Economic growth has stalled. Let's fix it | Dambisa Moyo

89,745 views ใƒป 2016-02-29

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: hila scherba
00:13
Our ability to create and sustain economic growth
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืœืชื—ื–ืง ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:18
is the defining challenge of our time.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
00:21
Of course there are other challenges --
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ื’ื ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
00:23
health care, disease burdens and pandemics,
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ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ืืชื’ืจื™ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื’ืคื•ืช,
00:26
environmental challenges
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ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื
00:29
and, of course, radicalized terrorism.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
00:32
However,
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ืขื ื–ืืช,
00:34
to the extent that we can actually solve the economic growth challenge,
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ืœืจืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืืชื’ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
00:38
it will take us a long way
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ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ืื•ืชื ื• ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”
00:40
to solving the challenges that I've just elucidated.
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ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืจืชื™.
00:43
More importantly,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
00:45
unless and until we solve economic growth
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ืืœื ืื ื•ืขื“ ืฉื ืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
00:49
and create sustainable, long-term economic growth,
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ื•ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—,
00:53
we'll be unable to address
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ืœื ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก
00:56
the seemingly intractable challenges that continue to pervade the globe today,
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ืœืืชื’ืจื™ื ืฉื ืจืื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืคืชื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:01
whether it's health care, education or economic development.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
01:06
The fundamental question is this:
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
01:09
How are we going to create economic growth
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
01:12
in advanced and developed economies like the United States and across Europe
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื•ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:16
at a time when they continue to struggle
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืื‘ืง
01:18
to create economic growth after the financial crisis?
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™?
01:22
They continue to underperform
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืžืฆื•ืคื”
01:25
and to see an erosion in the three key drivers of economic growth:
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ื“ื•ื—ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช:
01:30
capital, labor and productivity.
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ื”ื•ืŸ, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื•ืช.
01:34
In particular,
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,
01:35
these developed economies continue to see debts and deficits,
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื—ื•ื‘ ื•ื’ืจืขื•ืŸ,
01:40
the decline and erosion of both the quality and quantity of labor
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ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืงื” ื’ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืฉืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
01:45
and they also see productivity stalling.
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ื•ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืจื•ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื”ื™ืช.
01:48
In a similar vein,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื•ืžื”,
01:50
how are we going to create economic growth in the emerging markets,
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืขื•ืœื™ื,
01:53
where 90 percent of the world's population lives
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ืฉื 90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื—ื™ื”
01:57
and where, on average,
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ื•ืื™ืคื” ืฉื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข,
01:58
70 percent of the population is under the age of 25?
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70 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœื’ื™ืœ 25?
02:02
In these countries,
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
02:04
it is essential that they grow at a minimum of seven percent a year
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื”
02:08
in order to put a dent in poverty
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื ื™
02:10
and to double per capita incomes in one generation.
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ื•ืœื”ื›ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื“ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“.
02:14
And yet today,
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:16
the largest emerging economies --
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
02:18
countries with at least 50 million people --
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืœืคื—ื•ืช 50 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื --
02:21
continue to struggle to reach that seven percent magic mark.
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ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืื‘ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกืฃ ื”ืงืกื•ื ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื.
02:25
Worse than that,
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ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”,
02:27
countries like India, Russia, South Africa, Brazil and even China
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื•, ืจื•ืกื™ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ืืคืจื™ืงื”, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ืŸ
02:31
are falling below that seven percent number
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ื ื•ืคืœื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืกืคืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
02:34
and, in many cases, actually regressing.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื’ืจืกื™ื”.
02:37
Economic growth matters.
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื ื”.
02:40
With economic growth,
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ืขื ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช,
02:41
countries and societies enter into a virtuous cycle
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืœืžืขื’ืœ ืžื•ืกืจื™
02:46
of upward mobility, opportunity and improved living standards.
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ืฉืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืžืขืœื”, ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ื•ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉื•ืคืจ.
02:51
Without growth, countries contract and atrophy,
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฆืžื™ื—ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ื•ืžืชื ื•ื•ื ื•ืช,
02:55
not just in the annals of economic statistics
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
02:58
but also in the meaning of life and how lives are lived.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:02
Economic growth matters powerfully for the individual.
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
03:07
If growth wanes,
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ืื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช,
03:08
the risk to human progress
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ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
03:10
and the risk of political and social instability rises,
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ื•ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขื•ืœื”,
03:15
and societies become dimmer, coarser and smaller.
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ื•ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžื—ื•ืกืคืกื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:20
The context matters.
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ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื”.
03:22
And countries in emerging markets
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ื•ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื
03:23
do not need to grow at the same rates as developed countries.
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ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘ ื›ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
03:29
Now, I know some of you in this room find this to be a risky proposition.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืขืžื“ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
03:34
There are some people here
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื”
03:36
who will turn around and be quite disillusioned
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ืฉื™ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืชืคื›ื—ื•
03:39
by what's happened around the world
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•
03:40
and basically ascribe that to economic growth.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
03:44
You worry about the overpopulation of the planet.
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ืืชื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”.
03:47
And looking at the UN's recent statistics and projections
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ื•ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื
03:50
that the world will have 11 billion people on the planet
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• 11 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”
03:53
before it plateaus in 2100,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื™ืชื™ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ 2100,
03:56
you're concerned about what that does to natural resources --
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ื•ืืชื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื --
03:59
arable land, potable water, energy and minerals.
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ืื“ืžื” ืคื•ืจื™ื”, ืžื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืœืฉืชื™ื”, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื.
04:04
You are also concerned about the degradation of the environment.
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ืืชื ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
04:08
And you worry about how man,
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ื•ืืชื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ื”ืื“ื,
04:11
embodied in the corporate globalist,
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ืžื’ื•ืœื ื‘ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
04:14
has become greedy and corrupt.
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ื”ืคืš ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืชืื‘ ื‘ืฆืข ื•ืžื•ืฉื—ืช.
04:18
But I'm here to tell you today that economic growth
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืคื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
04:21
has been the backbone of changes in living standards
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
04:25
of millions of people around the world.
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ืฉืœ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
04:27
And more importantly,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
04:29
it's not just economic growth that has been driven by capitalism.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื” ืฉืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
04:36
The definition of capitalism, very simply put,
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ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื, ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
04:39
is that the factors of production,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
04:41
such as trade and industry, capital and labor,
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ื›ืžื• ืกื—ืจ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื”, ื”ื•ืŸ ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
04:45
are left in the hands of the private sector and not the state.
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ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืงื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”.
04:49
It's really essential here that we understand
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืฉื ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:52
that fundamentally the critique is not for economic growth per se
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ืฉื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื›ืฉืขืฆืžื”
04:57
but what has happened to capitalism.
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ืืœื ืžื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืœืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
04:59
And to the extent that we need to create economic growth over the long term,
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ื•ืœืจืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš,
05:03
we're going to have to pursue it with a better form of economic stance.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื” ืขื ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื›ืœื›ืœื™.
05:09
Economic growth needs capitalism,
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ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
05:12
but it needs it to work properly.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืฉื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
05:14
And as I mentioned a moment ago,
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ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข,
05:17
the core of the capitalist system has been defined by private actors.
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ื”ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื ื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื.
05:23
And even this, however, is a very simplistic dichotomy.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื”, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ื›ื•ื˜ื•ืžื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืคื•ืฉื˜ืช.
05:27
Capitalism: good; non-capitalism: bad.
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ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื: ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื: ืจืข.
05:31
When in practical experience,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืจืงื˜ื™,
05:33
capitalism is much more of a spectrum.
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ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื.
05:36
And we have countries such as China,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ,
05:38
which have practiced more state capitalism,
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ืฉืื™ืžืฆื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžื“ื™ื ืชื™,
05:41
and we have countries like the Unites States
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
05:43
which are more market capitalist.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉื•ืง.
05:45
Our efforts to critique the capitalist system, however,
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ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืขื ื–ืืช,
05:48
have tended to focus on countries like China
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ื ื˜ื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืŸ
05:51
that are in fact not blatantly market capitalism.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืŸ ืœื ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืฉื•ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื•ื˜ื”.
05:55
However, there is a real reason and real concern
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืžืžืฉื™ืช
05:59
for us to now focus our attentions on purer forms of capitalism,
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ืœื ื• ืœืžืงื“ ื›ืขืช ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื”ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื,
06:03
particularly those embodied by the United States.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืืœื• ืฉืžื’ื•ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
06:07
This is really important
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ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
06:09
because this type of capitalism
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
06:11
has increasingly been afforded the critique
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
06:14
that it is now fostering corruption
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช
06:17
and, worse still,
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ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ,
06:18
it's increasing income inequality --
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ื–ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” --
06:22
the idea that the few are benefiting at the expense of the many.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืขื˜ ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื‘ื”.
06:28
The two really critical questions that we need to address
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ืืžืช ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืื™ืชืŸ
06:32
is how can we fix capitalism
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ื–ื” ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื
06:34
so that it can help create economic growth
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
06:37
but at the same time can help to address social ills.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
06:41
In order to think about that framing, we have to ask ourselves,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ื–ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
06:45
how does capitalism work today?
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ืื™ืš ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื?
06:47
Very simplistically,
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ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืช,
06:49
capitalism is set on the basis of an individual utility maximizer --
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ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžื•ืฉืชืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืงืกื•ื ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ืช --
06:55
a selfish individual who goes after what he or she wants.
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ืื“ื ืื ื•ื›ื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืื—ืจื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื• ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
07:00
And only after they've maximized their utility
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ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืงืกืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
07:03
do they then decide it's important
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ื”ื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื– ืฉื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘
07:05
to provide support to other social contracts.
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ืœืกืคืง ืชืžื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื•ื–ื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:09
Of course, in this system governments do tax,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืกื™ื,
07:12
and they use part of their revenues to fund social programs,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืžืŸ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช,
07:16
recognizing that government's role is not just regulation
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ื•ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”
07:19
but also to be arbiter of social goods.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
07:23
But nevertheless,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช,
07:24
this framework --
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ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื”ื–ื• --
07:26
this two-stage framework --
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ืชืฉืชื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” --
07:28
is the basis from which we must now start
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžืžื ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
07:30
to think about how we can improve the capitalist model.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™.
07:33
I would argue that there are two sides to this challenge.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
07:37
First of all,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช,
07:38
we can draw on the right-wing policies
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื™ืŸ
07:41
to see what could be beneficial for us
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื ื•
07:43
to think about how we can improve capitalism.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื.
07:46
In particular,
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ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช,
07:47
right-leaning policies
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื™ืžื™ืŸ
07:49
have tended to focus on things like conditional transfers,
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ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช
07:52
where we pay and reward people for doing the things
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื•ืžืชื’ืžืœื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
07:56
that we actually think can help enhance economic growth.
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ืฉืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
07:59
For example,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
08:00
sending children to school,
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ,
08:02
parents could earn money for that,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื›ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
08:04
or getting their children inoculated or immunized,
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ืื• ืœื—ืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
08:08
parents could get paid for doing that.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉืœื•ื ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:10
Now, quite apart from the debate
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ื™ ื‘ื ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ
08:12
on whether or not we should be paying people
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ืœื
08:14
to do what we think they should do anyway,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ,
08:17
the fact of the matter is that pay for performance
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืชืฉืœื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื
08:20
has actually yielded some positive results
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ื›ืžื” ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช
08:23
in places like Mexico,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืงืกื™ืงื•,
08:24
in Brazil
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ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ
08:26
and also in pilot programs in New York.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง.
08:29
But there are also benefits
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช
08:31
and significant changes underway on left-leaning policies.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉื ื•ื˜ื” ืฉืžืืœื”.
08:35
Arguments that government should expand its role and responsibility
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ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
08:40
so that it's not so narrowly defined
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฆืจ
08:42
and that government should be much more of an arbiter
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ื•ืฉืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื•ืช
08:44
of the factors of production
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ
08:46
have become commonplace with the success of China.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืขื ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืกื™ืŸ.
08:49
But also we've started to have debates
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื• ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื
08:51
about how the role of the private sector
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื™ืš ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™
08:54
should move away from just being a profit motive
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื•ืข ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืžื ื™ืข ืฉืœ ืจื•ื•ื—
08:56
and really be more engaged in the delivery of social programs.
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ื•ื‘ืืžืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืืกืคืงื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
09:00
Things like the corporate social responsibility programs,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื,
09:03
albeit small in scale,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืงื˜ืŸ,
09:05
are moving in that right direction.
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ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื.
09:07
Of course, left-leaning policies have also tended to blur the lines
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืฉืžืืœ ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื˜ืฉื˜ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื•ื™ื
09:13
between government, NGOs and private sector.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืœืœื ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื•ื— ื•ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
09:16
Two very good examples of this are the 19th-century United States,
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ืฉืชื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืŸ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” 19,
09:20
when the infrastructure rollout
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ื›ืฉืคืจื™ืกืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช
09:22
was really about public-private partnerships.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™.
09:25
More recently, of course,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
09:27
the advent of the Internet has also proven to the world
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ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื” ื’ื ืœืขื•ืœื
09:30
that public and private can work together for the betterment of society.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
09:36
My fundamental message to you is this:
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ื”ืžืกืจ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉืœื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื”:
09:39
We cannot continue to try and solve the world economic growth challenges
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ืืชื’ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช
09:44
by being dogmatic and being unnecessarily ideological.
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ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš.
09:49
In order to create sustainable, long-term economic growth
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ืืจื•ื›ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—
09:53
and solve the challenges and social ills that continue to plague the world today,
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ื•ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:57
we're going to have to be more broad-minded
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:00
about what might work.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“.
10:02
Ultimately,
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
10:03
we have to recognize that ideology is the enemy of growth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
10:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
10:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
10:15
Bruno Giussani: I want to ask a couple of questions, Dambisa,
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’ื™ืื•ืกื ื™: ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืชืš ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช, ื“ืžื‘ื™ืกื”,
ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉื’ื“ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:18
because one could react to your last sentence
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10:20
by saying growth is also an ideology,
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ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•.
10:22
it's possibly the dominant ideology of our times.
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ืžื” ืืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•?
10:24
What do you say to those who react that way?
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ื“ืžื‘ื™ืกื”: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™,
10:26
DM: Well, I think that that's completely legitimate,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
10:29
and I think that we're already having that discussion.
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10:31
There's a lot of work going on around happiness
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื•ืฉืจ
10:33
and other metrics being used for measuring people's success
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ื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
10:37
and improvements in living standards.
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ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
10:39
And so I think that we should be open
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ื•ื›ืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื
10:41
to what could deliver improvements in people's living standards
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ืœืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื•ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื.
10:44
and continue to reduce poverty around the world.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื•: ืื– ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ืžืฉืงืžืช,
10:46
BG: So you're basically pleading for rehabilitating growth,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื” ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
10:49
but the only way for that happen
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10:51
without compromising the capacity of the earth,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžืกืข ืืจื•ืš,
10:53
to take us on a long journey,
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10:54
is for economic growth
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ื–ื” ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืชื ื•ืชืง ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื.
10:56
somehow to decouple from the underlying use of resources.
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10:59
Do you see that happening?
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ื”ืื ืืช ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”?
11:00
DM: Well, I think that I'm more optimistic about human ability and ingenuity.
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ื“ืž: ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื•ืœื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
11:05
I think if we start to constrain ourselves
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•
11:07
using the finite, scarce and depleting resources
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ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ื ื’ืžืจื™ื
11:10
that we know today,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
11:11
we could get quite negative
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
11:13
and quite concerned about the way the world is.
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ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื•ืžื“.
11:15
However, we've seen the Club of Rome,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืจืื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ืžื,
11:17
we've seen previous claims
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ืจืื™ื ื• ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ืžื•ืช
11:20
that the world would be running out of resources,
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ืฉืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื’ืžืจื•,
11:22
and it's not to argue that those things are not valid.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
11:25
But I think, with ingenuity we could see desalination,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช, ืขื ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืฆืื” ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืคืœื”,
11:27
I think we could reinvest in energy,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
11:29
so that we can actually get better outcomes.
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ื›ืš ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:31
And so in that sense,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”,
ืื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
11:33
I'm much more optimistic about what humans can do.
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11:35
BG: The thing that strikes me
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ื‘ื’: ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืฆืขื” ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ืœืงื—ืช ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”
11:37
about your proposals for rehabilitating growth
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11:40
and taking a different direction
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11:42
is that you're kind of suggesting to fix capitalism with more capitalism --
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ื–ื” ืฉืืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื --
11:47
with putting a price tag on good behavior as incentive
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ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืชื’ ืžื—ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื›ืชืžืจื™ืฅ
11:50
or developing a bigger role for business in social issues.
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ืื• ืœืคืชื— ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
11:54
Is that what you're suggesting?
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืช ืžืฆื™ืขื”?
11:56
DM: I'm suggesting we have to be open-minded.
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ื“ืž: ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
11:58
I think it is absolutely the case
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืžืงืจื”
12:00
that traditional models of economic growth
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ืฉืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
12:03
are not working the way we would like them to.
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ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื•.
12:05
And I think it's no accident
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื”
12:07
that today the largest economy in the world, the United States,
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
12:11
has democracy,
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
12:12
liberal democracy, as it's core political stance
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ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช, ื›ืขืžื“ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื”
12:15
and it has free market capitalism --
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช --
12:17
to the extent that it is free --
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ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช --
12:19
free market capitalism as its economic stance.
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ืฉื•ืง ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื›ืขืžื“ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืฉืœื”.
12:21
The second largest economy is China.
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ.
12:23
It has deprioritized democracy
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ืช
12:25
and it has state capitalism, which is a completely different model.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
12:29
These two countries, completely different political models
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•, ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ
12:31
and completely different economic models,
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ื•ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
12:33
and yet they have the same income inequality number
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืื™ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื”
ืฉื ืžื“ื“ ื›ืžื“ื“ ื’'ื™ื ื™.
12:36
measured as a Gini coefficient.
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12:37
I think those are the debates we should have,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืœื” ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•,
12:39
because it's not clear at all
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœืœ
12:42
what model we should be adopting,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืืžืฅ,
12:43
and I think there needs to be much more discourse
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ื— ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื•ื•ื”
12:46
and much more humility about what we know and what we don't know.
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ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
12:49
BG: One last question. The COP21 is going on in Paris.
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ื‘ื’: ืฉืืœื” ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื” COP21 ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ืคืจื™ื–.
12:53
If you could send a tweet
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ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืฆื™ื•ืฅ
12:54
to all the heads of state and heads of delegations there,
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ืœื›ืœ ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืจืืฉื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืฉื,
12:57
what would you say?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช?
12:59
DM: Again, I would be very much about being open-minded.
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ื“ืž: ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฆื™ืขื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช.
13:02
As you're aware,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื,
13:03
the issues around the environmental concerns
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ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื•ืช
ื”ื™ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื’'ื ื“ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• --
13:05
have been on the agenda many times now --
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13:07
in Copenhagen, '72 in Stockholm --
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ื‘ืงื•ืคื ื”ื’ืŸ, 72 ื‘ืกื˜ื•ืงื”ื•ืœื --
13:09
and we keep revisiting these issues
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืืœื”
13:11
partly because there is not a fundamental agreement,
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ื—ืœืงื™ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื”ืกื›ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™,
13:15
in fact there's a schism
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ืชื”ื•ื
13:16
between what the developed countries believe and want
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืžืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืฆื•ืช
13:19
and what emerging market countries want.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื•ืช.
13:21
Emerging market countries need to continue to create economic growth
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
13:25
so that we don't have political uncertainty in the those countries.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืื™ ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
13:28
Developed countries recognize
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ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช
13:30
that they have a real, important responsibility
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”
13:33
not only just to manage their CO2 emissions
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื” CO2 ืฉืœื”ืŸ
13:35
and some of the degradation that they're contributing to the world,
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื,
ืืœื ื’ื ื›ืงื•ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
13:39
but also as trendsetters in R&D.
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13:40
And so they have to come to the table as well.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
13:43
But in essence, it cannot be a situation
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื‘
13:45
where we start ascribing policies to the emerging markets
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ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื™ื—ืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืชืขื•ืจืจื™ื
13:49
without developed countries themselves
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
13:51
also taking quite a swipe at what they're doing
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ื’ื ื™ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื• ืขื ืžื” ืฉื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
13:54
both in demand and supply in developed markets.
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ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื.
13:56
BG: Dambisa, thank you for coming to TED. DM: Thank you very much.
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ื‘ื’: ื“ืžื‘ื™ืกื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืฉื‘ืืช ืœ TED. ื“ืž: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
14:00
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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