是，它完全不需要電燈--

electric light, which in turn creates more heat,

因為電燈會產生更多熱度，

which creates more cooling loads and so on.

繼而增加散熱的負擔。

And at that particular point in time,

而在那個特別的時機，

this was one of the few solitary computers.

這是其中一台稀少的獨立計算機，

And that's a little image of the tree of Stansted.

那是史丹斯泰德機場的結構圖。

Not going back very far in time, 1990,

1990年不太久遠的年代，

that's our office.

那是我們的辦公室。

And if you looked very closely, you'd see

如果你非常仔細地看，

that people were drawing with pencils,

你會看到人們用鉛筆畫圖，

and they were pushing, you know, big rulers and triangles.

他們還在用很大的尺和三角板，

It's not that long ago, 17 years, and here we are now.

那並不是很久以前的事，17年後看看我們現在已經這麼進步了，

I mean, major transformation.

真是巨大的轉變。

Going back in time, there was a lady called Valerie Larkin,

回到以前，有一位維拉蕊‧拉肯女士，

and in 1987, she had all our information on one disk.

1987年，她將所有的資料全部存在一張磁片上，

Now, every week, we have the equivalent of 84 million disks,

現在，每星期我們的資料，可等同於當時的八千四百萬張磁片，

which record our archival information

存有過去、現在

on past, current and future projects.

及未來的企劃案。

That reaches 21 kilometers into the sky.

長度可攀升到21公里高的天空，

This is the view you would get, if you looked down on that.

這是你從那高度往下看的景象，

But meanwhile, as you know,

可是現在，你知道

wonderful protagonists like Al Gore

像高爾那樣傑出的倡導者，

are noting the inexorable rise in temperature,

都在說氣溫將無法停止攀升，

set in the context of that,

在這樣的情況下，

interestingly, those buildings which are celebratory

很有趣地發現那些提倡環保的建築，

and very, very relevant to this place.

都和那地方關係很密切。

Our Reichstag project,

這是柏林國會大廈建案，

which has a very familiar agenda, I'm sure,

我想這有一個眾所皆知的議題，

as a public place where we sought to, in a way,

作為一個公共空間，

through a process of advocacy,

我們想找個辦法透過提倡的方式 ，

reinterpret the relationship between society and politicians,

重新詮釋社會及政治家的關係，

public space. And maybe its hidden agenda, an energy manifesto --

也許公共空間在隱藏的議題中有個能源宣言--

something that would be free, completely free

某種不受限制的東西，完全不需要

of fuel as we know it.

我們所知道的燃料 ，

So it would be totally renewable.

使它完全是可再生的。

And again, the humanistic sketch, the translation into the public space,

另一個人性化的草圖，進入公共空間的轉變，

but this very, very much a part of the ecology.

幾乎屬於生態環境的一部份。

But here, not having to model it for real.

可是我們不需要爲實體製作模型，

Obviously the wind tunnel had a place,

顯然風道原本有它的需要，

but the ability now with the computer

可是現在的電腦技術，

to explore, to plan, to see how that would work

能夠去探索、規劃，並觀察那會如何

in terms of the forces of nature:

在自然力量下運轉。

natural ventilation, to be able to model the chamber below,

自然通風，我們能模擬地下的空間，

and to look at biomass.

並且探討生質能源。

A combination of biomass, aquifers, burning vegetable oil --

綜合生物質、地下蓄水層、燃燒植物油--

a process that, quite interestingly, was developed

一個在東德依靠蘇聯軍事時

in Eastern Germany, at the time of its

發展出的過程，

dependence on the Soviet Bloc.

重新轉化那技術。

So really, retranslating that technology and developing something

發展出

which was so clean, it was virtually pollution-free.

很乾淨幾乎零污染的能源。

You can measure it again.

你也可以再測量一次，

You can compare how that building, in terms of its emission

比較這棟建築

in tons of carbon dioxide per year --

每年的二氧化碳排量--

at the time that we took that project, over 7,000 tons --

在建案開始時是7000公噸以上，

what it would have been with natural gas

使用天然氣之後又少了多少？

and finally, with the vegetable oil, 450 tons.

最後使用植物油後只剩450公噸，

I mean, a 94 percent reduction -- virtually clean.

減少了94%--幾乎是零污染。

We can see the same processes at work

我們可以看到同樣的設計，

in terms of the Commerce Bank --

在康美銀行也奏效--

its dependence on natural ventilation,

仰賴自然通風，

the way that you can model those gardens,

你可以模擬那些花園

the way they spiral around.

旋轉的造型。

But again, very much about the lifestyle, the quality --

同樣又是跟生活品味及品質有關--

something that would be more enjoyable as a place to work.

一個讓人更能樂在工作的地方。

And again, we can measure the reduction

而且還是能夠測量

in terms of energy consumption.

其中的節能效果。

There is an evolution here between the projects,

在這些建案之間有個革命，

and Swiss Re again develops that a little bit further --

Swiss Re再次進展得更多一點。

the project in the city in London.

這是在倫敦市中心的建案，

And this sequence shows the buildup of that model.

這一連串的圖片將呈現模擬的過程，

But what it shows first, which I think is quite interesting,

可是我發現有趣的是，首先它先呈現

is that here you see the circle, you see the public space around it.

你現在看見的圓圈及周圍的公共空間，

What are the other ways of putting

還有哪些方法，

the same amount of space on the site?

可以將同樣大的空間放在那地點呢？

If, for example, you seek to do a building

例如，你想要蓋一棟大樓，

which goes right to the edge of the pavement,

以人行步道為界線，

it's the same amount of space.

可營造出同樣大的空間。

And finally, you profile this, you cut grooves into it.

最後，你描繪出一個輪廓切出紋路，

The grooves become the kind of green lungs

那些紋路變成類似綠色的肺，

which give views, which give light, ventilation,

提供眺望的景觀光線、通風作用，

make the building fresher.

讓建築看來更新穎。

And you enclose that with something that also

然後，你用對外表也有修飾作用的東西，

is central to its appearance,

將整棟建築包起來，

which is a mesh of triangulated structures --

那就是三角形的網狀體--

again, in a long connection evocative of

再次與一些巴克明斯特·福勒的作品，

some of those works of Buckminster Fuller,

跨越時空互相呼應，

and the way in which triangulation can increase performance

而三角形的設計可提高性能，

and also give that building its sense of identity.

也給予這建築獨特的身分辨識度。

And here, if we look at a detail of the way

假如，我們仔細看這建築

that the building opens up and breathes into those atria,

如何向上伸展，空氣在中庭的流通，

the way in which now, with a computer, we can model the forces,

現在利用電腦，我們可以模擬力度，

we can see the high pressure, the low pressure,

看到高氣壓、低氣壓，

the way in which the building behaves rather like an aircraft wing.

建築本身就像機翼一樣運作。

So it also has the ability, all the time,

它也有能力在任何時候，

regardless of the direction of the wind,

不管風向如何，

to be able to make the building fresh and efficient.

讓建築維持通風和高效能。

And unlike conventional buildings,

跟傳統建築不一樣的是，

the top of the building is celebratory.

建築的頂端是讓人愉悅的空間。

It's a viewing place for people, not machinery.

它是一個觀景台，而不是機械室，

And the base of the building is again about public space.

而建築的底層，也同樣是公共空間。

Comparing it with a typical building,

跟典型的建築比較，

what happens if we seek to use such design strategies

如果我們嘗試採用這樣的設計策略，

in terms of really large-scale thinking?

並應用在大規模的思考上會如何呢 ？

And I'm just going to give two images

我將分享兩張

out of a kind of company research project.

類似公司調查計畫的圖片。

It's been well known that the Dead Sea is dying.

眾所皆知死海正在死亡，

The level is dropping, rather like the Aral Sea.

海平面正在下降有點像鹹海，

And the Dead Sea is obviously much lower

死海的海平面顯然比

than the oceans and seas around it.

周圍的海洋還低，

So there has been a project which rescues the Dead Sea

於是就出現了一個拯救死海的計畫。

by creating a pipeline, a pipe,

設置運輸管，

sometimes above the surface, sometimes buried,

有時浮現、有時潛藏，

that will redress that, and will feed from the Gulf of Aqaba

從阿卡巴灣輸送水來補救

into the Dead Sea.

死海的海平面。

And our translation of that,

我們的想法是，

using a lot of the thinking built up over the 40 years, is to say,

應用過去40年來累積的知識，

what if that, instead of being just a pipe,

如果不要用輸送管線，

what if it is a lifeline?

而是創造一條生命線呢？

What if it is the equivalent, depending on where you are,

假使這跟大運河一樣取決於

of the Grand Canal,

你所在的位置，

in terms of tourists, habitation, desalination, agriculture?

就觀光客、居住環境、海水、淡化農業來看？

In other words, water is the lifeblood.

換句話說，水就是命脈。

And if you just go back to the previous image,

如果回到剛才的圖片，

and you look at this area of volatility and hostility,

你看到這個反覆無常且敵對的地區，

that a unifying design idea as a humanitarian gesture

一個有如人道主義的整合設計概念，

could have the affect of bringing all those warring factions together

很可能將敵對的派系因共同理想聚集在一起，

in a united cause, in terms of something that would be

在最廣泛的意義上，

genuinely green and productive in the widest sense.

用完全環保且有生產力的建設來解決。

Infrastructure at that large scale is also

如此龐大的基礎建設

inseparable from communication.

不能避免溝通，

And whether that communication is the virtual world

無論那溝通是在虛擬

or it is the physical world,

或實體的世界，

then it's absolutely central to society.

對社會來說都是核心重點，

And how do we make more legible in this growing world,

在不斷成長的世界裡，我們如何更清楚地表達，

especially in some of the places that I'm talking about --

尤其是在我討論的一些地方--

China, for example, which in the next ten years

例如，中國在未來的十年，

will create 400 new airports.

將會建設400座新的機場，

Now what form do they take?

那些機場將有什麼造型？

How do you make them more friendly at that scale?

你如何讓大規模的機場對環境更友善呢？

Hong Kong I refer to as a kind of analog experience in a digital age,

香港機場，我形容它是一個在數位時代的類比體驗，

because you always have a point of reference.

因為你總是會有參照標準。

So what happens when we take that and you expand that further

如果我們將這點延伸擴大到

into the Chinese society?

中國社會會如何呢？

And what is interesting is that that produces in a way

有趣的是，結果將產生

perhaps the ultimate mega-building.

一個終極的巨型建築。

It is physically the largest project on the planet at the moment.

這是目前地球上最大的建案。

250 -- excuse me, 50,000 people working 24 hours, seven days.

250--抱歉！是五萬人每天工作24小時，

Larger by 17 percent than every terminal put together

比希司羅機場還要大17%，包括現有的航空站

at Heathrow -- built -- plus the new, un-built Terminal Five.

及未建蓋的第五航空站。

And the challenge here is a building that will be green,

這當中的挑戰是要蓋一棟綠建築，

that is compact despite its size

儘管巨大還是要精簡，

and is about the human experience of travel,

以人類的旅行體驗為訴求，

is about friendly, is coming back to that starting point,

也強調友善的使用性，當然又回到原點：

is very, very much about the lifestyle.

跟生活品味非常有關聯。

And perhaps these, in the end, as celebratory spaces.

也許最後這將會是一個令人快樂的空間，

As Hubert was talking over lunch,

如同修伯特在午餐跟我

as we sort of engaged in conversation,

談到的，

talked about this, talked about cities.

談論到環保及城市。

Hubert was saying, absolutely correctly, "These are the new cathedrals."

如同修伯特所說的而且完全正確，「這些是新的大教堂」。

And in a way, one aspect of this conversation

某程度來說，這段演講的某一部份

was triggered on New Year's Eve,

是在除夕夜想到的。

when I was talking about the Olympic agenda in China

當時我說到中國的奧運議題，

in terms of its green ambitions and aspirations.

它的綠色理想與抱負。

And I was voicing the thought that --

我說出自己的想法--

it just crossed my mind that New Year's Eve,

在那除夕夜想到的，

a sort of symbolic turning point as we move from 2006 to 2007 --

那是從2006到2007的象徵性的轉捩點 ，

that maybe, you know, the future was

也許未來是

the most powerful, innovative sort of nation.

最強、最創新的一種國家。

The way in which somebody like Kennedy inspirationally could say,

像甘迺迪那樣說出啟發性的話，

"We put a man on the moon."

「我們把人放到月球上去」。

You know, who is going to say

誰會來說，

that we cracked this thing of the dependence on fossil fuels,

我們突破了對石化燃料的依賴，

with all that being held to ransom by rogue regimes, and so on.

擺脫惡棍政權掌控的價格等等，

And that's a concerted platform.

這是個商議好的平台。

It's more than one device, you know, it's renewable.

不只是一種裝置且可再生，

And I voiced the thought that maybe at the turn of the year,

我說出一個想法，也許在進入新的一年時，

I thought that the inspiration was more likely

我覺得這些啟發性的創想

to come from those other, larger countries out there --

將很可能來自其他更大的國家--

the Chinas, the Indias, the Asian-Pacific tigers.

如中國、印度及亞太老虎們。

Thank you very much.

謝謝各位！

(Applause)

(掌聲)