Why we must confront the painful parts of US history | Hasan Kwame Jeffries

68,959 views ใƒป 2020-10-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: yael ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:13
Not that long ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘,
00:14
I received an invitation
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ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื”
00:16
to spend a few days at the historic home of James Madison.
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
00:22
James Madison, of course,
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ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
00:23
was the fourth president of the United States,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช,
00:26
the father of the Constitution,
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ืื‘ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืงื”,
00:28
the architect of the Bill of Rights.
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
00:31
And as a historian,
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ื•ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ,
00:33
I was really excited to go to this historic site,
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ืžืžืฉ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ื”,
00:36
because I understand and appreciate the power of place.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืžืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืืชืจ.
00:42
Now, Madison called his estate Montpelier.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืœื ื—ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื”.
00:46
And Montpelier is absolutely beautiful.
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ื•ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื™ืคื”ื™ืคื”.
00:49
It's several thousand acres of rolling hills,
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ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ื“ื•ื ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืžืฉืชืคืœื•ืช,
00:53
farmland and forest,
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ืื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืขืจ,
00:55
with absolutely breathtaking views of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
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ื•ื ื•ืฃ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœื• ืจื™ื“ื’'.
01:00
But it's a haunting beauty,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ืคื™ ืจื“ื•ืฃ,
01:03
because Montpelier was also a slave labor camp.
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ื›ื™ ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืžื—ื ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
01:09
You see, James Madison enslaved more than 100 people
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืื” ืื ืฉื™ื
01:13
over the course of his lifetime.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
01:15
And he never freed a single soul,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืฃ ืขื‘ื“,
01:17
not even upon his death.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœืงืจืืช ืžื•ืชื•.
01:19
The centerpiece of Montpelier is Madison's mansion.
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ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
01:23
Now this is where James Madison grew up,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ,
01:25
this is where he returned to after his presidency,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
01:29
this is where he eventually died.
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืช.
01:31
And the centerpiece of Madison's mansion is his library.
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ื•ื’ื•ืœืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
01:35
This room on the second floor,
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ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
01:37
where Madison conceived and conceptualized the Bill of Rights.
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ืฉื ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:42
When I visited for the first time,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจืชื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
01:44
the director of education, Christian Cotz --
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ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืงื•ืฅ --
01:48
cool white dude --
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ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ --
01:49
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:51
took me almost immediately to the library.
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ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืœืกืคืจื™ื”.
01:55
And it was amazing, being able to stand in this place
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”
01:58
where such an important moment in American history happened.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืจื’ืข ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
02:03
But then after a little while there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืงืฆืช ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื,
02:05
Christian actually took me downstairs to the cellars of the mansion.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ืœืงื— ืื•ืชื™ ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืจืชืคื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื”.
02:10
Now, in the cellars of the mansion,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื”,
02:12
that's where the enslaved African Americans who managed the house
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ืฉื ื”ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ืœื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช
02:17
spent most of their time.
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ื‘ื™ืœื• ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื–ืžื ื.
02:18
It's also where they were installing a new exhibition on slavery in America.
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ืฉื ื”ื ื’ื ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ืชืฆื•ื’ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
02:23
And while we were there,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื,
02:25
Christian instructed me to do something I thought was a little bit strange.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืืŸ ื”ื•ืจื” ืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืฆืช ืžื•ื–ืจ.
02:29
He told me to take my hand
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™
02:30
and place it on the brick walls of the cellar and to slide it along,
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ื•ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืชืฃ ื•ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืงื™ืจ,
02:35
until I felt these impressions or ridges in the face of the brick.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืื• ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
02:40
Now look,
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ืชืจืื•,
02:41
I was going to be staying on-site on this former slave plantation
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ืื ื™ ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืืชืจ ืขืฆืžื•, ื‘ืžื˜ืข ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
02:45
for a couple of days,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืžื™ื,
02:46
so I wasn't trying to upset any white people.
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ืื– ืœื ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ืŸ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
02:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:49
Because when this was over,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื,
02:51
I wanted to make sure that I could get out.
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ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืฆืืช ืžืฉื.
02:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:56
But as I'm actually sliding my hand along the cellar wall,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืœืงืชื™ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืจ ื”ืžืจืชืฃ,
03:00
I couldn't help but think about my daughters,
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืฉืœื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
03:02
and my youngest one in particular,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”,
03:04
who was only about two or three years old at the time,
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจืง ื‘ืช ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
03:06
because every time she hopped out of our car,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืจื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื•,
03:09
she would take her hand and slide it along the outside,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืงื” ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืจื›ื‘,
03:12
which is absolutely disgusting.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžื’ืขื™ืœ.
03:14
And then --
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ื•ืื– --
03:15
and then, if I couldn't get to her in time,
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ื•ืื–, ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชื•ืคืก ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ,
03:18
she would take her fingers and pop them in her mouth,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื•ืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื”,
03:20
which would drive me absolutely crazy.
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ืฉืžืžืฉ ื”ื˜ืจื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื™.
03:22
So this is what I'm thinking about while I'm supposed to be a historian.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
03:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:27
But then, I actually do feel these impressions in the brick.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื—ืจื™ื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
03:32
I feel these ridges in the brick.
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ื—ืฉืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื ืชื‘ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื”.
03:35
And it takes a second to realize what they are.
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ื•ืœืงื— ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžื” ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ.
03:38
What they are
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื•
03:40
are tiny hand prints.
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ื”ื ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
03:42
Because all of the bricks at James Madison's estate
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ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
03:47
were made by the children that he enslaved.
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ื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ื“.
03:52
And that's when it hit me
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ื•ืื– ื–ื” ื ื—ืช ืขืœื™
03:54
that the library
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ืฉื”ืกืคืจื™ื”
03:55
in which James Madison conceives and conceptualizes the Bill of Rights
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ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื” ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช
04:01
rests on a foundation of bricks
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ื ื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
04:05
made by the children that he enslaved.
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ื“.
04:09
And this is hard history.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”,
04:13
It's hard history, because it's difficult to imagine
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
04:15
the kind of inhumanity
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ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
04:18
that leads one to enslave children
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ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืœื“ื™ื
04:20
to make bricks for your comfort and convenience.
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ืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื•.
04:23
It's hard history,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”,
04:24
because it's hard to talk about the violence of slavery,
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ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
04:28
the beatings, the whippings, the kidnappings,
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ื”ื”ื›ืื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฆืœืคื•ืช, ื”ื—ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช,
04:31
the forced family separations.
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ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช.
04:34
It's hard history, because it's hard to teach white supremacy,
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”, ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœืœืžื“ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื”,
04:38
which is the ideology that justified slavery.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
04:42
And so rather than confront hard history,
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”,
04:45
we tend to avoid it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืžื ื”.
04:49
Now, sometimes that means just making stuff up.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
04:54
I can't tell you how many times I've heard people say
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื
04:57
that "states' rights" was the primary cause of the Civil War.
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ืฉ"ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช" ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
05:02
That would actually come as a surprise
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื™ ืžืคืชื™ืข
05:03
to the people who fought in the Civil War.
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ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื.
05:05
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:07
Sometimes, we try to rationalize hard history.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”.
05:13
When people visit Montpelier --
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื” --
05:14
and by "people," in this instance, I mean white people --
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ื•ื‘"ืื ืฉื™ื", ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื™ื --
05:17
when they visit Montpelier
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ืคืœื™ื™ื”
05:18
and learn about Madison enslaving people,
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ื•ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืื ืฉื™ื,
05:22
they often ask,
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื,
05:24
"But wasn't he a good master?"
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘?"
05:27
A "good master?"
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"ืื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘?"
05:29
There is no such thing as a good master.
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ืื™ืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:32
There is only worse and worser.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืจืข ื•ื’ืจื•ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:36
And sometimes,
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
05:38
we just pretend the past didn't happen.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืง ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ.
05:42
I can't tell you how many times I've heard people say,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
05:44
"It's hard to imagine slavery existing outside of the plantation South."
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"ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื".
05:49
No, it ain't.
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ืœื, ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืงืฉื”.
05:50
Slavery existed in every American colony,
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ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
05:53
slavery existed in my home state of New York
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ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืื ืฉืœื™ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
05:56
for 50 years after the American Revolution.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
06:00
So why do we do this?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื”?
06:02
Why do we avoid confronting hard history?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžื ืขื™ื ืžื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”?
06:06
Literary performer and educator Regie Gibson
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ื”ืื•ืžืŸ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื—ื ืš ืจื’'ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ืกื•ืŸ
06:08
had the truth of it when he said
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ื–ื™ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืฉื‘ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืืžืจ
06:11
that our problem as Americans is we actually hate history.
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ืฉื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
06:17
What we love
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
06:19
is nostalgia.
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”.
06:21
Nostalgia.
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ื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื”.
06:23
We love stories about the past
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
06:25
that make us feel comfortable about the present.
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื ื•ื— ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื”ื•ื•ื”.
06:30
But we can't keep doing this.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื›ืš.
06:32
George Santayana, the Spanish writer and philosopher,
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ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกื ื˜ื™ืื ื”, ื”ืกื•ืคืจ ื•ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™,
06:35
said that those who cannot remember the past
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ืืžืจ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ
06:38
are condemned to repeat it.
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ื ื™ื“ื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื•.
06:41
Now as a historian, I spend a lot of time thinking about this very statement,
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ื›ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ, ื‘ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช,
06:45
and in a sense, it applies to us in America.
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ื•ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื ื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื”.
06:49
But in a way, it doesn't.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™, ื–ื” ืœื.
06:51
Because, inherent in this statement,
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ื›ื™, ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืžื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช
06:53
is the notion that at some point,
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ืขื•ืžื“ืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
06:56
we stopped doing the things
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ื”ืคืกืงื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
06:59
that have created inequality in the first place.
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ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
07:03
And a harsh reality is,
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ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื,
07:05
we haven't.
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ืฉืœื ื”ืคืกืงื ื•.
07:07
Consider the racial wealth gap.
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืคืขืจ ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ื’ื–ืขื™.
07:11
Wealth is generated by accumulating resources in one generation
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ืขื•ืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื‘ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“
07:15
and transferring them to subsequent generations.
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ืจืชื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
07:19
Median white household wealth
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ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื‘ื ื”
07:23
is 147,000 dollars.
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ื”ื•ื 147,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:27
Median Black household wealth
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ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”
07:31
is four thousand dollars.
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ื”ื•ื 4000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
07:34
How do you explain this growing gap?
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ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืขืจ ื”ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ื’ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
07:38
Hard history.
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
07:40
My great-great-grandfather was born enslaved
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ืกื‘ื ืฉืœ ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื›ืขื‘ื“
07:44
in Jasper County, Georgia, in the 1850s.
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ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื’'ืกืคืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19.
07:48
While enslaved, he was never allowed to accumulate anything,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“, ื ืืกืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
07:52
and he was emancipated with nothing.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื—ืจืจ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ.
07:53
He was never compensated for the bricks that he made.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื•ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื™ืŸ.
07:58
My great-grandfather was also born in Jasper County, Georgia, in the 1870s,
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ืกื‘ื ืจื‘ื ืฉืœื™ ื ื•ืœื“ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ื– ื’'ืกืคืจ, ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1870,
08:03
and he actually managed to accumulate a fair bit of land.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืื“ืžื”.
08:07
But then, in nineteen-teens, Jim Crow took that land from him.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20 ื’'ื™ื ืงืจื•ืื• ืœืงื— ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžืžื ื•.
08:12
And then Jim Crow took his life.
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ื•ืื– ื’'ื™ื ืงืจื•ืื• ื ื˜ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
08:15
My grandfather, Leonard Jeffries Senior,
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ืกื‘ื ืฉืœื™, ืœื™ืื•ื ืจื“ ื’'ืคืจื™ืก ื”ืื‘,
08:17
was born in Georgia,
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ื ื•ืœื“ ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’'ื™ื”,
08:19
but there was nothing left for him there,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื,
08:21
so he actually grew up in Newark, New Jersey.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื•ืืจืง, ื ื™ื• ื’'ืจื–ื™.
08:24
And he spent most of his life working as a custodian.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืฉืจืช.
08:29
Job discrimination, segregated education and redlining
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ืืคืœื™ื” ื‘ืชืขืกื•ืงื”, ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืžื•ืคืจื“ ื•ืžื›ืกื•ืช
08:33
kept him from ever breaking into the middle class.
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ืžื ืขื• ืžืžื ื• ืžืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™.
08:38
And so when he passed away in the early 1990s,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-90,
08:41
he left to his two sons
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื•
08:44
nothing more than a life-insurance policy
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ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื•ืœื™ืกืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื
08:46
that was barely enough to cover his funeral expenses.
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ืฉื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
08:51
Now my parents, both social workers,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื,
08:53
they actually managed to purchase a home
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ื”ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ืช
08:56
in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York, in 1980,
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื‘1980,
09:00
for 55,000 dollars.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ 55,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
09:03
Now Crown Heights, at the time, was an all-Black neighborhood,
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ืงืจืื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืก ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
09:06
and it was kind of rough.
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ื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช.
09:08
My brother and I often went to sleep,
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ืื—ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
09:10
by the mid-1980s,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80,
09:12
hearing gunshots.
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ืœืจืขืฉื™ ื™ืจื™ ืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
09:14
But my parents protected us,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื•,
09:18
and my parents also held onto that home.
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ื•ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื’ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื–ื”,
09:22
For 40 years.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš 40 ืฉื ื”.
09:24
And they're still there.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื.
09:26
But something quintessentially American happened
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
09:29
about 20 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-20 ืฉื ื”.
09:31
About 20 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›-20 ืฉื ื”,
09:33
they went to sleep one night in an all-Black neighborhood,
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ื”ื ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
09:36
and they woke up the next morning
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ื•ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืžื—ืจืช
09:38
in an all-white neighborhood.
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ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
09:40
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:42
And as a result of gentrification,
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’'ื ื˜ืจื™ืคื™ืงืฆื™ื”,
09:44
not only did all their neighbors mysteriously disappear,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขืœืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™,
09:48
but the value of their home
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืจืš ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื
09:52
skyrocketed.
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ื–ื™ื ืง ืœืžืขืœื”.
09:54
So that home that they purchased for 55,000 dollars --
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ืื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ื ืจื›ืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ 55,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ --
09:57
at 29 percent interest, by the way --
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ืขื 29 ืื—ื•ื– ืจื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ --
10:00
that home is now worth 30 times what they paid it for.
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ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืคื™ 30 ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืขืœื™ื•.
10:06
Thirty times.
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ืคื™ 30.
10:07
Do the math with me.
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ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื—ื“ ืื™ืชื™.
10:08
That's 55,000 times 30, carry the zeros --
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ื–ื” 55,000 ื›ืคื•ืœ 30, ืชืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืืคืก --
10:10
That's a lot of money.
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ.
10:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:14
So that means,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
10:16
as their single and sole asset,
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ืฉื”ื ื›ืก ื”ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ื,
10:19
when the time comes for them to pass that asset on to my brother and I,
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ื›ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื–ืžื ื ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื ื›ืก ื”ื–ื” ืœืื—ื™ ื•ืœื™,
10:24
that will be the first time in my family's history,
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ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
10:28
more than 150 years after the end of slavery,
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-150 ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื”,
10:32
that there will be a meaningful transfer of wealth in my family.
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ืฉื™ืชืจื—ืฉ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื•ืฉืจ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื™.
10:37
And it's not because family members haven't saved,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืœื ื—ืกื›ื•,
10:40
haven't worked hard,
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ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื”,
10:41
haven't valued education.
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ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
10:44
It's because of hard history.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”.
10:48
So when I think about the past,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
10:50
my concern about not remembering it
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ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ ื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื•
10:53
is not that we will repeat it if we don't remember it.
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ืื™ื ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื• ืื ืœื ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•.
10:58
My concern, my fear is that if we don't remember the past,
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ื”ื“ืื’ื” ืฉืœื™, ื”ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืœื ื ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
11:02
we will continue it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืื•ืชื•.
11:05
We will continue to do the things
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
11:07
that created inequality and injustice in the first place.
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ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืฆื“ืง ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
11:12
So what we must do
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื
11:14
is we must disrupt the continuum of hard history.
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ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”.
11:21
And we can do this by seeking truth.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ืืžืช.
11:25
By confronting hard history directly.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืขืžืชื•ืช ื—ื–ื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื”.
11:28
By magnifying hard history for all the world to see.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช.
11:34
We can do this by speaking truth.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื™ืจืช ื”ืืžืช.
11:37
Teachers teaching hard history to their students.
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ืžื•ืจื™ื ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
11:41
To do anything else is to commit educational malpractice.
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ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจืฉืœื ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืช.
11:46
And parents have to speak truth to their children,
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
11:49
so that they understand
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•
11:50
where we have come from as a nation.
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ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื‘ืื ื• ื›ืื•ืžื”.
11:54
And finally, we must all act on truth.
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืคืขื•ืœ ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืืžืช,
11:59
Individually and collectively,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆืชื™,
12:01
publicly and privately,
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ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ื•ืคืจื˜ื™,
12:03
in small ways and in large ways.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืงื˜ื ื•ืช.
12:06
We must do the things that will bend the arc of the moral universe
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื˜ื• ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™
12:11
towards justice.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฆื“ืง.
12:12
To do nothing is to be complicit
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžืขืฉ ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ืคืขื•ืœื”
12:16
in inequality.
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ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ.
12:19
History reminds us
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื” ืœื ื•
12:22
that we, as a nation,
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืื•ืžื”,
12:24
stand on the shoulders of political giants
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ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
12:28
like James Madison.
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ื›ืžื• ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ืžื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ.
12:30
But hard history reminds us that we, as a nation,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืงืฉื” ืžืœืžื“ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื•, ื›ืื•ืžื”,
12:36
also stand on the shoulders of enslaved African American children.
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ื’ื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืคืจื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
12:43
Little Black boys and little Black girls
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
12:46
who, with their bare hands, made the bricks
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ืฉื‘ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื
12:50
that serve as the foundation for this nation.
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ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ื™ืกื•ื“ ืœืื•ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช.
12:55
And if we are serious about creating a fair and just society,
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ื•ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฆื•ื“ืงืช ื•ื”ื•ื’ื ืช,
13:01
then we would do well to remember that,
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื–ืืช,
13:05
and we would do well to remember them.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืื•ืชื.
13:08
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:10
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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