Moshe Safdie: What makes a building unique?

50,310 views ใƒป 2008-02-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Esther Metzger
00:13
So, what I'd like to talk about is something
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื•
00:17
that was very dear to Kahn's heart, which is:
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ื™ืงืจ ืœืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงืืจืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื
00:19
how do we discover what is really particular about a project?
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ืื™ืš ืžื’ืœื™ื ืžื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
00:22
How do you discover the uniqueness of a project as unique as a person?
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ืื™ืš ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜, ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
00:28
Because it seems to me that finding this uniqueness
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ื›ื™ ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืžืฆื™ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•
00:31
has to do with dealing with the whole force of globalization;
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”:
00:41
that the particular is central to finding the uniqueness of place
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ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื•ืจื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื
00:47
and the uniqueness of a program in a building.
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ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื”.
00:50
And so I'll take you to Wichita, Kansas,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ืœื•ื•ื™ืฆ'ื™ื˜ื”, ืงื ื–ืก,
00:54
where I was asked some years ago to do a science museum
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ืฉื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™
00:57
on a site, right downtown by the river.
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ื‘ืืชืจ ืžืกื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ, ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ.
01:02
And I thought the secret of the site was to make the building of the river, part of the river.
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ื“ ื”ืืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื™ื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื”ืจ.
01:08
Unfortunately, though, the site was separated from the river by McLean Boulevard
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ื”ืืชืจ ื•ื”ื ื”ืจ ื”ื•ืคืจื“ื• ืข"ื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
01:13
so I suggested, "Let's reroute McLean,"
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ืื– ื”ืฆืขืชื™, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื ืชื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื™ื™ืŸ.
01:16
and that gave birth instantly to Friends of McLean Boulevard.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื’ื•ื“ืช "ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ืจื•ืช ืžืงืœื™ื™ืŸ".
01:20
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
01:25
And it took six months to reroute it.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืจืš ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
01:28
The first image I showed the building committee was
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ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ืฆื’ืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืขื“ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื™ืชื”
01:34
this astronomic observatory of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
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ืžืฆืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’'ื ื˜ืจ ืžื ื˜ืจ ื‘ื’'ืื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:39
because I talked about what makes a building a building of science.
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ื›ื™ ื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžื“ืข
01:45
And it seemed to me that this structure -- complex, rich and yet
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืขื ื–ืืช
01:51
totally rational: it's an instrument -- had something to do with science,
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ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื”ื™ื ื• ื›ืœื™, ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื“ืข,
01:54
and somehow a building for science should be different and unique and speak of that.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืขื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื” ื•ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ื–ืืช.
01:59
And so my first sketch after I left was to say,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืืชื™ ืžืฉื ื‘ืขืฆื ืืžืจ,
02:01
"Let's cut the channel and make an island and make an island building."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™, ื•ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ-ืื™.
02:07
And I got all excited and came back, and
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื“, ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื,
02:10
they sort of looked at me in dismay and said, "An island?
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื™ืžื” ื•ืืžืจื•, ืื™?
02:13
This used to be an island -- Ackerman Island --
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืื™. ื”ืื™ ืืงืจืžืŸ,
02:15
and we filled in the channel during the Depression to create jobs."
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ื•ื‘ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
02:18
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:21
And so the process began and they said,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื—ืœ ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•,
02:24
"You can't put it all on an island;
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ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ืื™.
02:26
some of it has to be on the mainland because
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ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืช, ื›ื™
02:28
we don't want to turn our back to the community."
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืคื ื•ืช ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืงื”ื™ืœื”.
02:31
And there emerged a design: the galleries sort of forming an island
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ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื–ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืฉื›ืื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื™,
02:35
and you could walk through them or on the roof.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจื›ื ืื• ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’,
02:38
And there were all kinds of exciting features:
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืฉื ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
02:41
you could come in through the landside buildings,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื,
02:44
walk through the galleries into playgrounds in the landscape.
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ืœืœื›ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื” ืืœ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื - ื”ื ื” ื”ื ื•ืฃ.
02:47
If you were cheap you could walk on top of a bridge to the roof,
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ืžื™ ืฉืงืžืฆืŸ, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื’ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ื’ื’,
02:50
peek in the exhibits and then get totally seduced,
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื•ืช,
02:54
come back and pay the five dollars admission.
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ื•ืื– ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื•ืœืฉืœื ืืช ื“ืžื™ ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ื‘ืกืš 5 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื .
02:56
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:58
And the client was happy -- well, sort of happy
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ื•ื”ืœืงื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืฆื”, ืื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืจื•ืฆื”,
03:00
because we were four million dollars over the budget, but essentially happy.
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ื›ื™ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื‘-4 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ. ืื‘ืœ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžืจื•ืฆื”.
03:04
But I was still troubled, and I was troubled because I felt this was capricious.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืฉืชื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืคืจื™ื–ื™.
03:10
It was complex, but there was something capricious about its complexity.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืงืคืจื™ื–ื™ ื‘ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
03:15
It was, what I would say, compositional complexity,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื›ื ื” ื–ืืช 'ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืžืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื”',
03:18
and I felt that if I had to fulfill what I talked about --
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ื•ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืื ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื’ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื•,
03:23
a building for science -- there had to be some kind of a generating idea,
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ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœืžื“ืข, ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื ื™ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื• -
03:26
some kind of a generating geometry.
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ืกื•ื’ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช.
03:29
And this gave birth to the idea of having toroidal generating geometry,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื‘ืขืชื™ืช,
03:34
one with its center deep in the earth for the landside building
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ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื” ื ืขื•ืฅ ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื“ืžืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™,
03:38
and a toroid with its center in the sky for the island building.
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ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื™.
03:44
A toroid, for those who don't know,
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ื‘ืœื™ื˜ื” ื˜ื‘ืขืชื™ืช, ืœืžื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข,
03:46
is the surface of a doughnut or, for some of us, a bagel.
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ื”ื™ื ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ 'ื“ื•ื ืื˜', ืื• ืื ืชืจืฆื•, 'ื‘ื™ื™ื’ืœ'.
03:50
And out of this idea started spinning off many,
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ื•ืžืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื
03:54
many kinds of variations of different plans and possibilities,
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ืฉืœ ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
03:59
and then the plan itself evolved in relationship to the exhibits,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชื’ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช,
04:03
and you see the intersection of the plan with the toroidal geometry.
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ื•ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช.
04:09
And finally the building -- this is the model.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ - ื–ื”ื• ื”ื“ื’ื.
04:12
And when there were complaints about budget, I said,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ืชืœื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืงืฆื™ื‘, ืืžืจืชื™,
04:14
"Well, it's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money: reflections."
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ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” - ื”ืฉืชืงืคื•ื™ื•ืช.
04:20
And here's the building as it opened,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”,
04:23
with a channel overlooking downtown, and as seen from downtown.
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ืขื ืชืขืœื” ื”ืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ื”ืขื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžืจืื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
04:28
And the bike route's going right through the building,
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ื•ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ืื•ืคื ื™ื™ื ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
04:31
so those traveling the river would see the exhibits and be drawn to the building.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืจื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื ื”ืจ ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืžืฉื›ื• ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:40
The toroidal geometry made for a very efficient building:
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ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืžืื“.
04:43
every beam in this building is the same radius, all laminated wood.
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ื›ืœ ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื“ื™ื•ืก, ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืขืฅ ืžืฆื•ืคื”.
04:48
Every wall, every concrete wall is resisting the stresses and supporting the building.
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ื›ืœ ืงื™ืจ, ื›ืœ ืงื™ืจ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื”.
04:54
Every piece of the building works.
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ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช.
04:57
These are the galleries with the light coming in through the skylights,
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ืืœื” ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื“ืจ ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื’
05:02
and at night, and on opening day.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”.
05:08
Going back to 1976.
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ืื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืช 1976 --
05:11
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
05:16
In 1976, I was asked to design a children's memorial museum
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-ื‘-1976 ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœื–ื›ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื
05:21
in a Holocaust museum in Yad Vashem in Jerusalem,
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ื‘ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื” ื‘"ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื" ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
05:25
which you see here the campus.
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ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ - ื–ื” ื”ืงืžืคื•ืก.
05:28
I was asked to do a building,
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ื•ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉืชื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื‘ื ื”,
05:30
and I was given all the artifacts of clothing and drawings.
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ื•ื ืžืกืจื• ืœื™ ื›ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ื.
05:36
And I felt very troubled.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืื“ ืžื•ื˜ืจื“.
05:38
I worked on it for months and I couldn't deal with it
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”,
05:40
because I felt people were coming out of the historic museum,
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ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆืื• ืžื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
05:43
they are totally saturated with information
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื•ืฆืคื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข,
05:46
and to see yet another museum with information,
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ื•ืื ื™ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœืขื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืœื ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข,
05:49
it would make them just unable to digest.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืขื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
05:53
And so I made a counter-proposal:
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื’ื“ื™ืช. ื•ืืžืจืชื™,
05:55
I said, "No building." There was a cave on the site; we tunnel into the hill,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืžื‘ื ื”. ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื”. ื ื—ืคื•ืจ ืžื ื”ืจื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”,
06:02
descend through the rock into an underground chamber.
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ื ืจื“ ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืœืข ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืื•ืœื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™.
06:08
There's an anteroom with photographs of children who perished
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื“ืจ-ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืขื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืกืคื•,
06:12
and then you come into a large space.
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ื•ืื—ืจ ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
06:16
There is a single candle flickering in the center;
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ืฉื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืฉืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
06:20
by an arrangement of reflective glasses, it reflects into infinity in all directions.
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ืข"ื™ ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ืžืจืื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชืงืฃ ืขื“ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
06:27
You walk through the space, a voice reads the names,
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ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ, ืงื•ืœ ืžืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื•ืช,
06:32
ages and place of birth of the children.
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื™ื“ืชื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
06:34
This voice does not repeat for six months.
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ืงื•ืœ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื• ืืœื ื‘ืชื•ื 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
06:37
And then you descend to light and to the north and to life.
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืืœ ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ, ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
06:42
Well, they said, "People won't understand,
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ืื– ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• --
06:44
they'll think it's a discotheque. You can't do that."
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ื”ื ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ืกืงื•ื˜ืง. ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
06:46
And they shelved the project. And it sat there for 10 years,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืฃ ืœืžืฉืš 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
06:50
and then one day Abe Spiegel from Los Angeles,
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ื•ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื“ ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ ืžืœื•ืก ืื ื’'ืœืก,
06:54
who had lost his three-year-old son at Auschwitz,
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ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืฉื•ื•ื™ืฅ,
06:57
came, saw the model, wrote the check and it got built 10 years later.
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ื‘ื, ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื, ืจืฉื ืฆ'ืง, ื•ื–ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืื—ืจื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
07:03
So, many years after that in 1998,
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ืื– ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืื—ืจ ื›ืš, ื‘-1998,
07:07
I was on one of my monthly trips to Jerusalem
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืื—ืช ื”ื ืกื™ืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
07:11
and I got a call from the foreign ministry saying,
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ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืžืฉืจื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืฉืืžืจ,
07:14
"We've got the Chief Minister of the Punjab here.
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ื ืžืฆื ืืฆืœื ื• ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืคื•ื ื’'ืื‘.
07:20
He is on a state visit. We took him on a visit to Yad Vashem,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื™. ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘"ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื".
07:26
we took him to the children's memorial; he was extremely moved.
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœ"ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืœื“", ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
07:29
He's demanding to meet the architect. Could you come down and meet him in Tel Aviv?"
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ื•ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜. ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘?
07:32
And I went down and Chief Minister Badal said to me,
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ื™ืจื“ืชื™ ืœืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘, ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืืœ ืืžืจ ืœื™,
07:37
"We Sikhs have suffered a great deal, as you have Jews.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื•, ื”ืกื™ืงื™ื, ืกื‘ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื›ืžื•ื›ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื.
07:42
I was very moved by what I saw today.
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ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื“ ืžืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื•ื.
07:45
We are going to build our national museum to tell the story of our people;
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ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™, ืฉื™ืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืžื ื•.
07:49
we're about to embark on that.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื›ืš.
07:51
I'd like you to come and design it."
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื‘ื•ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
07:53
And so, you know, it's one of those things that you don't take too seriously.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืžืชื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™.
07:59
But two weeks later, I was in this little town, Anandpur Sahib,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”, ืื ืื ื“ืคื•ืจ ืกื”ื™ื‘
08:04
outside Chandigarh, the capital of the Punjab,
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ืœื™ื“ ืฆ'ืื ื“ื™ื’ืจ, ื‘ื™ืจืช ืคื•ื ื’'ืื‘,
08:08
and the temple and also next to it the fortress
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ื•ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ, ื•ืœื™ื“ื• ื’ื ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ
08:13
that the last guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind, died in
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ืฉื‘ื• ืžืช ื”ื’ื•ืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืงื™ื, ื’ื•ืจื• ื’ื•ืคื‘ื™ื ื“,
08:18
as he wrote the Khalsa, which is their holy scripture.
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ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืงืืœืกื”, ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื.
08:23
And I got to work and they took me somewhere down there,
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ื ื™ื’ืฉืชื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ื•ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
08:28
nine kilometers away from the town and the temple,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 9 ืง"ืž ืžื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ืžื”ืžืงื“ืฉ,
08:30
and said, "That's where we have chosen the location."
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ื•ืืžืจื•, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืืชืจ.
08:33
And I said, "This just doesn't make any sense.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืจืชื™, ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™.
08:37
The pilgrims come here by the hundreds of thousands --
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ื”ืฆืœื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ, ืืœืคื™ื ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ื --
08:40
they're not going to get in trucks and buses and go down there.
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ื”ื ื”ืจื™ ืœื ื™ืขืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฉืื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ื ื”.
08:43
Let's get back to the town and walk to the site."
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืจื” ื•ื ืœืš ืขื“ ื”ืืชืจ.
08:46
And I recommended they do it right there, on that hill
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ื•ื”ืžืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉื, ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื”ื™ื,
08:49
and this hill, and bridge all the way into the town.
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ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ื•ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ืฉืจ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืขื“ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
08:53
And, as things are a little easier in India, the site was purchased within a week
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื”ืืชืจ ื ืจื›ืฉ ืชื•ืš ืฉื‘ื•ืข,
08:59
and we were working.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
09:01
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
09:02
And my proposal was to split the museum into two --
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ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคืฆืœ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื:
09:06
the permanent exhibits at one end, the auditorium, library,
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ื”ืชืฆื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ืื—ื“, ื”ืื•ื“ื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ื, ื”ืกืคืจื™ื”,
09:11
and changing exhibitions on the other --
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ื•ืชืขืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืœืคื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™.
09:13
to flood the valley into a series of water gardens
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ืœื”ืฆื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขืžืง ื‘ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ ืžื™ื,
09:17
and to link it all to the fort and to the downtown.
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ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ ืœืžื‘ืฆืจ ื•ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืขื™ืจ.
09:21
And the structures rise from the sand cliffs --
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืชืจื•ืžืžื™ื ืžืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ.
09:25
they're built in concrete and sandstones; the roofs are stainless steel --
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ื”ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื‘ืŸ-ื—ื•ืœ; ื”ื’ื’ื•ืช ืžืคืœื“ืช ืืœ-ื—ืœื“.
09:30
they are facing south and reflecting light towards the temple itself,
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ื”ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื” ื•ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืขืฆืžื•,
09:35
pedestrians crisscross from one side to the other.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ืจื’ืœ ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“.
09:38
And as you come from the north, it is all masonry growing out of the sand cliffs
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืฆื•ืžื— ืžืฆื•ืงื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ;
09:44
as you come from the Himalayas and evoking the tradition of the fortress.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื” ื•ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ืฆืจ.
09:50
And then I went away for four months
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ืขื–ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืœืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
09:52
and there was going to be groundbreaking.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื˜ืงืก ื”ื ื—ืช ืื‘ืŸ-ื”ืคื™ื ื”.
09:54
And I came back and, lo and behold, the little model I'd left behind
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ื•ื›ืฉื—ื–ืจืชื™, ื”ืคืœื ื•ืคืœื, ื”ื“ื’ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืืจืชื™
09:57
had been built ten times bigger for public display on site
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ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืคื™ 10 ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืืชืจ,
10:01
and ... the bridge was built!
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ื•ื”ื•ืงื ื”ื’ืฉืจ.
10:04
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
10:11
Within the working drawings!
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ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช!
10:14
And half a million people gathered for the celebrations;
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื ืืกืคื• ืœืจื’ืœ ื”ื˜ืงืก,
10:20
you can see them on the site itself as the foundations are beginning.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช.
10:24
I was renamed Safdie Singh. And there it is under construction;
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ืฉืžื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœืกืคื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื’', ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื–ืืช--
10:29
there are 1,800 workers at work and it will be finished in two years.
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ื™ืฉ 1,800 ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืืชืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฉืœื ืชื•ืš ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
10:34
Back to Yad Vashem three years ago. After all this episode began,
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ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœ"ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื" ืœืคื ื™ 3 ืฉื ื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
10:39
Yad Vashem decided to rebuild completely the historic museum
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"ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื" ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
10:43
because now Washington was built -- the Holocaust Museum in Washington --
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ื›ื™ ื›ืขืช ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืื”,
10:46
and that museum is so much more comprehensive in terms of information.
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงื™ืฃ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข.
10:51
And Yad Vashem needs to deal with three million visitors a year at this point.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ "ื™ื“ ื•ืฉื" ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื 3 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
10:55
They said, "Let's rebuild the museum."
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ื”ื ืืžืจื•, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ.
10:57
But of course, the Sikhs might give you a job on a platter -- the Jews make it hard:
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื”ืกื™ืงื™ื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืš ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื’ืฉ, ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
11:01
international competition, phase one, phase two, phase three.
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ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืฉืœื‘ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉื ื™, ืฉืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™.
11:06
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
11:08
And again, I felt kind of uncomfortable with the notion
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื—ืฉืชื™ ืงืฆืช ืœื ื ื•ื— ืขื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”
11:12
that a building the size of the Washington building --
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ืฉืžื‘ื ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:17
50,000 square feet -- will sit on that fragile hill
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ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ 15,000 ืž"ืจ, ื™ื™ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื” ื’ื‘ืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื™ืจื™ืช,
11:21
and that we will go into galleries -- rooms with doors
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ื•ืฉืื ื• ื ื™ื›ื ืก ืœื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ืขื ื“ืœืชื•ืช
11:25
and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the Holocaust.
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ื•ืกืชื ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื•ืื”.
11:29
And I proposed that we cut through the mountain. That was my first sketch.
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ืื– ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืจ - ื–ื”ื• ื”ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™,
11:34
Just cut the whole museum through the mountain --
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื”ืจ,
11:36
enter from one side of the mountain,
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ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ,
11:38
come out on the other side of the mountain --
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ื•ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืจ.
11:40
and then bring light through the mountain into the chambers.
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืื•ืœืžื•ืช.
11:44
And here you see the model:
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื,
11:47
a reception building and some underground parking.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืœื” ื•ื›ืžื” ื—ื ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื.
11:50
You cross a bridge, you enter this triangular room, 60 feet high,
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ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ืฉืจ, ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 20 ืžื˜ืจ,
11:56
which cuts right into the hill
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ืฉื—ื•ืฆื” ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”
11:58
and extends right through as you go towards the north.
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ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื“ืจื›ื” ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืฆืคื•ื ื”.
12:03
And all of it, then, all the galleries are underground,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ืชืช-ืงืจืงืขื™ื•ืช.
12:06
and you see the openings for the light.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืคืชื—ื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
12:09
And at night, just one line of light cuts through the mountain,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืจืง ืงื• ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฆื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืจ,
12:12
which is a skylight on top of that triangle.
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ืฉื–ื” ืืฉื ื‘-ื”ื’ื’ ืฉื‘ืชื™ืงืจืช ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
12:16
And all the galleries,
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช --
12:20
as you move through them and so on, are below grade.
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ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ืŸ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” - ื”ืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื˜ื”.
12:23
And there are chambers carved in the rock --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืœืข -
12:28
concrete walls, stone, the natural rock when possible -- with the light shafts.
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ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืŸ, ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ - ืขื ืคื™ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
12:32
This is actually a Spanish quarry, which sort of inspired
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ืžื—ืฆื‘ื” ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืจืื”
12:38
the kind of spaces that these galleries could be.
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืœืœื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
12:41
And then, coming towards the north, it opens up:
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ื•ืื–, ื™ืฉืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ื ืคืชื—:
12:44
it bursts out of the mountain into, again, a view of light and of the city
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ื–ื” ืคื•ืจืฅ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื”ืจ, ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
12:50
and of the Jerusalem hills.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื.
12:55
I'd like to conclude with a project I've been working on for two months.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœื™ื• ืžื–ื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื.
13:00
It's the headquarters for the Institute of Peace in Washington,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžื˜ื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ,
13:06
the U.S. Institute of Peace.
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ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืœืฉืœื•ื.
13:08
The site chosen is across from the Lincoln Memorial;
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ื”ืืชืจ ืฉื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ืžืฆื ืžื•ืœ ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ --
13:13
you see it there directly on the Mall. It's the last building on the Mall,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืฉื, ืžืžืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ืจื”,
13:17
on access of the Roosevelt Bridge that comes in from Virginia.
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ืขื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื’ืฉืจ ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜, ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืžื•ื•ื™ืจื’'ื™ื ื”.
13:22
That too was a competition, and it is something I'm just beginning to work on.
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ื’ื ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
13:30
But one recognized the kind of uniqueness of the site.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืชืจ.
13:34
If it were to be anywhere in Washington,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ,
13:36
it would be an office building, a conference center,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฆื•ืจืช ืžื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื, ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื ืกื™ื,
13:39
a place for negotiating peace and so on -- all of which the building is --
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ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ื•', ืฉื–ื• ืžื”ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
13:43
but by virtue of the choice of putting it on the Mall and by the Lincoln Memorial,
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ืืš ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืฉื“ืจื”, ื•ืœื™ื“ ืื ื“ืจื˜ืช ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ,
13:47
this becomes the structure that is the symbol of peace on the Mall.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ื”ืฉืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”.
13:52
And that was a lot of heat to deal with.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ืกืขืจืช ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
13:57
The first sketch recognizes that the building is many spaces --
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ื”ืชืจืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื•ื ืจื‘-ื—ืœืœื™ -
14:01
spaces where research goes on, conference centers,
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ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืžืชื ื”ืœ ืžื—ืงืจ, ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื›ื ืกื™ื,
14:06
a public building because it will be a museum devoted to peacemaking --
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ืžื‘ื ื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืฉื›ื ืช ืฉืœื•ื.
14:10
and these are the drawings that we submitted for the competition,
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ื•ืืœื• ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ืฉื ื• ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช,
14:14
the plans showing the spaces which radiate outwards from the entry.
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืจืขื™ื ืจื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืžื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”.
14:19
You see the structure as, in the sequence of structures on the Mall,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืจืฆืฃ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”:
14:23
very transparent and inviting and looking in.
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ืžืื“ ืฉืงื•ืฃ, ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืฉื•ืฃ ืœืžื‘ื˜ ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
14:27
And then as you enter it again, looking in all directions towards the city.
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ื•ืื– ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
14:32
And what I felt about that building is that it really was a building
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
14:36
that had to do with a lightness of being -- to quote Kundera --
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ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื•ื, ืื ืœืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ืงื•ื ื“ืจื” -
14:43
that it had to do with whiteness,
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื‘ืŸ,
14:45
it had to do with a certain dynamic quality and it had to do with optimism.
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ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
14:51
And this is where it is; it's sort of evolving.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ืžืชืคืชื—.
14:56
Studies for the structure of the roof,
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ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ืœืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื’ื’:
14:59
which demands maybe new materials:
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
15:03
how to make it white, how to make it translucent, how to make it glowing,
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ืื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช, ืื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ,
15:07
how to make it not capricious.
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ืื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืงืคืจื™ื–ื™.
15:12
And here studying, in three dimensions,
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื–ื”ื• ืชืจืฉื™ื ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™,
15:15
how to give some kind, again, of order, a structure;
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ืขื ื™ืง ืœื•, ืฉื•ื‘, ืžืขื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ, ืžื‘ื ื”,
15:21
not something you feel you could just change
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ื•ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืกืชื ื›ืš,
15:23
because you stop the design of that particular process.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื•ืคืกืง.
15:31
And so it goes.
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ื•ื›ืš ื–ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
15:37
I'd like to conclude by saying something ...
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืžืจ --
15:39
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
15:47
I'd like to conclude by relating all of what I've said to the term "beauty."
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืืงืฉืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืžื•ื ื— "ื™ื•ืคื™".
15:53
And I know it is not a fashionable term these days,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ื ื— ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•,
15:56
and certainly not fashionable in the discourse of architectural schools,
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ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ื— ื”ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื”.
16:00
but it seems to me that all this, in one way or the other, is a search for beauty.
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ืืš ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื”, ื›ืš ืื• ืื—ืจืช, ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื™ื•ืคื™.
16:06
Beauty in the most profound sense of fit.
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ื™ื•ืคื™ ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืื.
16:09
I have a quote that I like by a morphologist, 1917,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฆื™ื˜ื˜ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืืช ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืž-1917,
16:18
Theodore Cook, who said, "Beauty connotes humanity.
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ืชื™ืื•ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ืง, ืฉืืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
16:22
We call a natural object beautiful because we see
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ 'ื™ืคื”' ื›ื™ ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื
16:26
that its form expresses fitness, the perfect fulfillment of function."
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ืฉืฆื•ืจืชื• ืžื‘ื™ืขื” ืชื•ืื, ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื•ืช."
16:31
Well, I would have said the perfect fulfillment of purpose.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ืœื™ืช.
16:35
Nevertheless, beauty as the kind of fit; something that tells us
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ, ื™ื•ืคื™ ื›ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืื, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•
16:40
that all the forces that have to do with our natural environment
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ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื–ื™ืงื” ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
16:44
have been fulfilled -- and our human environment -- for that.
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ืžื•ืฆื• ื‘ืžืœื•ืื - ื•ื’ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื ื• ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช - ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื›ืš.
16:48
Twenty years ago, in a conference Richard and I were at together,
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื‘ื•ืขื™ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื ื›ื—ื ื• ื™ื—ื“ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ื•ืื ื™,
16:53
I wrote a poem, which seems to me to still hold for me today.
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ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืฉื™ืจ, ื•ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืชืงืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™.
16:58
"He who seeks truth shall find beauty. He who seeks beauty shall find vanity.
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"ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืžืช ื™ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืคื™. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ื™ื•ืคื™ ื™ืžืฆื ื™ื•ื”ืจื”.
17:05
He who seeks order shall find gratification.
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืกื“ืจ, ื™ืžืฆื ืกื™ืคื•ืง.
17:09
He who seeks gratification shall be disappointed.
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ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื™ืชืื›ื–ื‘.
17:13
He who considers himself the servant of his fellow beings
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ื”ืจื•ืื” ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืžืฉืจืช ืœืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™-ื”ืื“ื,
17:16
shall find the joy of self-expression. He who seeks self-expression
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ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื—ื“ื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™. ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืขืฆืžื™,
17:22
shall fall into the pit of arrogance.
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ื‘ืคื— ื”ืฉื—ืฅ ื™ื™ืคื•ืœ.
17:24
Arrogance is incompatible with nature.
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ืฉื—ืฆื ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืขื•ืœื” ื‘ืงื ื” ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:27
Through nature, the nature of the universe and the nature of man,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื“ื,
17:30
we shall seek truth. If we seek truth, we shall find beauty."
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ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืืžืช. ืื ื ื‘ืงืฉ ืืžืช, ื ืžืฆื ื™ื•ืคื™."
17:34
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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