A new way to remove CO2 from the atmosphere | Jennifer Wilcox

525,984 views ใƒป 2018-07-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Four hundred parts per million:
0
13087
2334
ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ:
00:15
that's the approximate concentration of CO2 in the air today.
1
15445
4788
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืฉืœ ืคื“"ื— ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื›ื™ื•ื.
00:20
What does this even mean?
2
20257
1423
ืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืื•ืžืจ?
00:22
For every 400 molecules of carbon dioxide,
3
22083
3424
ืขืœ ื›ืœ 400 ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
00:25
we have another million molecules of oxygen and nitrogen.
4
25531
4513
ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื—ื ืงืŸ.
00:30
In this room today, there are about 1,800 of us.
5
30068
3901
ื”ื™ื•ื, ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื• ื‘ืขืจืš 1,800 ืื™ืฉ.
00:33
Imagine just one of us was wearing a green shirt,
6
33993
3833
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ื•ืœืฆื” ื™ืจื•ืงื”,
00:37
and you're asked to find that single person.
7
37850
2814
ื•ืืชื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื•.
00:41
That's the challenge we're facing when capturing CO2
8
41224
3719
ื–ื”ื• ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืคื“"ื—
00:44
directly out of the air.
9
44967
1578
ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืžืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
00:47
Sounds pretty easy,
10
47357
1426
ื ืฉืžืข ืงืœ ืœืžื“ื™, ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ?
00:48
pulling CO2 out of the air.
11
48807
2392
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื“.
00:51
It's actually really difficult.
12
51223
1543
00:52
But I'll tell you what is easy:
13
52790
1820
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžื” ืงืœ:
00:54
avoiding CO2 emissions to begin with.
14
54634
3431
ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื“"ื—.
00:58
But we're not doing that.
15
58701
1616
ืืœื ืฉืืช ื–ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:01
So now what we have to think about is going back;
16
61289
4001
ืื– ื›ืขืช ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ;
01:05
pulling CO2 back out of the air.
17
65314
2970
ืื™ืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:08
Even though it's difficult, it's actually possible to do this.
18
68663
3875
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืงืฉื”, ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคืฉืจื™.
01:12
And I'm going to share with you today where this technology is at
19
72983
3569
ื”ื™ื•ื ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืฉืœื‘ ื ืžืฆืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืš
01:16
and where it just may be heading in the near future.
20
76576
2689
ื•ืžื”ื• ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘.
01:20
Now, the earth naturally removes CO2 from the air
21
80106
4830
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืกืœืง ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™
01:24
by seawater, soils, plants and even rocks.
22
84960
4653
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื™ ื”ื™ื, ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกืœืขื™ื.
01:29
And although engineers and scientists are doing the invaluable work
23
89637
4718
ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืœืื›ื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื” ืขืจื•ืš
01:34
to accelerate these natural processes,
24
94379
3252
ืœื”ืืฆืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
01:37
it simply won't be enough.
25
97655
2040
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืง.
01:39
The good news is, we have more.
26
99719
2354
ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
01:42
Thanks to human ingenuity, we have the technology today
27
102097
3814
ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ื›ืžื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
01:45
to remove CO2 out of the air
28
105935
3288
ืœืกื™ืœื•ืง ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
01:49
using a chemically manufactured approach.
29
109247
2605
ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืจ ื›ื™ืžื™.
01:51
I like to think of this as a synthetic forest.
30
111876
3265
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื• ื™ืขืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
01:55
There are two basic approaches to growing or building such a forest.
31
115165
5320
ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื™ืขืจ ื›ื–ื”.
02:00
One is using CO2-grabbing chemicals dissolved in water.
32
120509
5104
ื”ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ ืคื“"ื— ืžื•ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื.
02:05
Another is using solid materials with CO2-grabbing chemicals.
33
125637
3854
ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ืžืžืฆื™ ืคื“"ื—.
02:09
No matter which approach you choose, they basically look the same.
34
129515
3483
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ื ืจืื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช.
02:13
So what I'm showing you here is what a system might look like
35
133799
3793
ืื– ื›ืืŸ ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ืชื™ืจืื” ืžืขืจื›ืช
02:17
to do just this.
36
137616
1461
ืฉืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
ื–ื” ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžื’ืขืŸ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ".
02:19
This is called an air contactor.
37
139101
2237
02:21
You can see it has to be really, really wide
38
141362
2286
ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืจื—ื‘
02:23
in order to have a high enough surface area
39
143672
2158
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืคื ื™ ืฉื˜ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง
02:25
to process all of the air required,
40
145854
2716
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ,
02:28
because remember,
41
148594
1152
ื›ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•: ืื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืจืง 400 ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
02:29
we're trying to capture just 400 molecules out of a million.
42
149770
3978
02:34
Using the liquid-based approach to do this,
43
154293
2971
ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ,
02:37
you take this high surface area packing material,
44
157288
2366
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:39
you fill the contactor with the packing material,
45
159678
2821
ืžืžืœืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื’ืขืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™,
02:42
you use pumps to distribute liquid across the packing material,
46
162523
4672
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื–ืจ ื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื•,
02:47
and you can use fans, as you can see in the front,
47
167219
2911
ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืื•ื•ืจืจื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช,
02:50
to bubble the air through the liquid.
48
170154
2441
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ.
02:53
The CO2 in the air is separated [by] the liquid
49
173173
3812
ื”ืคื“"ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืžื•ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื–ืœ
02:57
by reacting with the really strong-binding CO2 molecules in solution.
50
177009
6659
ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืงืฉื™ืจื” ื”ื—ื–ืง ืฉื‘ืชืžื™ืกื”.
03:03
And in order to capture a lot of CO2,
51
183692
2662
ื•ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื“"ื— ื”ืžื’ืขืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:06
you have to make this contactor deeper.
52
186378
2569
03:09
But there's an optimization,
53
189420
1381
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™,
03:10
because the deeper you make that contactor,
54
190825
2046
ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื’ืขืŸ ืขื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:12
the more energy you're spending on bubbling all that air through.
55
192895
3685
ื›ืš ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื—ื•ืก ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื•ื–ืœ.
03:17
So air contactors for direct air capture have this unique characteristic design,
56
197055
4354
ืื– ืžื’ืขื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
03:21
where they have this huge surface area, but a relatively thin thickness.
57
201433
4322
ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืคื ื™ื ืขืฆื•ื ื•ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื“ืงื”.
03:26
And now once you've captured the CO2,
58
206178
2627
ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื—,
03:29
you have to be able to recycle that material that you used to capture it,
59
209527
3881
ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ื•,
03:33
over and over again.
60
213432
1539
ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:34
The scale of carbon capture is so enormous
61
214995
2987
ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ื,
ืขื“ ืฉืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ-ืงื™ื™ืžื,
03:38
that the capture process must be sustainable,
62
218006
2208
03:40
and you can't use a material just once.
63
220238
2080
ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
03:42
And so recycling the material requires an enormous amount of heat,
64
222758
4223
ืื– ืžื™ื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื,
ื›ื™, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš: ื”ืคื“"ื— ื›ื” ื“ืœื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
03:47
because think about it: CO2 is so dilute in the air,
65
227005
3256
03:50
that material is binding it really strong,
66
230285
2850
ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืงื•ืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืง ืžืื“
03:53
and so you need a lot of heat in order to recycle the material.
67
233159
3837
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ.
03:57
And to recycle the material with that heat,
68
237407
2663
ื•ื›ืฉืžืžื—ื–ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ืคื“"ื— ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื– ืฉืžื•ืฆื” ืžื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ืœื™ืœื” ืฉื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
04:00
what happens is that concentrated CO2 that you got from dilute CO2 in the air
69
240094
5793
04:05
is now released,
70
245911
1593
ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ,
04:07
and you produce high-purity CO2.
71
247528
2474
ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœ ืคื“"ื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:10
And that's really important,
72
250417
1723
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“,
04:12
because high-purity CO2 is easier to liquify,
73
252164
4202
ื›ื™ ืคื“"ื— ื˜ื”ื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื ื•ื–ืœ,
04:16
easier to transport, whether it's in a pipeline or a truck,
74
256390
3164
ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืข, ื‘ืฆื ืจืช ืื• ื‘ืžืฉืื™ืช,
04:19
or even easier to use directly,
75
259578
2221
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™,
04:21
say, as a fuel or a chemical.
76
261823
2588
ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ื“ืœืง ืื• ื›ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ.
ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:25
So I want to talk a little bit more about that energy.
77
265033
3778
04:28
The heat required to regenerate or recycle these materials
78
268835
4213
ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื“ืฉ ืื• ืœืžื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื›ืชื™ื‘ ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš.
04:33
absolutely dictates the energy and the subsequent cost of doing this.
79
273072
6453
04:40
So I ask a question:
80
280834
1928
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืฉืืœื”:
04:42
How much energy do you think it takes
81
282786
2858
ื›ืžื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื“ืจื•ืฉื”, ืœื“ืขืชื›ื,
04:45
to remove a million tons of CO2 from the air
82
285668
3741
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืœืง ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ื ืชื•ื ื”?
04:49
in a given year?
83
289433
1358
04:51
The answer is: a power plant.
84
291343
1811
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื: ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื—.
04:53
It takes a power plant to capture CO2 directly from the air.
85
293178
3669
ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืคื“"ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
04:56
Depending on which approach you choose,
86
296871
1884
ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ื” ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื,
04:58
the power plant could be on the order of 300 to 500 megawatts.
87
298779
4418
ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ 300 ืขื“ 500 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜.
05:03
And you have to be careful about what kind of power plant you choose.
88
303847
3809
ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืงืคื™ื“ ืžืื“ ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
05:07
If you choose coal,
89
307680
1677
ืื ื”ื™ื ืคื—ืžื™ืช,
05:09
you end up emitting more CO2 than you capture.
90
309381
3578
ื™ื•ืฆื ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื“"ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืžืžืฆื™ื.
05:13
Now let's talk about costs.
91
313509
1823
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:15
An energy-intensive version of this technology
92
315356
3474
ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช
05:18
could cost you as much as $1,000 a ton
93
318854
3091
ืชืขืœื” ืขื“ 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:21
just to capture it.
94
321969
1349
05:24
Let's translate that.
95
324183
1360
ื ืชืจื’ื ืืช ื–ื”:
05:26
If you were to take that very expensive CO2 and convert it to a liquid fuel,
96
326128
4015
ืื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ื”ื™ืงืจ ืžืื“ ืœื“ืœืง ื ื•ื–ืœื™,
ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘-200 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืœื™ื˜ืจ.
05:30
that comes out to 50 dollars a gallon.
97
330167
2337
05:33
That's way too expensive; it's not feasible.
98
333179
2534
ื–ื” ื™ืงืจ ืžื“ื™. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขืฉื™.
05:35
So how could we bring these costs down?
99
335737
2411
ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
05:38
That's, in part, the work that I do.
100
338172
2472
ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื–ื• ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื™.
05:41
There's a company today, a commercial-scale company,
101
341771
2719
ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ื•ื ื—ื‘ืจื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช,
05:44
that can do this as low as 600 dollars a ton.
102
344514
2689
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘-600 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
05:47
There are several other companies that are developing technologies
103
347227
3781
ื™ืฉ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ.
05:51
that can do this even cheaper than that.
104
351032
2125
05:53
I'm going to talk to you a little bit
105
353583
1769
ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
05:55
about a few of these different companies.
106
355376
1973
ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืคื—ืžืŸ", ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืงื ื“ื”.
05:57
One is called Carbon Engineering.
107
357373
1668
05:59
They're based out of Canada.
108
359065
1468
06:00
They use a liquid-based approach for separation
109
360557
2893
ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช-ื ื•ื–ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื“ืช ื”ืคื“"ื—
06:03
combined with burning super-abundant, cheap natural gas
110
363474
4265
ื‘ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ืฉืจื™ืคืช ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื–ื•ืœ, ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ ื‘ืฉืคืข,
06:07
to supply the heat required.
111
367763
2335
ืœืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ.
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ื›ืžื”
06:10
They have a clever approach
112
370122
1684
06:11
that allows them to co-capture the CO2 from the air
113
371830
4290
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืฉืจื™ืคืช ื”ื’ื– ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
06:16
and the CO2 that they generate from burning the natural gas.
114
376144
3959
ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืคืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจ ื•ื’ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:20
And so by doing this,
115
380127
1802
06:21
they offset excess pollution and they reduce costs.
116
381953
3418
06:26
Switzerland-based Climeworks and US-based Global Thermostat
117
386006
4046
"ืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืก" ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ืฆืจื™ืช ื•"ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœ ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜" ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ืช
ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:30
use a different approach.
118
390076
1603
06:31
They use solid materials for capture.
119
391703
2609
ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื•ืฆืงื™ื ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™.
06:34
Climeworks uses heat from the earth,
120
394336
2783
"ืงืœื™ื™ืžื•ื•ืจืงืก" ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ืžื‘ื˜ืŸ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื™ืื•-ืชืจืžื™ืช,
06:37
or geothermal,
121
397143
1413
06:38
or even excess steam from other industrial processes
122
398580
3112
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:41
to cut down on pollution and costs.
123
401716
2359
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
06:44
Global Thermostat takes a different approach.
124
404759
2200
"ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœ ืชืจืžื•ืกื˜ื˜" ื ื•ืงื˜ืช ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
06:46
They focus on the heat required
125
406983
2847
ื”ื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
06:49
and the speed in which it moves through the material
126
409854
3673
ื•ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ
06:53
so that they're able to release and produce that CO2
127
413551
4679
ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืžืื“ ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ืคืงืช ื”ืคื“"ื—,
06:58
at a really fast rate,
128
418254
1775
ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:00
which allows them to have a more compact design
129
420053
3355
07:03
and overall cheaper costs.
130
423432
2001
ื•ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:06
And there's more still.
131
426806
1894
ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“.
07:08
A synthetic forest has a significant advantage over a real forest: size.
132
428724
5492
ืœื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ื™ืฉ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืขืจ ื˜ื‘ืขื™: ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
07:14
This next image that I'm showing you is a map of the Amazon rainforest.
133
434899
3809
ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื”ื™ื ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ื™ืขืจ ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ื™.
07:18
The Amazon is capable of capturing 1.6 billion tons of CO2 each year.
134
438732
6079
ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืช 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื“"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”.
07:24
This is the equivalent of roughly 25 percent
135
444835
3379
ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื”-ืขืจืš ืœื›-25% ืžืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืคื“"ื— ื”ืฉื ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
07:28
of our annual emissions in the US.
136
448238
2295
07:31
The land area required for a synthetic forest
137
451007
2935
ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื™ืขืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
07:33
or a manufactured direct air capture plant
138
453966
2297
ืื• ืœืžืคืขืœ ืœืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื“"ื— ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื•
07:36
to capture the same
139
456287
1432
07:37
is 500 times smaller.
140
457743
2088
ืงื˜ืŸ ืคื™ 500.
07:41
In addition, for a synthetic forest,
141
461180
3047
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืืช ื”ื™ืขืจ ื”ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™
07:44
you don't have to build it on arable land,
142
464251
2865
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื”,
07:47
so there's no competition with farmland or food,
143
467140
4271
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื–ื” ืœื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื“ืžืช ืžืฉืง ืื• ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
07:51
and there's also no reason to have to cut down any real trees
144
471435
4994
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืขืฆื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš.
07:56
to do this.
145
476453
1261
07:58
I want to step back,
146
478570
1780
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืœืจื’ืข
08:00
and I want to bring up the concept of negative emissions again.
147
480374
3566
ื•ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
08:04
Negative emissions require that the CO2 separated
148
484394
3569
ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ืคื“"ื— ืฉื”ื•ืคืจื“
08:07
be permanently removed from the atmosphere forever,
149
487987
4387
ื™ืกื•ืœืง ื“ืจืš-ืงื‘ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืœื ืฆื—,
08:12
which means putting it back underground,
150
492398
2722
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื™ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื”ืื“ืžื”, ืžืžื ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข.
08:15
where it came from in the first place.
151
495144
2369
08:17
But let's face it, nobody gets paid to do that today --
152
497537
3539
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื” ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื›ืš: ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื™ืฉ ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช --
08:21
at least not enough.
153
501100
1358
ืœืคื—ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
08:23
So the companies that are developing these technologies
154
503009
3488
ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
08:26
are actually interested in taking the CO2
155
506521
2477
ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืคื“"ื—
08:29
and making something useful out of it, a marketable product.
156
509022
3147
ื•ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™, ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจ-ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง.
08:32
It could be liquid fuels, plastics
157
512193
3580
ืœืžืฉืœ, ื“ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื, ืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง,
08:35
or even synthetic gravel.
158
515797
1746
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฆืฅ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™.
08:38
And don't get me wrong -- these carbon markets are great.
159
518043
3166
ืืœ ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ - ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื.
08:42
But I also don't want you to be disillusioned.
160
522550
2718
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืคื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
08:45
These are not large enough to solve our climate crisis,
161
525292
3729
ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืื™ื ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
08:49
and so what we need to do is we need to actually think about
162
529045
3833
08:52
what it could take.
163
532902
1477
08:54
One thing I'll absolutely say is positive about the carbon markets
164
534403
3979
ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ
08:58
is that they allow for new capture plants to be built,
165
538406
4592
ืฉื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™,
ื•ืขื ื›ืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื ื”, ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
09:03
and with every capture plant built,
166
543022
1903
09:04
we learn more.
167
544949
1452
09:06
And when we learn more,
168
546425
1511
ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื,
09:07
we have an opportunity to bring costs down.
169
547960
2724
ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:11
But we also need to be willing to invest
170
551914
3527
ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื›ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
09:15
as a global society.
171
555465
1656
09:18
We could have all of the clever thinking and technology in the world,
172
558534
3374
ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ืกืคื™ืงื•
09:21
but it's not going to be enough
173
561932
1635
09:23
in order for this technology to have a significant impact on climate.
174
563591
4879
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื•ืชื™ืจ ื—ื•ืชื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:28
We really need regulation,
175
568494
2182
ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ืงื™ืงื”,
09:30
we need subsidies,
176
570700
1533
ืกื•ื‘ืกื™ื“ื™ื•ืช,
09:32
taxes on carbon.
177
572257
2193
ืžื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ.
09:34
There are a few of us that would absolutely be willing to pay more,
178
574474
4810
ื™ืฉ ืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
09:39
but what will be required
179
579308
2394
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื™ื“ืจืฉ
09:41
is for carbon-neutral, carbon-negative paths
180
581726
2693
ื”ื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ
09:44
to be affordable for the majority of society
181
584443
2689
ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ืœืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”
09:47
in order to impact climate.
182
587156
1777
ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:49
In addition to those kinds of investments,
183
589403
2573
ื‘ื ื•ืกืš ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื›ืืœื”,
09:52
we also need investments in research and development.
184
592000
3608
ื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ื• ื’ื ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
09:55
So what might that look like?
185
595632
1557
ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
09:57
In 1966, the US invested about a half a percent of gross domestic product
186
597865
6280
ื‘-1966, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
10:04
in the Apollo program.
187
604169
1495
ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช "ืืคื•ืœื•".
10:06
It got people safely to the moon
188
606568
2852
ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื” ืืœ ื”ื™ืจื—
10:09
and back to the earth.
189
609444
1447
ื•ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:11
Half a percent of GDP today is about 100 billion dollars.
190
611464
3529
ื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืชืœ"ื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื›-100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:15
So knowing that direct air capture
191
615522
2729
ืื– ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื™ืฉื™ืจ
10:18
is one front in our fight against climate change,
192
618275
3203
ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ื–ื™ืช ืื—ืช ื‘ืžืื‘ืงื ื• ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
10:21
imagine that we could invest 20 percent, 20 billion dollars.
193
621502
3608
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื 20% ืžื–ื”, 20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:25
Further, let's imagine that we could get the costs down
194
625848
2881
ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื ืฆืœื™ื— ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืœ-100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:28
to a 100 dollars a ton.
195
628753
1673
10:31
That's going to be hard, but it's part of what makes my job fun.
196
631274
3772
ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื™.
10:35
And so what does that look like,
197
635897
1541
ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
10:37
20 billion dollars,100 dollars a ton?
198
637462
2321
20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ, 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื˜ื•ืŸ?
10:39
That requires us to build 200 synthetic forests,
199
639807
3124
ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืงื™ื 200 ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
10:42
each capable of capturing a million tons of CO2 per year.
200
642955
5686
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืคื“"ื— ื‘ืฉื ื”.
10:48
That adds up to about five percent of US annual emissions.
201
648665
4052
ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘-5% ืžื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:53
It doesn't sound like much.
202
653235
1459
ื–ื” ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ื”ืจื‘ื”.
10:55
Turns out, it's actually significant.
203
655226
2114
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืžืื“.
10:57
If you look at the emissions associated with long-haul trucking
204
657364
3454
ืื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื
11:00
and commercial aircraft,
205
660842
1732
ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืกื•ืช ืžืกื—ืจื™ื•ืช,
11:02
they add up to about five percent.
206
662598
2058
ื”ืŸ ืžืกืชื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›-5%.
11:05
Our dependence on liquid fuels makes these emissions
207
665458
3665
ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื“ืœืงื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงืฉื” ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื•.
11:09
really difficult to avoid.
208
669147
2573
11:11
So this investment could absolutely be significant.
209
671744
4815
ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื›ื–ืืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:17
Now, what would it take in terms of land area to do this,
210
677496
3103
ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœ-200 ืžืคืขืœื™ื?
11:20
200 plants?
211
680623
1338
11:22
It turns out that they would take up about half the land area of Vancouver.
212
682406
4311
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืžืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจืงืข ืฉืœ ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ.
11:26
That's if they were fueled by natural gas.
213
686741
2096
ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื”ื ื™ื•ืคืขืœื• ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™.
11:28
But remember the downside of natural gas -- it also emits CO2.
214
688861
4672
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื™ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™: ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ืคื“"ื—.
11:33
So if you use natural gas to do direct air capture,
215
693557
2897
ืื– ืื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ,
11:36
you only end up capturing about a third of what's intended,
216
696478
3761
ื”ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืขื“,
11:40
unless you have that clever approach of co-capture
217
700263
2563
ืืœื ืื ื ื•ืงื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื—ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื›ืคื•ืœ,
11:42
that Carbon Engineering does.
218
702850
1618
ื›ืžื• ื‘"ื”ื ื“ืกืช ืคื—ืžืŸ".
11:45
And so if we had an alternative approach
219
705253
2179
ืื– ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื’ื™ืฉื” ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช,
11:47
and used wind or solar to do this,
220
707456
2831
ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื— ืื• ืฉืžืฉ,
11:50
the land area would be about 15 times larger,
221
710311
3588
ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืงืจืงืขื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 15,
11:53
looking at the state of New Jersey now.
222
713923
2010
ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจืกื™.
11:56
One of the things that I think about in my work and my research
223
716360
3532
ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
11:59
is optimizing and figuring out where we should put these plants
224
719916
3925
ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:03
and think about the local resources available --
225
723865
2653
ื•ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื --
12:06
whether it's land, water, cheap and clean electricity --
226
726542
3675
ืงืจืงืข, ืžื™ื, ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื ืงื™ --
12:10
because, for instance, you can use clean electricity
227
730241
2702
ื›ื™, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื ืงื™
12:12
to split water to produce hydrogen,
228
732967
2185
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžื™ืžืŸ,
12:15
which is an excellent, carbon-free replacement for natural gas,
229
735176
3881
ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ื ื˜ื•ืœ-ืคื—ืžืŸ ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™
12:19
to supply the heat required.
230
739081
1750
ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื”ืคืงืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ.
12:22
But I want us to reflect a little bit again on negative emissions.
231
742212
3772
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช.
12:26
Negative emissions should not be considered a silver bullet,
232
746420
3553
ืื™ืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคืช-ืคืœื,
12:29
but they may help us if we continue to stall
233
749997
2503
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืื ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขื›ื‘
12:32
at cutting down on CO2 pollution worldwide.
234
752524
3259
ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื“"ื— ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
12:36
But that's also why we have to be careful.
235
756441
3034
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื’ื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื–ื”ืจ.
12:39
This approach is so alluring that it can even be risky,
236
759499
2977
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื›ื” ืžืคืชื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช,
12:42
as some may cling onto it as some kind of total solution to our climate crisis.
237
762500
4974
ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉื™ื™ืื—ื–ื• ื‘ื” ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืœืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
12:47
It may tempt people to continue to burn fossil fuels 24 hours a day,
238
767982
5455
ื”ื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื“ืœืงื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื 24 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”,
12:53
365 days a year.
239
773461
2174
365 ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”.
12:55
I argue that we should not see negative emissions
240
775659
3206
ืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžื’ืžืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช
12:58
as a replacement for stopping pollution,
241
778889
1928
ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
13:00
but rather, as an addition to an existing portfolio that includes everything,
242
780841
5771
ืืœื ืชื•ืกืคืช ืœืžื™ื–ื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื›ืœ,
13:06
from increased energy efficiency
243
786636
1775
ืžื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
13:08
to low-energy carbon
244
788435
1714
13:10
to improved farming --
245
790173
1633
ื•ืขื“ ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช --
13:11
will all collectively get us on a path to net-zero emissions one day.
246
791830
5001
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ื•ื ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ืจ ืืคืก ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
13:17
A little bit of self-reflection:
247
797909
1826
ืงืฆืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื™:
13:20
my husband is an emergency physician.
248
800481
2508
ื‘ืขืœื™ ืจื•ืคื ื‘ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
13:23
And I find myself amazed by the lifesaving work
249
803727
3545
ื•ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืžืชืคืขืœืช ืžื”ืžืœืื›ื” ืžืฆื™ืœืช-ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
13:27
that he and his colleagues do each and every day.
250
807296
3297
ืฉื”ื•ื ื•ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•.
13:31
Yet when I talk to them about my work on carbon capture,
251
811235
3933
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื”ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
13:35
I find that they're equally amazed,
252
815192
2262
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ื”-ื‘ืžื™ื“ื”,
13:37
and that's because combatting climate change by capturing carbon
253
817896
4773
ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ืข"ื™ ืžื™ืฆื•ื™ ืคื—ืžืŸ
13:42
isn't just about saving a polar bear
254
822693
2058
ืœื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืจืง ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื“ื•ื‘ื™ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ืื• ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื,
13:44
or a glacier.
255
824775
1166
13:45
It's about saving human lives.
256
825965
1670
ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื—ื™ื™ ืื“ื.
13:49
A synthetic forest may not ever be as pretty as a real one,
257
829905
5017
ื™ืขืจ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ ืื•ืœื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ืคื” ื›ืžื• ื™ืขืจ ืืžื™ืชื™,
13:54
but it could just enable us to preserve not only the Amazon,
258
834946
3619
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก,
13:58
but all of the people
259
838589
1460
ืืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืงื™ืจื™ื,
14:00
that we love and cherish,
260
840073
2370
14:02
as well as all of our future generations
261
842467
4662
ื•ื’ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืฆืืฆืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื•ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช.
14:07
and modern civilization.
262
847153
1662
14:08
Thank you.
263
848839
1153
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:10
(Applause)
264
850016
4223
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7