Larry Brilliant: The case for informed optimism

33,078 views ใƒป 2007-12-07

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ariella Cwikel ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:16
I'm going to try to give you a view of the world as I see it,
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ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืื•ืชื”,
00:22
the problems and the opportunities that we face,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื•,
00:26
and then ask the question if we should be optimistic or pessimistic.
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ื•ืื– ืืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”- ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืื• ืคืกื™ืžื™ื™ื.
00:30
And then I'll let you in on a secret, which is why I am an incurable optimist.
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ื•ืื– ืื’ืœื” ืœื›ื ืกื•ื“, ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื ื”.
00:36
Let me start off showing you an Al Gore movie that you may have seen before.
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ืืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื”ืงืจื ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ, ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืจืื™ืชื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
00:42
Now, you've all seen "Inconvenient Truth." This is a little more inconvenient.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื“ื”". ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ื“.
00:51
(Video): Man: ... extremely dangerous questions.
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(ื•ื™ื“ืื•): ืื“ื:... ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:53
Because, with our present knowledge, we have no idea what would happen.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
00:57
Even now, man may be unwittingly changing the world's climate
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
01:01
through the waste products of his civilization.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
01:04
Due to our release, through factories and automobiles every year,
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ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”,
01:07
of more than six billion tons of carbon dioxide --
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ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื˜ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ-
01:10
which helps air absorb heat from the sun --
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ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืข ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืกืคื•ื’ ื—ื•ื ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ-
01:13
our atmosphere seems to be getting warmer.
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชื—ืžืžืช.
01:16
This is bad?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืจืข?
01:18
Well, it's been calculated a few degrees' rise in the earth's temperature would
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืขืœื•ืช ืกืคื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
01:22
melt the polar ice caps.
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ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ื‘ื™ื.
01:32
And if this happens, an inland sea would fill a good portion of the Mississippi Valley.
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”, ืžื™ ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืคื• ื—ืœืง ื ื›ื‘ื“ ืžืขืžืง ื”ืžื™ืกื™ืกื™ืคื™.
01:37
Tourists in glass-bottomed boats would be viewing the drowned towers of Miami
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ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืจืฆืคืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืฆืคื• ื‘ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื˜ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืืžื™
01:41
through 150 feet of tropical water.
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ืžื‘ืขื“ ืœ-45 ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
01:45
For, in weather, we're not only dealing with forces of a far greater variety
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื‘ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:50
than even the atomic physicist encounters, but with life itself.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืื˜ื•ื ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื, ืืœื ืขื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืฆืžื.
01:54
Larry Brilliant: Should we feel good, or should we feel bad
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ืœืืจื™ ื‘ืจื™ืœื™ืื ื˜: ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื• ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืจืข
01:58
that 50 years of foreknowledge accomplished so little?
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉ50 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ืžืงื“ื™ื ื”ืฉื™ื’ื• ืœื ื• ื›ื” ืžืขื˜?
02:04
Well, it depends, really, on what your goals are.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืชืœื•ื™, ื‘ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš.
02:07
And I think, as my goals, I always go back to Gandhi's talisman.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืงืžืข ืฉืœ ื’ื ื“ื™.
02:14
When Mahatma Gandhi was asked,
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ื›ืฉืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™ ื ืฉืืœ,
02:16
"How do you know if the next act that you are about to do is the right one
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"ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœืงืจืืชื• ืืชื” ืฆื•ืขื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ
02:22
or the wrong one?" he said, "Consider the face of the poorest,
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ืื• ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™?" ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ืงื— ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:28
most vulnerable human being that you ever chanced upon,
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ื”ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื ืงืจื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ืš,
02:34
and ask yourself if the act that you contemplate will be of benefit to that person.
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ื•ืฉืืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš ืื ื”ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชื• ืืชื” ืฉื•ืงืœ ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื.
02:40
And if it will be, it's the right thing to do, and if not, rethink it."
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ื•ืื ืœื, ืฉืงื•ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืฉื ื™ืช".
02:46
For those of us in this room, it's not just the poorest and the most vulnerable individual,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื”ื• ืœื ืจืง ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:51
it's the community, it's the culture, it's the world itself.
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ืืœื ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”, ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขืฆืžื•.
02:56
And the trends for those who are at the periphery of our society,
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ื•ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื• ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืคืจื™ืคืจื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
03:01
who are the poorest and the most vulnerable,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:04
the trends give rise to a great case for pessimism.
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ื”ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:10
But there's also a wonderful case for optimism.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
03:13
Let's review them both. First of all, the megatrends.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžื’ื”-ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื.
03:19
There's two degrees, or three degrees of climate change baked into the system.
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ื™ืฉื ื ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช.
03:26
It will cause rising seas. It will cause saline deposited into wells and into lands.
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ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื. ื–ื” ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื™ ืžืœื— ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืืจื•ืช ื•ืื“ืžื•ืช.
03:34
It will disproportionately harm the poorest and the most vulnerable,
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ื–ื” ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:38
as will the increasing rise of population.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
03:43
Even though we've dodged Paul Ehrlich's population bomb,
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ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืคืื•ืœ ืืจืœื™ืš,
03:46
and we will not see 20 billion people in this decade, as he had forecast,
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ื•ืœื ื ืจืื” 20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืคื”,
03:52
we eat as if we were 20 billion.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• 20 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“.
03:55
And we consume so much that again, a rise of 6.5 billion to 9.5 billion
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื‘, ืขืœื™ื” ืž6.5 ืœ-9.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“
04:04
in our grandchildren's lifetime will disproportionately hurt
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื›ื“ื™ื ื• ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™
04:08
the poorest and the most vulnerable.
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ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:12
That's why they migrate to cities.
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื ืœืขืจื™ื.
04:16
That's why in June of this year, we passed, as a species, 51 percent of us living in cities,
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ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉื ื”, ื—ืฆื™ื ื• ืืช ืงื• 51% ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื,
04:22
and bustees, and slums, and shantytowns.
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ื•ื‘ืกืœืžืก, ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ ืคื—ื•ื ื™ื.
04:27
The rural areas are no longer producing as much food as they did.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
04:31
The green revolution never reached Africa.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:34
And with desertification, sandstorms, the Gobi Desert, the Ogaden,
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ื•ืขื ืžื“ื‘ื•ืจ, ืกื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื•ืœ, ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื•ื‘ื™, ื”ืื•ื’ื“ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ืžืœื™ื”,
04:41
we are finding increasing difficulty of a hectare
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืขืฉืจื” ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื
04:45
to produce as many calories as it did even 15 years ago.
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ื™ืคื™ืงื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื• ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื”.
04:50
So humans are turning more towards animal consumption.
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ืื– ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืคื•ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืžื”ื—ื™.
04:55
In Africa last year, Africans ate 600 million wild animals,
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืื›ืœื• 600 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจ,
05:00
and consumed two billion kilograms of bush meat.
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ื•ื›ื™ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืคืจื.
05:05
And every kilogram of bush meat contained hundreds of thousands of novel viruses
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ื›ืœ ืงื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื›ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
05:11
that have never been charted, the genomic sequences of which we don't know.
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ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžื•ืคื•, ื•ืฉื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•.
05:17
Their fitness for creating pandemics we are unaware of,
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื’ืคื•ืช ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ื›ืจืช ืœื ื•,
05:22
but we are ripe for zoonotic-borne, emerging communicable diseases.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉืœื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:30
Increasingly, I would say explosive growth of technology.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื•ื‘ืจ, ื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
05:34
Most of us are the beneficiaries of that growth. But it has a dark side
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•. ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืฆื“ ืืคืœ
05:41
-- in bioweapons, and in technology that puts us on a collision course
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- ื‘ื ืฉืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช
05:46
to magnify any anger, hatred or feeling of marginalization.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ื›ืขืก, ืฉื ืื” ืื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื“ื—ื™ืงื” ืœืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
05:54
And in fact, with increasing globalization --
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืขื ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”-
05:58
for which there are big winners and even bigger losers
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ืฉื‘ื–ื›ื•ืชื” ื™ืฉื ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
06:02
-- today the world is more diverse and unfair than perhaps it has ever been in history.
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- ื›ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื.
06:10
One percent of us own 40 percent of all the goods and services.
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ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘40 ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื.
06:17
What will happen if the billion people today who live on less than one dollar a day
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ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื™ื•ื
06:24
rise to three billion in the next 30 years?
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ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืชื•ืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”?
06:29
The one percent will own even more than 40 percent of all the world's goods
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ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืื—ื“ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž40% ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
06:34
and services. Not because they've grown richer,
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ื•ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื. ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:38
but because the rest of the world has grown increasingly poorer.
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ืืœื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืš ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ืœืขื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:43
Last week, Bill Clinton at the TED Awards said,
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ื™ืœ ืงืœื™ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ืคืจืกื™ TED Awards,
06:45
"This situation is unprecedented, unequal, unfair and unstable."
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"ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื, ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™, ืœื ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ื•ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘".
06:52
So there's lots of reason for pessimism.
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ืื– ื™ืฉื ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
06:55
Darfur is, at its origin, a resource war.
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ื“ืจืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื, ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”, ืžืœื—ืžืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
07:02
Last year, there were 85,000 riots in China,
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”, ื”ื™ื• 85,000 ืคืจืขื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืŸ,
07:07
230 a day, that required police or military intervention.
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230 ื‘ื™ื•ื, ืฉื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ื ื•ืžืฉื˜ืจื”.
07:12
Most of them were about resources.
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ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
07:15
We are facing an unprecedented number, scale of disasters.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืกื•ื ื•ืช.
07:20
Some are weather-related, human-rights related, epidemics.
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ื—ืœืงื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืืงืœื™ื, ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื, ืžื’ื™ืคื•ืช.
07:25
And the newly emerging diseases may make H5N1 and bird flu
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ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉืคืขืช H5N1 ื•ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืขื•ืคื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช
07:31
a quaint forerunner of things to come. It's a destabilized world.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื ื—ืžื“ื” ืœืžื” ืฉืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื. ื–ื”ื• ืขื•ืœื ืฉื™ืฆื ืžืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.
07:39
And unlike destabilized world in the past, it will be broadcast to you on YouTube,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื”ืคืขื ื–ื” ื™ืฉื•ื“ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื ื‘-YouTube,
07:44
you will see it on digital television and on your cell phones.
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ืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžืกืš ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื‘ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
07:48
What will that lead to?
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ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ?
07:50
For some, it will lead to anger, religious and sectarian violence and terrorism.
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ืœื—ืœืง, ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืขืก, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช ื•ืงื ืื™ืช, ื•ืœื˜ืจื•ืจ.
07:57
For others, withdrawal, nihilism, materialism.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ื ืกื™ื’ื”, ื ื™ื”ื™ืœื™ื–ื ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื ื™ื•ืช.
08:06
For us, where does it take us, as social activists and entrepreneurs?
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื•, ื›ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื•ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื?
08:11
As we look at these trends, do we become despondent, or will we become energized?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื”ืื ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืžื“ื•ื›ื“ื›ื™ื, ืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืœืื™ื ืžืจืฅ?
08:20
Let's look at one case, the case of Bangladesh.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“, ื”ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
08:25
First, even if carbon dioxide emissions stopped today,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื’ื ืื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื™ืคืกืงื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:30
global warming would continue.
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ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื” ืœื”ื™ืžืฉืš.
08:33
And even with global warming -- if you can see these blue lines,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช- ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื•,
08:37
the dotted line shows that even if emissions of greenhouse gasses stopped today,
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ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ื•ืงื•ื•ื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื’ื ืื ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ื™ืคืกืงื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:46
the next decades will see rising sea levels.
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ื”ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืžื• ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื.
08:51
A minimum of 20 to 30 inches of increase in sea levels is the best case
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ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 50 ืขื“ 75 ืก"ืž ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:58
that we can hope for, and it could be 10 times that.
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ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื•ื•ืช, ื•ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ 10.
09:02
What will that do to Bangladesh? Let's take a look.
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ? ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ.
09:05
So here's Bangladesh.
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ื”ื ื” ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
09:12
70 percent of Bangladesh is at less than five feet above sea level.
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70% ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ื ืžืฆืืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื.
09:19
Let's go up and take a look at the Himalayas.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขืœื” ื•ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”.
09:21
And we'll watch as global warming makes them melt. More water comes down,
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ื•ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžืžื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื. ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
09:26
the deforested areas, here in the Tarai, will be unable to absorb the effluent,
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ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ืืจื™ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื˜ืจืื™ื™, ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืกืคื•ื’ ืืช ืฉืคืข ื”ืžื™ื,
09:32
because trees are like straws that suck up the extra seasonal water.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืงืฉื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืฆืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื.
09:38
Now we're looking down south, through the Kali Gandaki.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื”, ื“ืจืš ืขืžืง ื”ืงืืœื™ ื’ื ื“ืืงื™.
09:41
Many of you, I think, have probably trekked here.
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื˜ืจืงืชื ื›ืืŸ.
09:44
And we're going to cruise down and take a look at Bangladesh
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืฉื•ื˜ ืžื˜ื” ื•ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ
09:49
and see what the impact will be of twin increases in water
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื”ื›ืคื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื
09:55
coming from the north, and in the seas rising from the south.
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ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื.
10:01
Looking at the five major rivers that feed Bangladesh.
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ.
10:05
And now let's look from the south, looking up, and let's see this in relief.
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžื”ื“ืจื•ื, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืžืขืœื”, ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜.
10:11
A minimum of 20 to 40 inches of increase in seas,
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ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ 50- 100 ืก"ืž ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื,
10:17
coupled with increasing flows from the Himalayas. And take a look at this.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืจื™ืžื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืจื›ืก ื”ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”. ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:26
As many as 100 million refugees from Bangladesh could be expected to migrate
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ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ
10:35
into India and into China.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ.
10:39
This is the difficulty that one country faces.
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ืืœื• ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื”ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช.
10:44
But if you look at the globe, all around the earth, wherever there is low-lying area,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื•ืœื•, ื‘ื›ืœ ืื–ื•ืจ ื ืžื•ืš,
10:52
populated areas near the water,
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ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืื•ื›ืœืก ืœื™ื“ ื”ืžื™ื,
10:55
you will find increase in sea level that will challenge our way of life.
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ืชืžืฆืื• ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืœืก ืžื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืืชื’ืจ ืืช ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
10:59
Sub-Saharan Africa, and even our own San Francisco Bay Area.
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ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืกื”ืจื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืื–ื•ืจ ืžืคืจืฅ ืกืŸ- ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ืฉืœื ื•.
11:06
We're all in this together.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:09
This is not something that happens far away to people that we don't know.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
11:13
Global warming is something that happens to all of us, all at once.
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ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืงื•ืจื” ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
11:19
As are these newly emerging communicable diseases,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
11:23
names that you hadn't heard 20 years ago: ebola, lhasa fever, monkey pox.
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ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”: ืื‘ื•ืœื”, ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืœืืกื”, ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืงื•ืคื™ื.
11:28
With the erosion of the green belt separating animals from humans,
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ืขื ื”ืกื—ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื” ื”ืžืคืจื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
11:33
we live in each other's viral environment.
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ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืจืืœื™ืช ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
11:36
Do you remember, 20 years ago, no one had ever heard of West Nile fever?
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ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื, ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืงื“ื—ืช ื”ื ื™ืœื•ืก ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช?
11:40
And then we watched, as one case arrived on the East Coast of the United States
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ื•ืื– ืฆืคื™ื ื•, ืื™ืš ืžืงืจื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื–ืจื—ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
11:44
and it marched every year, westwardly.
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ื•ื”ืงื“ื—ืช ืฆืขื“ื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื” ืžืขืจื‘ื”.
11:48
Do you remember no one had heard of ebola
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืฉืžืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื”
11:51
until we heard of hundreds of people dying in Central Africa from it?
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ืขื“ ืฉืฉืžืขื ื• ืขืœ ืžืื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชื• ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”?
11:55
It's just the beginning, unfortunately.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืœืฆืขืจื ื•.
11:57
There have been 30 novel emerging communicable diseases
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ื”ื™ื• 30 ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
12:04
that begin in animals that have jumped species in the last 30 years.
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ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืงืคืฆื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:11
It's more than enough reason for pessimism.
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ื–ื” ืžืกืคืง ืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืœืคืกื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
12:14
But now let's look at the case for optimism. (Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:19
Enough of the bad news. Human beings have always risen to the challenge.
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ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช. ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชืขืœื• ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•ื ืขื ื• ืœืืชื’ืจ.
12:24
You just need to look at the list of Nobel laureates to remind ourselves.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืคืจืก ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ื•.
12:30
We've been here before, paralyzed by fear, paralyzed into inaction,
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ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืคื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื ืžืคื—ื“, ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื ืขื“ ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ,
12:36
when some -- probably one of you in this room -- jumped into the breach
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ื›ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• - ื‘ื˜ื— ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” - ืงืคืฅ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืคื™ืจืฆื”
12:42
and created an organization like Physicians for Social Responsibility,
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ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
12:47
which fought against the nuclear threat,
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ืฉืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™,
12:50
Medicins Sans Frontieres, that renewed our commitment to disaster relief,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช, ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืกื•ื ื•ืช,
12:56
Mohamed ElBaradei, and the tremendous hope and optimism that he
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ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ืืœ-ื‘ืจืื“ื™, ื•ื”ืชืงื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื
13:00
brought all of us, and our own Muhammad Yunus.
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ืžื‘ื™ื ืœื›ื•ืœื ื•, ื•ืžื•ื—ืžื“ ื™ื•ื ืก ืฉืœื ื•.
13:04
We've seen the eradication of smallpox.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
13:08
We may see the eradication of polio this year.
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื• ื”ืฉื ื”.
13:11
Last year, there were only 2,000 cases in the world.
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืจืง 2,000 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:15
We may see the eradication of guinea worm next year --
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื ืจืื” ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืœืขืช ื’ื™ื ืื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”-
13:19
there are only 35,000 cases left in the world.
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ื ืฉืืจื• ืจืง 35,000 ืžืงืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:21
20 years ago, there were three and a half million.
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ืœืคื ื™ 20 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
13:25
And we've seen a new disease, not like the 30 novel emerging communicable diseases.
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืžื—ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”, ืœื ื›ืžื• 30 ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืงื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช.
13:32
This disease is called sudden wealth syndrome. (Laughter)
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ืœืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:38
It's an amazing phenomenon.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื•ืคืขื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
13:41
All throughout the technology world, we're seeing young people bitten by this
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื
13:45
disease of sudden wealth syndrome.
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืŸ ืคืชืื•ืžื™.
13:49
But they're using their wealth in a way that their forefathers never did.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืงื•ื“ืžื™ื”ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื•.
13:55
They're not waiting until they die to create foundations.
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ื”ื ืœื ืžื—ื›ื™ื ืขื“ ืžื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืงืจื ื•ืช.
13:59
They're actively guiding their money, their resources, their hearts, their commitments,
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ื”ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ, ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื”ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
14:04
to make the world a better place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:06
Certainly, nothing can give you more optimism than that.
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ืœืœื ืกืคืง, ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื–ื” ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
14:09
More reasons to be optimistic:
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ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
14:12
in the '60s, and I am a creature of the '60s, there was a movement.
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ืฆื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”60, ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื ื•ืขื”.
14:17
We all felt that we were part of it, that a better world was right around the corner,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื”ืจื’ืฉื ื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”, ื›ืื™ืœื• ืขื•ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆื ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื™ื ื”,
14:21
that we were watching the birth of a world free of hatred and violence and prejudice.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ืžืฉื ืื”, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
14:27
Today, there's another kind of movement. It's a movement to save the earth.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ. ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœื”ืฆืœืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
14:32
It's just beginning.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืชื”.
14:34
Five weeks ago, a group of activists from the business community gathered together
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื™ื—ื“
14:41
to stop a Texas utility from building nine coal-fired electrical plants
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืงืกืก ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืฉืข ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื—ืžื™ื•ืช,
14:47
that would have contributed to destroying the environment.
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืจืก ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:52
Six months ago, a group of business activists gathered together to join with the
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขืกืงื™ื ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื‘ื•ืจ
14:58
Republican governor in California to pass AB 32,
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ืœืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื ื™ ืฉืœ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช AB 32,
15:02
the most far-reaching legislation in environmental history.
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ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืจื—ื™ืงืช ืœื›ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
15:07
Al Gore made presentations in the House and the Senate as an expert witness.
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ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืกื ืื˜ ื›ืขื“ ืžื•ืžื—ื”.
15:16
Can you imagine? (Laughter)
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืœื›ื (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:19
We're seeing an entente cordiale between science and religion that five years ago
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืกื›ืžื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ืœื“ืช ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื
15:25
I would not have believed, as the evangelical community
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืื•ื•ื ื’ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
15:29
has understood the desperate situation of global warming.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
15:35
And now 4,000 churches have joined the environmental movement.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• 4,000 ื›ื ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช.
15:40
It is something to be greatly optimistic about.
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ื–ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
15:44
The European 20-20-20 plan is an amazing breakthrough,
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ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”20-20-20 ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
15:50
something that should make all of us feel that hope is on the horizon.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืชืงื•ื•ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืื•ืคืง.
15:55
And on April 14th, there will be Step Up Day, where there will be a thousand
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ื‘14 ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ, ื™ืชืงื™ื™ื ื™ื•ื 'ืฆืขื“ ืงื“ื™ืžื”', ื‘ื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœืฃ
16:00
individual mobilized social activist movements in the United States on protest
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—ื•ืช
16:07
against legislation -- pushing for legislation to stop global warming.
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ื ื’ื“ ื—ืงื™ืงื”- ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ืงื™ืงื” ืœืขืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช.
16:13
And on July 7th, around the world, I learned only yesterday,
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ื‘7 ืœื™ื•ืœื™, ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืจืง ืืชืžื•ืœ,
16:17
there will be global Live Earth concerts.
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ื™ืขืจื›ื• ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ Live Earth.
16:21
And you can feel this optimistic move to save the earth in the air.
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ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื”ืงื•ืจื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
16:27
Now, that doesn't mean that people understand that global warming
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ืืžื ื, ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
16:31
hurts the poorest and the weakest the most.
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ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:35
That means that people are beginning the first step,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
16:37
which is acting out of their own self-interest.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื”ื.
16:40
But I am seeing in the major funders, in CARE, Rockefeller,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ืžืžืžื ื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื, ื‘CARE, ื‘ืงืจืŸ ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ,
16:44
Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Hewlett, Mercy Corps, you guys, Google,
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ืงืจืŸ ื”ืื—ื™ื ืจื•ืงืคืœืจ, ื”ื™ื•ืœื˜, Mercy Corps, ืืชื, ื’ื•ื’ืœ,
16:49
so many other organizations, a beginning of understanding that we need
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ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื
16:54
to work not just on primary prevention of global warming,
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช,
16:57
but on the secondary prevention of the consequences of global warming
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืžื ื™ืขื” ืžืฉื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช
17:02
on the poorest and the most vulnerable.
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ืขืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:07
But for me, I have another reason to be an incurable optimist.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืกื˜ ื—ืกืจ ืชืงื ื”.
17:12
And you've heard so many inspiring stories here, and I heard so many last night
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ื•ืฉืžืขืชื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื›ืืŸ, ื•ืื ื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ืœื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืžืฉ,
17:18
that I thought I would share a little bit of mine.
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ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืืฉืชืฃ ืงืฆืช ืžืฉืœื™.
17:21
My background is not exactly conventional medical training.
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ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ืจืคื•ืื™ืช ืงื•ื ื‘ื ืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ืช.
17:25
And I lived in a Himalayan monastery, and I studied with a very wise teacher,
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ื’ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืžืœื™ื”, ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืžื•ืจื” ื—ื›ื ืžืื“,
17:30
who kicked me out of the monastery one day and told me that it was my destiny --
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ืฉื‘ืขื˜ ืื•ืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžื”ืžื ื–ืจ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™ ื›ื™ ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื™-
17:35
it felt like Yoda -- it is your destiny to go to work for WHO
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ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื“ื”- ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘WHO, ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
17:41
and to help eradicate smallpox,
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ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช,
17:43
at a time when there was no smallpox program.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืœืžื™ื’ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืœื”.
17:47
It should make you optimistic that smallpox no longer exists
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื•ื•ืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
17:51
because it was the worst disease in history.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžื—ืœื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
17:55
In the last century -- that's the one that was seven years ago --
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”- ื–ื• ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื-
18:01
half a billion people died from smallpox:
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ื—ืฆื™ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืชื• ืžืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:03
more than all the wars in history,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
18:06
more than any other infectious disease in the history of the world.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืžื™ื“ื‘ืงืช ืื—ืจืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
18:11
In the Summer of Love, in 1967, two million people, children, died of smallpox.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘1967, ืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื, ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžืชื• ืžืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:18
It's not ancient history.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืชื™ืงื”.
18:21
When you read the biblical plague of boils, that was smallpox.
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ื›ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืœ ืžื›ืช ื”ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื "ื›ื™ืช, ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:26
Pharaoh Ramses the Fifth, whose picture is here, died of smallpox.
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ืคืจืขื” ืจืขืžืกืก ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™, ืฉื ืจืื” ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”, ืžืช ืžืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช.
18:33
To eradicate smallpox, we had to gather the largest United Nations army in history.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
18:39
We visited every house in India, searching for smallpox -- 120 million houses,
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ื‘ื™ืงืจื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, 120 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ื,
18:45
once every month, for nearly two years.
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ืคืขื ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ, ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื.
18:49
In a cruel reversal, after we had almost conquered smallpox --
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ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืžืจื•ืฉืข, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื ื™ืฆื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช-
18:52
and this is what you must learn as a social entrepreneur, the realm of the final inch.
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ื•ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื›ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื- ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื˜ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ.
18:58
When we had almost eradicated smallpox, it came back again,
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ื›ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื’ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช, ื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ืฉื•ื‘,
19:02
because the company town of Tatanagar drew laborers,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ื™ืจื” ื˜ื ืื’ืจ ืžืฉื›ื” ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
19:07
who could come there and get employment.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ืชืขืกื•ืงื”.
19:10
And they caught smallpox in the one remaining place that had smallpox,
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ื”ื ื ื“ื‘ืงื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช,
19:14
and they went home to die.
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ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืœืžื•ืช.
19:16
And when they did, they took smallpox to 10 other countries
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ื‘ื›ืš, ื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืœ10 ืืจืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช
19:20
and reignited the epidemic.
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ื•ื”ืฆื™ืชื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”.
19:22
And we had to start all over again.
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
19:26
But, in the end, we succeeded, and the last case of smallpox:
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื•, ื•ื”ืžืงืจื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช:
19:33
this little girl, Rahima Banu -- Barisal, in Bangladesh --
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืจื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืื ื•- ื‘ืืจื™ืกืœ, ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ-
19:40
when she coughed or breathed, and the last virus of smallpox left her lungs
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืขืœื” ืื• ื ืฉืžื”, ื•ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ืขื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืขื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื”
19:47
and fell on the dirt and the sun killed that last virus,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื•ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืจื’ื” ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื,
19:53
thus ended a chain of transmission of history's greatest horror.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ื”ื“ื‘ืงื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
20:01
How can that not make you optimistic?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื?
20:07
A disease which killed hundreds of thousands in India, and blinded half of
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ืžื—ืœื” ืฉืงื˜ืœื” ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื’ืžืจื” ืœืขื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืฆื™
20:13
all of those who were made blind in India, ended.
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ืžื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืกื™ื•ืžื”.
20:18
And most importantly for us here in this room, a bond was created.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื–ืง.
20:25
Doctors, health workers, from 30 different countries,
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื, ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืืจืฆื•ืช,
20:28
of every race, every religion, every color, worked together,
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ืžื›ืœ ื’ื–ืข, ื“ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข, ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื—ื“
20:33
fought alongside each other,
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ื ืœื—ืžื• ืฉื›ื ืืœ ืฉื›ื,
20:36
fought against a common enemy, didn't fight against each other.
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ื ืœื—ืžื• ื ื’ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ, ื•ืœื ืื—ื“ ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉื ื™.
20:41
How can that not make you feel optimistic for the future?
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ืื™ืš ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“?
20:46
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
20:48
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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