The four fish we're overeating -- and what to eat instead | Paul Greenberg

167,358 views ใƒป 2016-01-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Zeeva Livshitz
00:12
So when I was a kid ...
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ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“...
00:15
this was my team.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
00:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:17
I stunk at sports.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ืกืคื•ืจื˜.
00:19
I didn't like to play them, I didn't like to watch them.
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ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ื–ื”, ืœื ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
00:22
So this is what I did. I went fishing.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™. ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื•ื’.
00:25
And for all of my growing up I fished on the shores of Connecticut,
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ื•ืœืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื“ื’ืชื™ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืคื™ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜,
00:28
and these are the creatures that I saw on a regular basis.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจืื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื‘ื•ืข.
00:32
But after I grew up and went to college,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื•ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžื›ืœืœื”,
00:35
and I came home in the early 90's,
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ื•ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 90,
00:37
this is what I found.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืืชื™.
00:39
My team had shrunk.
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ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
00:41
It was like literally having your roster devastated.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ื”ืจืก.
00:44
And as I sort of looked into that,
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ื•ื›ืฉืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื,
00:46
from a very personal point of view as a fisherman,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืžืฉ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ื™ื’,
00:48
I started to kind of figure out,
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ,
00:50
well, what was the rest of the world thinking about it?
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”?
00:53
First place I started to look was fish markets.
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื™ ื“ื’ื™ื.
00:55
And when I went to fish markets,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ืงื™ ื“ื’ื™ื,
00:57
in spite of where I was --
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ --
00:58
whether I was in North Carolina, or Paris, or London, or wherever --
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”, ืื• ืคืจื™ื–, ืื• ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ, ืื• ืžื” ืฉืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” --
01:02
I kept seeing this weirdly repeating trope of four creatures,
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ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื,
01:07
again and again --
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ --
01:08
on the menus, on ice --
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ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื, ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื— --
01:10
shrimp, tuna, salmon and cod.
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ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก, ื˜ื•ื ื”, ืกืœืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื•ื“.
01:13
And I thought this was pretty strange,
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ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
01:15
and as I looked at it, I was wondering,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ืชื™ ื‘ื–ื”, ืชื”ื™ืชื™,
01:17
did anyone else notice this sort of shrinking of the market?
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ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืœื‘ ืœืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง?
01:21
Well, when I looked into it,
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ื•ื›ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”,
01:22
I realized that people didn't look at it as their team.
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื–ื” ื›ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:25
Ordinary people, the way they looked at seafood was like this.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืžืื›ืœื™ ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
01:29
It's not an unusual human characteristic
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ื–ื• ืœื ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื”
01:31
to reduce the natural world down to very few elements.
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ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
01:35
We did it before, 10,000 years ago, when we came out of our caves.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื ื• ืžื”ืžืขืจื•ืช.
01:38
If you look at fire pits from 10,000 years ago,
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ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืฉ ืžืœืคื ื™ 10,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:41
you'll see raccoons, you'll see, you know, wolves,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื“ื‘ื™ื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ืืชื ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื–ืื‘ื™ื,
01:44
you'll see all kinds of different creatures.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
01:46
But if you telescope to the age of -- you know, 2,000 years ago,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื -- ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ 2,000 ืฉื ื”,
01:49
you'll see these four mammals:
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื•:
01:51
pigs, cows, sheep and goats.
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ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ืช, ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื™ื–ื™ื.
01:54
It's true of birds, too.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื.
01:55
You look at the menus in New York City restaurants
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืชืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
01:58
150 years ago, 200 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ 150 ืฉื ื”, ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”,
02:00
you'll see snipe, woodcock, grouse, dozens of ducks, dozens of geese.
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ื—ืจื˜ื•ืžืŸ, ืฉื›ื•ื•ื™, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:05
But telescope ahead to the age of modern animal husbandry,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช,
02:07
and you'll see four:
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ื•ืชืจืื• ืืจื‘ืข:
02:09
turkeys, ducks, chicken and geese.
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ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื™ ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ื™ื, ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืื•ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:12
So it makes sense that we've headed in this direction.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:15
But how have we headed in this direction?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”?
02:17
Well ...
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ....
02:18
first it's a very, very new problem.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื–ื• ื‘ืขื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื”.
02:20
This is the way we've been fishing the oceans over the last 50 years.
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื“ื’ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
02:23
World War II was a tremendous incentive to arm ourselves in a war against fish.
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ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืžืจื™ืฅ ืขืฆื•ื ืœื—ืžืฉ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:29
All of the technology that we perfected during World War II --
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ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉื›ืœืœื ื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” --
02:32
sonar, lightweight polymers --
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ืกื•ื ืืจ, ืคื•ืœื™ืžืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื --
02:34
all these things were redirected towards fish.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื”ื•ืคื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื.
02:36
And so you see this tremendous buildup in fishing capacity,
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื” ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื™ื’,
02:39
quadrupling in the course of time,
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ืžืจื•ื‘ืขืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
02:41
from the end of World War II to the present time.
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ืžืกื•ืฃ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืขื•ืœื ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
02:44
And right now that means
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
02:45
we're taking between 80 and 90 million metric tons out of the sea every year.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ 80 ืœ 90 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:49
That's the equivalent of the human weight of China
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
02:52
taken out of the sea every year.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
02:54
And it's no coincidence that I use China as the example
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
02:57
because China is now the largest fishing nation in the world.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืกื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืื•ืžื” ื”ื“ื’ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:00
Well, that's only half the story.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืจืง ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:01
The other half of the story
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ
03:03
is this incredible boom in fish farming and aquaculture,
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ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื,
03:07
which is now, only in the last year or two,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
03:09
starting to exceed the amount of wild fish that we produce.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื“ื’ื™ ืคืจื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื.
03:12
So that if you add wild fish and farmed fish together,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื•ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“,
03:16
you get the equivalent of two Chinas created from the ocean
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ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉืชื™ ืกื™ืŸ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก
03:20
each and every year.
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ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
03:21
And again, it's not a coincidence that I use China as the example,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
03:24
because China, in addition to being the biggest catcher of fish,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื™ืŸ, ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ื›ื“ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:27
is also the biggest farmer of fish.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื—ื•ื•ืื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:30
So let's look though at the four choices we are making right now.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
03:35
The first one --
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” --
03:36
by far the most consumed seafood in America and in much of the West,
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ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ื”ืคืจืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
03:40
is shrimp.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก.
03:41
Shrimp in the wild -- as a wild product --
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ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข -- ื›ืžื•ืฆืจ ืคืจืื™ --
03:44
is a terrible product.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื ื•ืจืื™.
03:45
5, 10, 15 pounds of wild fish are regularly killed
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2.5, 5, 7.5 ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ
03:49
to bring one pound of shrimp to the market.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื™ืžืค ืœืฉื•ืง.
03:52
They're also incredibly fuel inefficient to bring to the market.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื‘ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง.
03:55
In a recent study that was produced out of Dalhousie University,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืง ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื“ืœื”ืื•ืกื™,
03:58
it was found that dragging for shrimp
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ื”ืชื’ืœื” ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื” ืœืœื›ื™ื“ืช ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก
04:00
is one of the most carbon-intensive ways of fishing that you can find.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื’ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื.
04:04
So you can farm them,
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช,
04:06
and people do farm them,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช,
04:07
and they farm them a lot in this very area.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
04:09
Problem is ...
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื...
04:10
the place where you farm shrimp is in these wild habitats --
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ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• --
04:14
in mangrove forests.
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:15
Now look at those lovely roots coming down.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื.
04:17
Those are the things that hold soil together,
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ืืœื ื”ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื”,
04:19
protect coasts, create habitats for all sorts of young fish, young shrimp,
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ืžื’ื™ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื, ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืจื™ืžืค ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื,
04:23
all sorts of things that are important to this environment.
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ื›ืœ ืžื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:26
Well, this is what happens to a lot of coastal mangrove forests.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื™ื.
04:29
We've lost millions of acres of coastal mangroves
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ื”ืคืกื“ื ื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืคื™ื™ื
04:31
over the last 30 or 40 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 30 ืื• 40 ื”ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
04:32
That rate of destruction has slowed,
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื“ื” ื”ื•ืื˜,
04:35
but we're still in a major mangrove deficit.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืžื ื’ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
04:38
The other thing that's going on here
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืคื”
04:40
is a phenomenon that the filmmaker Mark Benjamin called "Grinding Nemo."
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ื–ื” ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืžืืจืง ื‘ื ื’'ืžื™ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื” "ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื ืžื•."
04:44
This phenomenon is very, very relevant
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ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ืช
04:47
to anything that you've ever seen on a tropical reef.
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ืจืื™ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
04:49
Because what's going on right now,
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ืžืคื ื™ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
04:51
we have shrimp draggers dragging for shrimp,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก ืฉื’ื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก,
04:53
catching a huge amount of bycatch,
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ืชื•ืคืกื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื•ืช,
04:55
that bycatch in turn gets ground up and turned into shrimp food.
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ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื™ืžืคืก.
04:59
And sometimes, many of these vessels --
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื• --
05:01
manned by slaves --
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ืžืื•ื™ื™ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื --
05:03
are catching these so-called "trash fish,"
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ื“ื’ื™ื ื–ื‘ืœ,"
05:05
fish that we would love to see on a reef,
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ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ืช,
05:07
grinding them up
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ื˜ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื
05:09
and turning them into shrimp feed --
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื™ืžืคืก --
05:10
an ecosystem literally eating itself and spitting out shrimp.
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ื•ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืจืงื•ืช ืฉืจื™ืžืคืก.
05:15
The next most consumed seafood in America,
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ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”,
05:17
and also throughout the West,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
05:19
is tuna.
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื ื”.
05:20
So tuna is this ultimate global fish.
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ืื– ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื“ื’ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
05:23
These huge management areas have to be observed
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ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ืŸ
05:26
in order for tuna to be well managed.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ืชื ื•ื”ืœ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ื‘.
05:28
Our own management area,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•,
05:30
called a Regional Fisheries Management Organization,
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื“ื’ื” ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™,
05:32
is called ICCAT,
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ื ืงืจื ICCAT,
05:33
the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas.
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ื”ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ืช.
05:37
The great naturalist Carl Safina once called it,
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ื”ื ื˜ื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืงืืจืœ ืกืคื™ื ื” ืคืขื ืงืจื ืœื•,
05:39
"The International Conspiracy to Catch all the Tunas."
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"ื”ืžื–ื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื”."
05:43
Of course we've seen incredible improvement
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
05:45
in ICCAT in the last few years,
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ื‘ ICCAT ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
05:46
there is total room for improvement,
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ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ,
05:48
but it remains to be said that tuna is a global fish,
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ืื‘ืœ ื ืฉืืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื’ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™,
05:51
and to manage it, we have to manage the globe.
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ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:54
Well, we could also try to grow tuna
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื’ื“ืœ ื˜ื•ื ื”
05:56
but tuna is a spectacularly bad animal for aquaculture.
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
05:59
Many people don't know this but tuna are warm-blooded.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ื ื—ื.
06:02
They can heat their bodies 20 degrees above ambient temperature,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื’ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ 20 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
06:06
they can swim at over 40 miles an hour.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื—ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืœ 70 ืงืž"ืฉ.
06:08
So that pretty much eliminates
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ืื– ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื˜ืœ
06:10
all the advantages of farming a fish, right?
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื’ื™ื, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:12
A farmed fish is --
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ื“ื’ ืžื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ื”ื•ื --
06:13
or a fish is cold-blooded, it doesn't move too much.
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ืื• ืฉื“ื’ ืขื ื“ื ืงืจ, ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื– ื”ืจื‘ื”.
06:16
That's a great thing for growing protein.
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ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื.
06:18
But if you've got this crazy, wild creature
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ื”ืคืจืื™ ื”ื–ื”
06:20
that swims at 40 miles an hour and heats its blood --
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ืฉืฉื•ื—ื” ื‘ 70 ืงืž"ืฉ ื•ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ื“ื ืฉืœื• --
06:23
not a great candidate for aquaculture.
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ืœื ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
06:25
The next creature --
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื --
06:27
most consumed seafood in America and throughout the West --
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ืžืื›ืœ ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ืฆืจืš ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ --
06:30
is salmon.
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ื”ื•ื ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
06:31
Now salmon got its plundering, too,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื’ื ืœืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื–ื™ื–ื” ืฉืœื•,
06:33
but it didn't really necessarily happen through fishing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื“ืจืš ื“ื™ื’.
06:36
This is my home state of Connecticut.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
06:38
Connecticut used to be home to a lot of wild salmon.
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ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
06:41
But if you look at this map of Connecticut,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜,
06:43
every dot on that map is a dam.
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ื›ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ืกื›ืจ.
06:47
There are over 3,000 dams in the state of Connecticut.
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ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 3,000 ืกื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜.
06:51
I often say this is why people in Connecticut are so uptight --
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ืื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื --
06:54
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:56
If somebody could just unblock Connecticut's chi,
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ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืฆ'ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜,
07:00
I feel that we could have an infinitely better world.
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
07:02
But I made this particular comment
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ื”ืขืจื” ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•
07:04
at a convention once of national parks officers,
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ื‘ื›ื ืก ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ืœื™ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ืคืขื,
07:06
and this guy from North Carolina sidled up to me, he says,
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืžื“ืจื•ื ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ืฆื™ื“ื“ ื‘ื™, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
07:09
"You know, you oughtn't be so hard on your Connecticut,
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"ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืืชื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืงืฉื” ืขื ืงื•ื ื˜ื™ืงื˜ ืฉืœืš,
07:13
cause we here in North Carolina, we got 35,000 dams."
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงืจื•ืœื™ื™ื ื” ื™ืฉ 35,000 ืกื›ืจื™ื."
07:17
So it's a national epidemic, it's an international epidemic.
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ืื– ื–ื• ืžื’ืคื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื–ื” ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ืช.
07:20
And there are dams everywhere,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
07:22
and these are precisely the things
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ื•ืืœื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:23
that stop wild salmon from reaching their spawning grounds.
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ืฉืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืืชืจื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจืฆื” ืฉืœื”ื.
07:26
So as a result, we've turned to aquaculture,
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ืื– ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ืคื ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช,
07:28
and salmon is one the most successful, at least from a numbers point of view.
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ื•ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืกืคืจ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื‘ื˜.
07:32
When they first started farming salmon,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื’ื“ืœ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:34
it could take as many as six pounds of wild fish
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ืคืจื
07:37
to make a single pound of salmon.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ืฆื™ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
07:39
The industry has, to its credit, greatly improved.
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ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืœื–ื›ื•ืชื”, ื”ืฉืชืคืจื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช.
07:42
They've gotten it below two to one,
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ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœืื—ื“,
07:44
although it's a little bit of a cheat
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืขื˜ ืจืžืื•ืช
07:46
because if you look at the way aquaculture feed is produced,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ,
07:49
they're measuring pellets --
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ื”ื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช --
07:50
pounds of pellets per pound of salmon.
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ืงื™ืœื• ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ืœืงื™ืœื• ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
07:53
Those pellets are in turn reduced fish.
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ื”ื›ื•ืคืชืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืจืŸ ื”ืŸ ื“ื’ื™ื ืžืชื•ืžืฆืชื™ื.
07:55
So the actual -- what's called the FIFO, the fish in and the fish out --
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ืื– ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช -- ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืFIFO, ื“ื’ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื“ื’ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” --
07:59
kind of hard to say.
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“.
08:00
But in any case,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”,
08:02
credit to the industry,
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ืœืชืขืฉื™ื”,
08:03
it has lowered the amount of fish per pound of salmon.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
08:05
Problem is we've also gone crazy
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื”ืฉืชื’ืขื ื•
08:08
with the amount of salmon that we're producing.
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ืขื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืœืžื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื.
08:10
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food system on the planet.
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ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
08:13
It's growing at something like seven percent per year.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื“ืœื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืฉื ื”.
08:16
And so even though we're doing less per fish
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ื•ื›ืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืจ ื“ื’
08:20
to bring it to the market,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉื•ืง,
08:22
we're still killing a lot of these little fish.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
08:25
And it's not just fish that we're feeding fish to,
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื’ื™ื,
08:28
we're also feeding fish to chickens and pigs.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืœืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื.
08:31
So we've got chickens and they're eating fish,
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื,
08:34
but weirdly, we also have fish that are eating chickens.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:38
Because the byproducts of chickens -- feathers, blood, bone --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœื•ืช -- ื ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื“ื, ืขืฆืžื•ืช --
08:41
get ground up and fed to fish.
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ื ื˜ื—ื ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืื‘ืกื™ื ืœื“ื’ื™ื.
08:44
So I often wonder,
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืชื•ื”ื”,
08:45
is there a fish that ate a chicken that ate a fish?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืื›ืœื• ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ืฉืื›ืœื” ื“ื’?
08:49
It's sort of a reworking of the chicken and egg thing. Anyway --
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื ื’ื•ืœืช ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื”. ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ --
08:52
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:53
All together, though, it results in a terrible mess.
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ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืื’ืŸ ื ื•ืจืื™.
08:56
What you're talking about
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
08:57
is something between 20 and 30 million metric tons of wild creatures
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ 30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืคืจืื™ื™ื
09:03
that are taken from the ocean and used and ground up.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื•ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื•ื ื˜ื—ื ื™ื.
09:06
That's the equivalent of a third of a China,
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžืกื™ืŸ,
09:08
or of an entire United States of humans
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ืื• ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
09:10
that's taken out of the sea each and every year.
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ืฉื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžื”ื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
09:14
The last of the four is a kind of amorphous thing.
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ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืžื”ืืจื‘ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืžื•ืจืคื™.
09:16
It's what the industry calls "whitefish."
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืงื•ืจืืช ืœื• "ื“ื’ ืœื‘ืŸ."
09:20
There are many fish that get cycled into this whitefish thing
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื“ื’ ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:23
but the way to kind of tell the story, I think,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘,
09:25
is through that classic piece of American culinary innovation,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื™ืกื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
09:28
the Filet-O-Fish sandwich.
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ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื’.
09:29
So the Filet-O-Fish sandwich actually started as halibut.
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ืื– ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื’ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื”ืœื™ื‘ื•ื˜.
09:32
And it started because a local franchise owner
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืขืœ ื–ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื™
09:35
found that when he served his McDonald's on Friday, nobody came.
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ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ื•ื ืœื“ืก ืฉืœื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉื™, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื‘ื.
09:40
Because it was a Catholic community, they needed fish.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื”ื™ืœื” ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื’ื™ื.
09:43
So he went to Ray Kroc and he said,
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืœืš ืœืงื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืง ื•ืืžืจ,
09:45
"I'm going to bring you a fish sandwich, going to be made out of halibut."
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"ืื ื™ ืื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ืœืš ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื“ื’, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื”ืœื™ื‘ื•ื˜."
09:48
Ray Kroc said, "I don't think it's going to work.
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ืจื™ื™ ืงืจื•ืง ืืžืจ, "ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
09:51
I want to do a Hula Burger,
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ื”ื•ืœื”,
09:52
and there's going to be a slice of pineapple on a bun.
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ื•ืชื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืกืช ืื ื ืก ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืœื—ืžื ื™ื”.
09:54
But let's do this, let's have a bet.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ื ื ืชืขืจื‘.
09:56
Whosever sandwich sells more, that will be the winning sandwich."
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืฉืœื• ื™ืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื”ืžื ืฆื—."
10:00
Well, it's kind of sad for the ocean that the Hula Burger didn't win.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืขืฆื•ื‘ ืœืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉื”ื”ื•ืœื” ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืœื ื ื™ืฆื—.
10:04
So he made his halibut sandwich.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื”ื”ืœื™ื‘ื•ื˜.
10:06
Unfortunately though, the sandwich came in at 30 cents.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืขืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืกื ื˜.
10:10
Ray wanted the sandwich to come in at 25 cents,
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ืจื™ื™ ืจืฆื” ืฉื”ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ื™ืžื›ืจ ื‘ 25 ืกื ื˜,
10:12
so he turned to Atlantic cod.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืคื ื” ืœืงื•ื“ ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™.
10:14
We all know what happened to Atlantic cod in New England.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื” ืœืงื•ื“ ื”ืื˜ืœื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืื™ื ื’ืœื ื“.
10:17
So now the Filet-O-Fish sandwich is made out of Alaska pollock,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกื ื“ื•ื•ื™ืฅ' ืคื™ืœื” ื”ื“ื’ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืคื•ืœื•ืง ืืœืกืงื”,
10:20
it's the largest fin fish fishery in the United States,
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ื”ื•ื ื“ื’ืช ื”ืกื ืคื™ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
10:23
2 to 3 billion pounds of fish taken out of the sea every single year.
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1 ืขื“ 1.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื.
10:28
If we go through the pollock,
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ืื ื ื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื•ืง,
10:29
the next choice is probably going to be tilapia.
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื˜ื™ืœืคื™ื”.
10:32
Tilapia is one of those fish nobody ever heard of 20 years ago.
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ื˜ื™ืœืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”.
10:35
It's actually a very efficient converter of plant protein into animal protein,
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ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื”,
10:39
and it's been a godsend to the third world.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื” ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉืœืฉื™.
10:41
It's actually a tremendously sustainable solution,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื,
10:43
it goes from an egg to an adult in nine months.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื‘ื™ืฆื” ืœื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืชืฉืขื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
10:46
The problem is that when you look about the West,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
10:48
it doesn't do what the West wants it to do.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืขืจื‘ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืขืฉื”.
10:50
It really doesn't have what's called an oily fish profile.
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ื‘ืืžืช ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ืฉื•ืžื ื™.
10:53
It doesn't have the EPA and DHA omega-3s
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื” EPA ื•ื” DHA ืื•ืžื’ื” 3
10:55
that we all think are going to make us live forever.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื’ืจืžื• ืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—.
10:59
So what do we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื?
11:00
I mean, first of all, what about this poor fish, the clupeids?
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ, ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื” ืขื ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืฆืœื•ืคื™ื“ืก?
11:03
The fish that represent a huge part of that 20 to 30 million metric tons.
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ื”ื“ื’ ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ื—ืœืง ืขืฆื•ื ืž 20 ืขื“ 30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
11:08
Well, one possibility that a lot of conservationists have raised
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื”ืขืœื•
11:11
is could we eat them?
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื?
11:13
Could we eat them directly instead of feeding them to salmon?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ืœืกืœืžื•ืŸ?
11:16
There are arguments for it.
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื˜ื™ืขื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
11:17
They are tremendously fuel efficient to bring to market,
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ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ืื” ืœืฉื•ืง,
11:20
a fraction of the fuel cost of say, shrimp,
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ื—ืœืง ื–ืขื™ืจ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื ื’ื™ื“, ืฉืจื™ืคืžืก,
11:22
and at the very top of the carbon efficiency scale.
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ื•ื‘ืจืืฉ ืกื•ืœื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžื ื™ืช.
11:25
They also are omega-3 rich, a great source for EPA and DHA.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื’ื” 3, ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœ EPA ื• DHA.
11:30
So that is a potential.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ.
11:31
And if we were to go down that route what I would say is,
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ื•ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื”,
11:35
instead of paying a few bucks a pound -- or a few bucks a ton, really --
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืฉืœื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœืงื™ืœื• -- ืื• ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืœื˜ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืืžืช --
11:39
and making it into aquafeed,
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื’ื™ื,
11:41
could we halve the catch and double the price for the fishermen
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื” ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืœื“ื™ื™ื’ื™ื
11:44
and make that our way of treating these particular fish?
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
11:49
Other possibility though, which is much more interesting,
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ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ื–ืืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช,
11:51
is looking at bivalves, particularly mussels.
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ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืฆื“ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื•ืœื™ื.
11:54
Now, mussels are very high in EPA and DHA, they're similar to canned tuna.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ EPA ื• DHA, ื”ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื”.
11:59
They're also extremely fuel efficient.
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ื”ื ื’ื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช.
12:01
To bring a pound of mussels to market
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื•ืง
12:03
is about a thirtieth of the carbon as required to bring beef to market.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ืฉื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจ ืœืฉื•ืง.
12:06
They require no forage fish,
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ื”ื ืœื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื“ื’ื™ ืžืื›ืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
12:08
they actually get their omega-3s by filtering the water of microalgae.
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ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืžื’ื” 3 ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ืงืจื• ืืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืžื™ื.
12:12
In fact, that's where omega-3s come from, they don't come from fish.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืฉื ื”ืื•ืžื’ื” 3 ืžื’ื™ืข, ื–ื” ืœื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžื“ื’ื™ื.
12:15
Microalgae make the omega-3s, they're only bioconcentrated in fish.
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ืžื™ืงืจื• ืืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืื•ืžื’ื” 3, ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื‘ื“ื’ื™ื.
12:19
Mussels and other bivalves
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ืžื•ืœื™ื ื•ืฆื“ืคื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
12:21
do tremendous amounts of water filtration.
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ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื.
12:23
A single mussel can filter dozens of gallons every single day.
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ืžื•ืœื™ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกื ืŸ ืขืฉืจื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
12:26
And this is incredibly important when we look at the world.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:29
Right now, nitrification, overuse of phosphates in our waterways
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ืžืžืฉ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื™ืชืจ ื‘ืคื•ืกืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
12:33
are causing tremendous algal blooms.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืชืคืจื—ื•ืช ืืฆื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช.
12:35
Over 400 new dead zones have been created in the last 20 years,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 400 ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืชื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ 20 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
12:39
tremendous sources of marine life death.
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ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
12:44
We also could look at not a fish at all.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื“ื’.
12:46
We could look at a vegetable.
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช.
12:47
We could look at seaweed, the kelps,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ืืฆื•ืช, ืืฆืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืžื”,
12:49
all these different varieties of things that can be high in omega-3s,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžื’ื” 3,
12:53
can be high in proteins,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
12:54
tremendously good things.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื•ืœื™ื.
12:56
They filter the water just like mussels do.
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ื”ืŸ ืžืกื ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœื™ื.
12:58
And weirdly enough,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ,
13:00
it turns out that you can actually feed this to cows.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
13:02
Now, I'm not a big fan of cattle.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ืกื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืจ.
13:04
But if you wanted to keep growing cattle
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืงืจ
13:06
in a time and place where water resources are limited,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืžื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื,
13:09
you're growing seaweed in the water, you don't have to water it --
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ืืชื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื•ืช ืื•ืชืŸ --
13:12
major consideration.
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ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
13:14
And the last fish is a question mark.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื”.
13:17
We have the ability to create aquacultured fish
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื’ื™ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
13:21
that creates a net gain of marine protein for us.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื ื˜ื• ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•.
13:24
This creature would have to be vegetarian,
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ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆืžื—ื•ื ื™,
13:26
it would have to be fast growing,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืจ,
13:28
it would have to be adaptable to a changing climate
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืชืื ืœืืงืœื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื”
13:31
and it would have to have that oily fish profile,
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ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉื•ืžื ื™,
13:33
that EPA, DHA, omega-3 fatty acid profile that we're looking for.
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ื” EPA, DHA, ืื•ืžื’ื” 3 ื—ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื.
13:37
This exists kind of on paper.
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ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ.
13:40
I have been reporting on these subjects for 15 years.
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ืฉื ื”.
13:44
Every time I do a new story, somebody tells me,
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ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ, ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™,
13:47
"We can do all that. We can do it. We've figured it all out.
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"ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”. ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”. ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”.
13:49
We can produce a fish
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื’ื™ื
13:51
that's a net gain of marine protein and has omega-3s."
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ื™ืžื™ ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืžื’ื” 3."
13:53
Great.
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ืžืขื•ืœื”.
13:54
It doesn't seem to be getting scaled up.
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ืœื ื ืจืื” ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”.
13:57
It is time to scale this up.
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ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื–ื”.
13:58
If we do,
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”,
14:00
30 million metric tons of seafood, a third of the world catch,
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30 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืื›ืœื™ ื™ื, ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื“ื’ื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
14:03
stays in the water.
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ืชื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžื™ื.
14:05
So I guess what I'm saying is this is what we've been going with.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืœื›ื ื• ืื™ืชื•.
14:09
We tend to go with our appetites rather than our minds.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืขื ื”ืชืื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
14:12
But if we went with this, or some configuration of it,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืœืš ืขื ื–ื”, ืื• ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืคื™ื’ื•ืจืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
14:15
we might have a little more of this.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืขื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
14:19
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
14:20
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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