Moshe Safdie: What makes a building unique?

譯者: zhang haohan 審譯者: Ana Choi

So, what I'd like to talk about is something

那，我想談的

that was very dear to Kahn's heart, which is:

是對於karen來說非常珍貴的，就是，

how do we discover what is really particular about a project?

如何發掘一個工程的獨特之處？

How do you discover the uniqueness of a project as unique as a person?

如何發掘一個工程的獨特之處，如同一個人般獨特，

Because it seems to me that finding this uniqueness

因為我覺得要找出獨特的地方，

has to do with dealing with the whole force of globalization;

必須得涉及全球化的影響：

that the particular is central to finding the uniqueness of place

就是說這個獨特之處，是要找出一個地方的與眾不同之處，

and the uniqueness of a program in a building.

及一棟大廈裡與眾不同的一個項目。

And so I'll take you to Wichita, Kansas,

我現在帶你們到位於美国堪萨斯州的城市威奇托，

where I was asked some years ago to do a science museum

幾年前我應邀在那做一個科學博物館的設計,

on a site, right downtown by the river.

地點位於市中心，在河旁邊。

And I thought the secret of the site was to make the building of the river, part of the river.

我想，這個位置的特點應該是將大樓建成河的一部分。

Unfortunately, though, the site was separated from the river by McLean Boulevard

但不幸的是，這個地方與河被麥克萊恩大道分隔了開來。

so I suggested, "Let's reroute McLean,"

所以我建議道，我們將麥克萊恩大道改道吧。

and that gave birth instantly to Friends of McLean Boulevard.

麥克萊恩大道之友就這樣誕生（新修幾條道）。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And it took six months to reroute it.

那改道工程花了六個月。

The first image I showed the building committee was

我給建築委員會看的第一幅圖是

this astronomic observatory of Jantar Mantar in Jaipur

齋普爾古天文臺的天文觀測台，

because I talked about what makes a building a building of science.

因為我當時在談的是，甚麼可以使一座建築建成象徵科學的建築？

And it seemed to me that this structure -- complex, rich and yet

對我來說，那古天文臺的結構，建築群，豐富且

totally rational: it's an instrument -- had something to do with science,

完全合理，它是一個工具，與科學有關，

and somehow a building for science should be different and unique and speak of that.

且為科學而建應該有所不同和獨特又同時能顯示出科學。

And so my first sketch after I left was to say,

所以我最初的設想是

"Let's cut the channel and make an island and make an island building."

切斷河道，​​形成一個島，建出一個島上的建築。

And I got all excited and came back, and

我感到很興奮，來告訴他們，但

they sort of looked at me in dismay and said, "An island?

他們卻失望得看著我說，一個島？

This used to be an island -- Ackerman Island --

這裡曾經有一個島，阿克曼島，

and we filled in the channel during the Depression to create jobs."

但在大蕭條時為了創造就業機會填平了河道。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And so the process began and they said,

所以當這項工程開始時，他們說

"You can't put it all on an island;

你不能全建在一個島上，

some of it has to be on the mainland because

一部分必須要在大陸上，因為

we don't want to turn our back to the community."

我們不想讓社會倒退。

And there emerged a design: the galleries sort of forming an island

然後就產生了一個設計，像形成一個島一樣的會展，

and you could walk through them or on the roof.

你可以從裡面或房頂經過，

And there were all kinds of exciting features:

但還是會有很多令人興奮的景觀，

you could come in through the landside buildings,

你可以經過陸地上的建築，

walk through the galleries into playgrounds in the landscape.

通過會館到達平台--這裡能看到景色。

If you were cheap you could walk on top of a bridge to the roof,

如果你沒錢的話，你可以通過橋走向屋頂，

peek in the exhibits and then get totally seduced,

看到景觀後往回，

come back and pay the five dollars admission.

走回來然後付五美元門票錢。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And the client was happy -- well, sort of happy

客戶們很開心，應該基本上開心吧，

because we were four million dollars over the budget, but essentially happy.

儘管比預算多了四百萬美元。

But I was still troubled, and I was troubled because I felt this was capricious.

但我還是有一點困擾，因為我覺得變化有些多了，

It was complex, but there was something capricious about its complexity.

這是複雜的，但在複雜之外又多了些變化，

It was, what I would say, compositional complexity,

這個，我是說，結構上的複雜

and I felt that if I had to fulfill what I talked about --

並且我覺得如果要實現我講的東西，

a building for science -- there had to be some kind of a generating idea,

闡述科學的建築，需要有一些創新的觀點--

some kind of a generating geometry.

譬如一些新穎的幾何圖形。

And this gave birth to the idea of having toroidal generating geometry,

這就產生了環形結構，

one with its center deep in the earth for the landside building

圍繞著的中心在很深的地下，

and a toroid with its center in the sky for the island building.

通過環形結構到達島上建築的上面。

A toroid, for those who don't know,

圓環，對於不了解的人來說，

is the surface of a doughnut or, for some of us, a bagel.

像是甜圈的表面，或者是貝果(麵包圈)，

And out of this idea started spinning off many,

在這個想法外又產生了許多東西,

many kinds of variations of different plans and possibilities,

不同計劃和可能性的變形,

and then the plan itself evolved in relationship to the exhibits,

然後規劃本身圍繞著展覽形成，

and you see the intersection of the plan with the toroidal geometry.

你可以看到規劃中環形結構的交叉部分。

And finally the building -- this is the model.

最後是整個建築 -- 這是個模型。

And when there were complaints about budget, I said,

每當有人抱怨預算時，我說，

"Well, it's worth doing the island because you get twice for your money: reflections."

建造這個島是物有所值的, 因為鏡像反射你會得到兩倍的錢的效果。

And here's the building as it opened,

這是當建築剛開張的時候，

with a channel overlooking downtown, and as seen from downtown.

有一個通道可以俯瞰市中心，

And the bike route's going right through the building,

看下去的時候自行車道正好穿過建築，

so those traveling the river would see the exhibits and be drawn to the building.

所以路過河的人能看到展覽並被吸引到建築中。

The toroidal geometry made for a very efficient building:

環形結構使得建築非常有效。

every beam in this building is the same radius, all laminated wood.

建築中的每個橫梁都是同樣的半徑和木質，

Every wall, every concrete wall is resisting the stresses and supporting the building.

每一個牆和水泥牆，都承受著壓力並支撐著建築，

Every piece of the building works.

建築的每一部分都有各自的用途。

These are the galleries with the light coming in through the skylights,

在有些畫廊陽光可以從天窗照射進來，

and at night, and on opening day.

在晚上和白天。

Going back to 1976.

回到1976年

(Applause)

（掌聲）

In 1976, I was asked to design a children's memorial museum

在1976年我被要求設計一個兒童的紀念館

in a Holocaust museum in Yad Vashem in Jerusalem,

在耶路撒冷大屠殺紀念館中的大屠殺紀念館中，

which you see here the campus.

這裡你可以看到 -- 校園。

I was asked to do a building,

我被要求設計的這個建築，

and I was given all the artifacts of clothing and drawings.

我有所有的衣服和圖片的藝術品，

And I felt very troubled.

我感到很困擾。

I worked on it for months and I couldn't deal with it

我工作了幾個月卻並不能做出什麼，

because I felt people were coming out of the historic museum,

因為我覺得人們從歷史博物館中出來，

they are totally saturated with information

他們已經資訊飽和了，

and to see yet another museum with information,

當又要參觀一個充滿資訊的博物館時,

it would make them just unable to digest.

會使他們感到難以消化的

And so I made a counter-proposal:

所以我做了一個相反的計劃。

I said, "No building." There was a cave on the site; we tunnel into the hill,

我說，不要建築物; 那裡有個洞穴，我們挖隧道進去，

descend through the rock into an underground chamber.

順著岩石一直到地下的房間。

There's an anteroom with photographs of children who perished

通過一個掛滿了死去兒童照片的前廳，

and then you come into a large space.

你會來到一個寬敞的空間，

There is a single candle flickering in the center;

這裡有一根蠟燭，在中心閃爍。

by an arrangement of reflective glasses, it reflects into infinity in all directions.

通過放置很多的反射鏡，蠟燭的光可以射向各個方向，

You walk through the space, a voice reads the names,

當你經過這裡，有一個聲音念著

ages and place of birth of the children.

小孩們的名字，年齡和出生地區。

This voice does not repeat for six months.

這些聲音每半年會更換。

And then you descend to light and to the north and to life.

然後你會到達光亮的北方，充滿生機。

Well, they said, "People won't understand,

但是，他們說，人們不會懂的 --

they'll think it's a discotheque. You can't do that."

他們認為這是一個迪斯科舞廳，你不能這樣做。

And they shelved the project. And it sat there for 10 years,

所以他們否決了這個設計，耽擱了10年。

and then one day Abe Spiegel from Los Angeles,

直到有一天洛杉磯的埃德•史匹格，

who had lost his three-year-old son at Auschwitz,

他在奧斯維辛集中營中失去了他3歲的兒子，

came, saw the model, wrote the check and it got built 10 years later.

當他看到這個模型，馬上寫了支票，所以這個建築終於能夠在10年之後得以建造。

So, many years after that in 1998,

很多年之後，在1988年，

I was on one of my monthly trips to Jerusalem

在我去耶路撒冷的月度旅行中，

and I got a call from the foreign ministry saying,

接到了外國大使館的電話，

"We've got the Chief Minister of the Punjab here.

說旁遮普的總理來了

He is on a state visit. We took him on a visit to Yad Vashem,

他是來進行國事訪問的。我們帶他參觀了大屠殺紀念館，

we took him to the children's memorial; he was extremely moved.

我們帶他到了兒童紀念館，他非常感動。

He's demanding to meet the architect. Could you come down and meet him in Tel Aviv?"

他要求會見這個設計師，在特拉维夫和他見面。

And I went down and Chief Minister Badal said to me,

然後我去了，總理和我說，

"We Sikhs have suffered a great deal, as you have Jews.

我們錫克民族也受過很大的災難，和猶太民族一樣。

I was very moved by what I saw today.

我對於我今天所見到的很受感動。

We are going to build our national museum to tell the story of our people;

我們要建造一座自己國家博物館來展示我們的歷史;

we're about to embark on that.

我們希望能從這得到振興。

I'd like you to come and design it."

我希望你能來設計它。

And so, you know, it's one of those things that you don't take too seriously.

但是你知道，這是不用太當真的事情。

But two weeks later, I was in this little town, Anandpur Sahib,

但是兩週後我來到了這個小鎮，Anandpur Sahib,

outside Chandigarh, the capital of the Punjab,

在旁遮普省的首都昌迪加爾外，

and the temple and also next to it the fortress

有一座廟宇，緊鄰著堡壘

that the last guru of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind, died in

是錫克家族最後的宗師戈賓死的地方，

as he wrote the Khalsa, which is their holy scripture.

他寫了民族的聖書卡爾薩。

And I got to work and they took me somewhere down there,

我要展開工作，他們就把我帶到了那裡，

nine kilometers away from the town and the temple,

和城市和廟宇都有9公里遠，

and said, "That's where we have chosen the location."

說我們已經選擇好了位置。

And I said, "This just doesn't make any sense.

然後我說，這個位置不好。

The pilgrims come here by the hundreds of thousands --

朝聖者的數目成百上千 --

they're not going to get in trucks and buses and go down there.

他們不會搭乘鐵路和公車走到這裡，

Let's get back to the town and walk to the site."

讓我們回到城裡，選擇能夠走到的地點。

And I recommended they do it right there, on that hill

我建議他們就在那邊的山上建造，

and this hill, and bridge all the way into the town.

這座山可以直接通往市裡，

And, as things are a little easier in India, the site was purchased within a week

因為在印度，這種事就很簡單了，在一個星期內就買好了建造的土地，

and we were working.

然後我們開始工作。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And my proposal was to split the museum into two --

我的建議是將這個博物館分成兩部分：

the permanent exhibits at one end, the auditorium, library,

一部分是永久性的展覽，禮堂，圖書館，

and changing exhibitions on the other --

另一部分是變化的展覽。

to flood the valley into a series of water gardens

為了能使河谷流向果園，

and to link it all to the fort and to the downtown.

並且將城堡和城市相連。

And the structures rise from the sand cliffs --

這個結構建立在沙崖上。

they're built in concrete and sandstones; the roofs are stainless steel --

用混凝土和沙石建造，屋頂是不銹鋼，

they are facing south and reflecting light towards the temple itself,

建築朝南，並且反射廟宇的光線，

pedestrians crisscross from one side to the other.

遊客在一邊和另一邊中交叉前進，

And as you come from the north, it is all masonry growing out of the sand cliffs

從北邊看都是沙石上的工程，

as you come from the Himalayas and evoking the tradition of the fortress.

從喜馬拉雅上角度看，就有種傳統城堡的感覺。

And then I went away for four months

然後我離開了四個月，

and there was going to be groundbreaking.

這裡要開始動土了。

And I came back and, lo and behold, the little model I'd left behind

我回來了，看到我以前的小小模型

had been built ten times bigger for public display on site

變成了10倍大的供大眾遊覽的建築了，

and ... the bridge was built!

連橋也建了。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Within the working drawings!

在繪製的草圖中！

And half a million people gathered for the celebrations;

50萬人歡聚慶典，

you can see them on the site itself as the foundations are beginning.

你可以在這裡當開始建造的時候看到。

I was renamed Safdie Singh. And there it is under construction;

它被重命名為 Safdie辛格，並開始動工 -

there are 1,800 workers at work and it will be finished in two years.

這裡有1800名工人工作，計劃在兩年後完成。

Back to Yad Vashem three years ago. After all this episode began,

在3年前的大屠殺紀念館，當開始建造時，

Yad Vashem decided to rebuild completely the historic museum

大屠殺紀念館決定重造歷史博物館，

because now Washington was built -- the Holocaust Museum in Washington --

因為新的華盛頓已經建造了新的屠殺紀念館，

and that museum is so much more comprehensive in terms of information.

那個博物館擁有了更多更廣的訊息。

And Yad Vashem needs to deal with three million visitors a year at this point.

大屠殺紀念館一年需要招待3百萬名遊客，

They said, "Let's rebuild the museum."

他們說，讓我們重建博物館。

But of course, the Sikhs might give you a job on a platter -- the Jews make it hard:

但是當然，錫克民族給你的工作也許毫不費勁，可猶太民族的變難了。

international competition, phase one, phase two, phase three.

國際競爭，第一階段，第二階段，第三階段。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And again, I felt kind of uncomfortable with the notion

但是同樣的，我感到困惑

that a building the size of the Washington building --

對於華盛頓建築的規模,

50,000 square feet -- will sit on that fragile hill

50000平方英尺， 將在脆弱的山上建造，

and that we will go into galleries -- rooms with doors

然後會有展館，有門的房間

and sort of familiar rooms -- to tell the story of the Holocaust.

和很常規的房間介紹大屠殺的故事。

And I proposed that we cut through the mountain. That was my first sketch.

我建議從山中穿過 - 這是我的第一個設想，

Just cut the whole museum through the mountain --

將整個博物館放在山中，

enter from one side of the mountain,

從山的一側進入，

come out on the other side of the mountain --

從山的另一側出來，

and then bring light through the mountain into the chambers.

可以讓山外的陽光進入室內

And here you see the model:

你可以從模型中看到，

a reception building and some underground parking.

接待樓和地下停車場。

You cross a bridge, you enter this triangular room, 60 feet high,

跨過一座橋，進入了三角形屋子，60英尺高，

which cuts right into the hill

位在右邊的山上

and extends right through as you go towards the north.

穿過了山並延伸到北部。

And all of it, then, all the galleries are underground,

所有的會館都在地下。

and you see the openings for the light.

你可以看到陽光，

And at night, just one line of light cuts through the mountain,

在晚上，只有一道光會穿過山，

which is a skylight on top of that triangle.

這就是在三角形頂部的光。

And all the galleries,

當你一個個會館地參觀下去--

as you move through them and so on, are below grade.

所有展覽都是在地下。

And there are chambers carved in the rock --

在岩石中有雕刻的屋子 --

concrete walls, stone, the natural rock when possible -- with the light shafts.

混凝土的牆，石頭，天然的石塊 -- 加上天窗，

This is actually a Spanish quarry, which sort of inspired

這實際上是來自西班牙採石場的靈感,

the kind of spaces that these galleries could be.

那裡也有類似的展廳。

And then, coming towards the north, it opens up:

然後，到了北方，視野變得開闊：

it bursts out of the mountain into, again, a view of light and of the city

從山中再次到達陽光和城市，

and of the Jerusalem hills.

和耶路撒冷的山。

I'd like to conclude with a project I've been working on for two months.

最後我想講講我現在工作了兩個月的工程。

It's the headquarters for the Institute of Peace in Washington,

在華盛頓的和平學院的總部，

the U.S. Institute of Peace.

美國和平學院，

The site chosen is across from the Lincoln Memorial;

位置選在林肯紀念碑旁 --

you see it there directly on the Mall. It's the last building on the Mall,

你從那裡可以看到，是大道上的最後一個建築，

on access of the Roosevelt Bridge that comes in from Virginia.

可以從弗吉尼亞州通過羅斯福橋到達。

That too was a competition, and it is something I'm just beginning to work on.

這也是個競爭，並且是我才著手處理的。

But one recognized the kind of uniqueness of the site.

但是可以看到這個選地點的獨特性，

If it were to be anywhere in Washington,

如果在華盛頓的任何位置，

it would be an office building, a conference center,

建築可以是寫字樓，會議中心，和平談判的地方等等，各種建築都可以

a place for negotiating peace and so on -- all of which the building is --

和平談判的地方等等，各種建築都可以

but by virtue of the choice of putting it on the Mall and by the Lincoln Memorial,

但是實際上選在大道上，緊挨著林肯紀念碑，

this becomes the structure that is the symbol of peace on the Mall.

這就是街上和平的標誌，

And that was a lot of heat to deal with.

這需要很深入的考慮。

The first sketch recognizes that the building is many spaces --

最初的手稿是將建築分為許多部分 --

spaces where research goes on, conference centers,

研究中心，會議中心，

a public building because it will be a museum devoted to peacemaking --

公共建築，因為這是為了和平而建立的博物館。

and these are the drawings that we submitted for the competition,

這是我們參加競爭的繪圖，

the plans showing the spaces which radiate outwards from the entry.

展示了從如何空間呈輻射狀，

You see the structure as, in the sequence of structures on the Mall,

你看到的結構是大街上結構的次序：

very transparent and inviting and looking in.

非常透明，吸引人往內看。

And then as you enter it again, looking in all directions towards the city.

當你在裡面，可以從各個角度欣賞這個城市，

And what I felt about that building is that it really was a building

我感覺這個建築確實是個建築,

that had to do with a lightness of being -- to quote Kundera --

和光相關， 引用昆德拉的話 --

that it had to do with whiteness,

和白色有關，

it had to do with a certain dynamic quality and it had to do with optimism.

和動態構設有關，和樂觀的心態有關。

And this is where it is; it's sort of evolving.

就是這樣，很前衛的。

Studies for the structure of the roof,

屋頂結構的報告,

which demands maybe new materials:

表明我們可能需要新的材料，

how to make it white, how to make it translucent, how to make it glowing,

怎樣才能讓建築變得白，透明，並且會發光，

how to make it not capricious.

而不是過於任性的變化。

And here studying, in three dimensions,

從三維空間角度，

how to give some kind, again, of order, a structure;

怎樣呈現溫和的狀態和結構，

not something you feel you could just change

而不是能夠任意改變

because you stop the design of that particular process.

僅僅因為你停止了對某一過程的設計，

And so it goes.

就這樣繼續下去了。

I'd like to conclude by saying something ...

我想說些話作為結束 --

(Applause)

（掌聲）

I'd like to conclude by relating all of what I've said to the term "beauty."

我想透過談論「美態」這個話題來結束，

And I know it is not a fashionable term these days,

我知道這個詞語在現在並不流行，

and certainly not fashionable in the discourse of architectural schools,

當然在建築學校的課程中也不流行。

but it seems to me that all this, in one way or the other, is a search for beauty.

但是對我來說，我所做的一切都是為了尋找美態。

Beauty in the most profound sense of fit.

態麗是最深切的切合。

I have a quote that I like by a morphologist, 1917,

我引用我很喜歡的形態學家的一句話， 1917年,

Theodore Cook, who said, "Beauty connotes humanity.

西奧多•庫克說的，「美麗意味著人性。

We call a natural object beautiful because we see

我們說一個天然的物體是美麗的，因為我們可以看到

that its form expresses fitness, the perfect fulfillment of function."

它的形狀剛好適合，功能完美履行。」

Well, I would have said the perfect fulfillment of purpose.

但，我會說，完美為了滿足目的。

Nevertheless, beauty as the kind of fit; something that tells us

無論如何，美麗是一種適合，有時候美麗會告訴我們

that all the forces that have to do with our natural environment

自然環境的各種力量

have been fulfilled -- and our human environment -- for that.

已經實現了 -- 我們的人類環境 -- 這一點。

Twenty years ago, in a conference Richard and I were at together,

20年前， 在理查德和我一同參加的一個會上，

I wrote a poem, which seems to me to still hold for me today.

我寫了一首詩，在今天同樣適用。

"He who seeks truth shall find beauty. He who seeks beauty shall find vanity.

「尋求真理能夠得到美， 尋求美卻會得到空虛。

He who seeks order shall find gratification.

尋求秩序令人滿足。

He who seeks gratification shall be disappointed.

尋求滿足，卻只會變得失望。

He who considers himself the servant of his fellow beings

認為自己為同伴服務的人

shall find the joy of self-expression. He who seeks self-expression

會發現自我實現的喜悅。而尋求自我實現的人,

shall fall into the pit of arrogance.

卻會導致驕傲，

Arrogance is incompatible with nature.

驕​​傲和自然是不相符的。

Through nature, the nature of the universe and the nature of man,

通過自然，宇宙和人類的本質，

we shall seek truth. If we seek truth, we shall find beauty."

我們應當尋求真理，如果我們尋找真理，我們就會發現美。」

Thank you very much. (Applause)

非常感谢。