4 environmental 'heresies' | Stewart Brand

83,093 views ใƒป 2009-07-13

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
Because of what I'm about to say,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ืœื•ืžืจ,
00:18
I really should establish my green credentials.
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ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ืืช ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืžืœืฆื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื™.
00:21
When I was a small boy, I took my pledge
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“, ื ื“ืจืชื™ ื ื“ืจ,
00:23
as an American, to save and faithfully defend from waste
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™, ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ื’ืŸ ื‘ื ืืžื ื•ืช
00:26
the natural resources of my country,
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ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื™.
00:28
its air, soil and minerals, its forests, waters and wildlife.
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ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืื“ืžื”, ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื, ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื™-ื”ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื”.
00:31
And I've stuck to that.
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ื•ื“ื‘ืงืชื™ ื‘ื›ืš.
00:33
Stanford, I majored in ecology and evolution.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืชื•ืืจ ืžืืกื˜ืจ ื‘ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
00:37
1968, I put out the Whole Earth Catalog. Was "mister natural" for a while.
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ื‘-1968 ืคืจืกืžืชื™ ืืช "ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•". ืœื–ืžืŸ-ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ "ืžืจ ื˜ื‘ืข".
00:41
And then worked for the Jerry Brown administration.
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ืื—ืจ ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื’'ืจื™ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ.
00:44
The Brown administration, and a bunch of my friends,
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ื”ืžื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื‘ืจื™,
00:47
basically leveled the energy efficiency of California,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื–ืŸ ืืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:50
so it's the same now, 30 years later,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื, 30 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:53
even though our economy has gone up 80 percent, per capita.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœืชื” ื‘-80 ืื—ื•ื– ืœื ืคืฉ.
00:57
And we are putting out less greenhouse gasses than any other state.
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ื•ืื ื• ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื’ื–ื™ ื—ืžืžื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช.
01:00
California is basically the equivalent of Europe, in this.
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ืช-ืขืจืš ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
01:03
This year, Whole Earth Catalog has a supplement that I'll preview today,
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ื”ืฉื ื”, "ื”ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•" ื™ื›ื™ืœ ื ืกืคื—, ืฉืืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:08
called Whole Earth Discipline.
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ื•ืฉืžื• "ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•".
01:11
The dominant demographic event of our time
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื“ืžื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื–ืžื ื ื•
01:13
is this screamingly rapid urbanization
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืขืฉื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
01:16
that we have going on.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
01:18
By mid-century we'll be about 80 percent urban,
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ืขื“ ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื ื”ื™ื” 80 ืื—ื•ื– ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
01:22
and that's mostly in the developing world,
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—,
01:25
where that's happening.
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ืฉื ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”.
01:27
It's interesting, because history is driven to a large degree
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
01:30
by the size of cities.
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ืข"ื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื.
01:32
The developing world now has all of the biggest cities,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื— ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื›ืขืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:35
and they are developing three times faster than the developed countries,
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืคื™ 3 ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช.
01:38
and nine times bigger.
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ื•ืคื™ ืชืฉืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ.
01:40
It's qualitatively different.
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ืช.
01:43
They are the drivers of history, as we see by looking at history.
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ื”ืŸ ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
01:45
1,000 years ago this is what the world looked like.
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ืœืคื ื™ 1,000 ืฉื ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื” ื›ืš.
01:49
Well we now have a distribution of urban power
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ืืš ื›ืขืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื—ืœื•ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืื•ืจื‘ื ื™
01:52
similar to what we had 1,000 years ago.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ 1,000 ืฉื ื”.
01:55
In other words, the rise of the West,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืขืœื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘,
01:57
dramatic as it was, is over.
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ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœ ืงื™ืฆื”.
02:01
The aggregate numbers are absolutely overwhelming:
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืžืžื™ื.
02:04
1.3 million people a week coming to town,
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1.3 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ,
02:07
decade after decade.
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ืขืฉื•ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืขืฉื•ืจ.
02:09
What's really going on?
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ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืงื•ืจื”?
02:11
Well, what's going on is the villages of the world are emptying out.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืคืจื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืจื•ืงื ื™ื.
02:14
Subsistence farming is drying up basically.
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ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื’ื•ื•ืขืช.
02:17
People are following opportunity into town.
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจื” ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืคืจื ืกื”
02:19
And this is why.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš.
02:21
I used to have a very romantic idea about villages,
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ืคืขื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ืžืื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ,
02:23
and it's because I never lived in one.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื.
02:26
(Laughter)
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[ืฆื—ื•ืง]
02:27
Because in town --
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจ --
02:29
this is the bustling squatter city
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื™ืจ ืฉื•ืงืงืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื
02:31
of Kibera, near Nairobi --
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ื‘ืฉื ืงื™ื‘ืจื”, ืœื™ื“ ื ื™ื™ืจื•ื‘ื™ --
02:35
they see action. They see opportunity.
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ื”ื ืžื–ื”ื™ื 'ืืงืฉืŸ', ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:37
They see a cash economy that they were not able to participate in
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ื•ื›ืœื›ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื, ืฉืงื•ื“ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื” ื—ืœืง
02:40
back in the subsistence farm.
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ื›ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืกื™ืคืงื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื”.
02:43
As you go around these places there's plenty of aesthetics.
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ื›ืฉืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื”.
02:45
There is plenty going on.
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ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:47
They are poor, but they are intensely urban. And they are intensely creative.
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ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื”ื ืžืื“ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื. ื•ืžืื“ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื.
02:51
The aggregate numbers now
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื›ื™ื•ื
02:53
are that basically squatters,
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืชื ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื,
02:56
all one billion of them, are building the urban world,
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
02:59
which means they're building the world --
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:02
personally, one by one, family by family,
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ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื—ื“-ืื—ื“, ืžืฉืคื—ื”-ืžืฉืคื—ื”,
03:04
clan by clan, neighborhood by neighborhood.
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ื—ืžื•ืœื”-ื—ืžื•ืœื”, ืฉื›ื•ื ื”-ืฉื›ื•ื ื”.
03:07
They start flimsy and they get substantial as time goes by.
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ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ื–ืจื–ื™ืฃ ื“ืง ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
03:11
They even build their own infrastructure.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:13
Well, steal their own infrastructure, at first.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:16
Cable TV, water, the whole gamut, all gets stolen.
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื‘ืœื™ื, ืžื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ืขืกืง, ื’ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ.
03:19
And then gradually gentrifies.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืจื’ื ื™ื.
03:23
It is not the case that slums undermine prosperity,
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
03:26
not the working slums; they help create prosperity.
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ืœื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”. ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื”.
03:30
So in a town like Mumbai, which is half slums,
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ืื– ืขื™ืจ ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™, ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื ื™,
03:33
it's 1/6th of the GDP of India.
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ืžืคื™ืงื” ืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ื•.
03:36
Social capital in the slums is at its most urban and dense.
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ื”ื”ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื•ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
03:41
These people are valuable as a group.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš ื›ืงื‘ื•ืฆื”.
03:44
And that's how they work.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื ืžืชืคืงื“ื™ื.
03:46
There is a lot of people who think about all these poor people,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
03:49
"Oh there's terrible things. We've got to fix their housing."
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"ื›ืžื” ืžื–ืขื–ืข. ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื“ื™ื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื."
03:51
It used to be, "Oh we've got to get them phone service."
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ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”, "ืื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืœื”ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื”."
03:53
Now they're showing us how they do their phone service.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื ืžืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ื”ื ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื.
03:56
Famine mostly is a rural event now.
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ื”ืจืขื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืคืจื™.
03:58
There are things they care about.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื,
04:00
And this is where we can help.
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ื•ืฉื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ,
04:03
And the nations they're in can help.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื.
04:05
And they are helping each other solve these issues.
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ื•ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืืœื”.
04:08
And you go to a nice dense place like this slum in Mumbai.
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ืื ืชืœื›ื• ืœืžืงื•ื ืฆืคื•ืฃ ื•ื ื—ืžื“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ืขื•ื ื™ ื–ื• ื‘ืžื•ืžื‘ืื™.
04:12
You look at that lane on the right.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืžื ื™.
04:14
And you can ask, "Okay what's going on there?"
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ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฉืืœื•, "ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืฉื?"
04:16
The answer is, "Everything."
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ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื, "ื”ื›ืœ."
04:19
This is better than a mall. It's much denser.
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืงื ื™ื•ืŸ. ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฆืคื•ืฃ.
04:22
It's much more interactive.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
04:24
And the scale is terrific.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื.
04:26
The main event is, these are not people crushed by poverty.
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื” ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ืจืขื™ื ืชื—ืช ื ื˜ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
04:30
These are people busy getting out of poverty
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ืืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืกื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžืžืขื’ืœ ื”ืขื•ื ื™
04:32
just as fast as they can.
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ืžื”ืจ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื•.
04:34
They're helping each other do it.
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ื”ื ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ื–ื” ืœื–ื”.
04:36
They're doing it through an outlaw thing,
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ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช
04:38
the informal economy.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืจืฉืžื™ืช.
04:40
The informal economy, it's sort of like dark energy in astrophysics:
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืœื-ืจืฉืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืืคืœ ื‘ืืกื˜ืจื•-ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”.
04:44
it's not supposed to be there, but it's huge.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื, ืืš ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืฆื•ื.
04:46
We don't understand how it works yet, but we have to.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช. ืืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
04:49
Furthermore, people in the informal economy,
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ื–ืืช ื•ืขื•ื“: ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™ืช,
04:51
the gray economy --
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ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืคื•ืจื”,
04:53
as time goes by,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
04:55
crime is happening around them. And they can join the criminal world,
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ื”ืคืฉืข ืžืฉืชื•ืœืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื, ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข.
04:59
or they can join the legitimate world.
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ืื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™.
05:03
We should be able to make that choice
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
05:05
easier for them to get toward the legitimate world,
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ืœืคื ื•ืช ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืงื™.
05:07
because if we don't, they will go toward the criminal world.
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ื›ื™ ืื ืœื, ื”ื ื™ืคื ื• ืืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข.
05:11
There's all kinds of activity.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช.
05:14
In Dharavi the slum performs not only
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ื‘ื“ืืจืื•ื•ื™, ืฉื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืžืชืคืงื“ืช ืœื ืจืง
05:16
a lot of services for itself,
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ื›ืกืคืง ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื”,
05:18
but it performs services for the city at large.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ ืขืฆืžื”.
05:21
And one of the main events are these ad-hoc schools.
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืชื™-ืกืคืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืืœื”.
05:24
Parents pool their money to hire some local teachers
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื
05:28
to a private, tiny, unofficial school.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™"ืก ืคืจื˜ื™, ื–ืขื™ืจ ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจืฉืžื™.
05:30
Education is more possible in the cities, and that changes the world.
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ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื–ืžื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:35
So you see some interesting, typical, urban things.
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ื›ืš ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
05:38
So one thing slammed up against another,
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ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืชื ื’ืฉ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™,
05:40
such as in Sao Paulo here.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืกืืŸ ืคืื•ืœื•.
05:42
That's what cities do. That's how they create value,
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ื›ื›ื” ื–ื” ื‘ืขื™ืจ. ื›ื›ื” ื”ืขืจื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืขืจืš,
05:44
is by slamming things together.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื˜ื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ืืœื”.
05:46
In this case, supply right next to demand.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ื”ืฆืข ืฆืžื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ.
05:48
So the maids and the gardeners and the guards
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื
05:50
that live in this lively part of town on the left
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ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืง ืฉื•ืงืง ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืฉืžืฉืžืืœ
05:53
walk to work, in the boring, rich neighborhood.
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ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื” ื•ื”ืžืฉืขืžืžืช.
05:58
Proximity is amazing.
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ื•ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
06:01
We are learning about how dense proximity can be.
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ืื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื›ืžื” ื”ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
06:16
Connectivity between the city and the country
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ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื•ื”ืืจืฅ
06:19
is what's going to keep the country good,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ.
06:22
because the city has interesting ways of doing things.
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ื›ื™ ืœืขื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:34
This is what makes cities --
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื --
06:36
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
06:40
this is what makes cities so green in the developing world.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื›ื” ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—.
06:43
Because people leave the poverty trap, an ecological disaster
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ื›ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืžืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™, ื”ืืกื•ืŸ ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™
06:46
of subsistence farms, and head to town.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ.
06:49
And when they're gone the natural environment
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืขื–ื‘ื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช
06:51
starts to come back very rapidly.
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ืžืฉืชืงืžืช ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
06:53
And those who remain in the village can shift over to cash crops
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ื•ืžื™ ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ื›ืคืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืจ
06:56
to send food to the new growing markets in town.
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ื•ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
07:00
So if you want to save a village, you do it with a good road,
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ืื– ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ, ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘,
07:03
or with a good cell phone connection, and ideally some grid electrical power.
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ืื• ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘, ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขื ืจืฉืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:07
So the event is: we're a city planet. That just happened.
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ืื– ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ื. ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
07:10
More than half.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช.
07:12
The numbers are considerable. A billion live in the squatter cities now.
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ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื. ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื›ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœื-ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื.
07:15
Another billion is expected.
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ื•ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
07:18
That's more than a sixth of humanity living a certain way.
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
07:21
And that will determine a lot of how we function.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ืงื‘ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืคืงื•ื“ื ื•.
07:25
Now, for us environmentalists,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื ื•, ืื ืฉื™ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
07:27
maybe the greenest thing about the cities is they diffuse the population bomb.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ื˜ืจืœื•ืช ืืช
07:30
People get into town.
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ืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ. ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืขื™ืจ.
07:33
The immediately have fewer children.
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ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื ื™ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
07:35
They don't even have to get rich yet. Just the opportunity of
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืฉืจ. ืขืฆื ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืฉืœ
07:38
coming up in the world means they will have fewer, higher-quality kids,
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ืœื”ืชืงื“ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžืฉืžืขื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:42
and the birthrate goes down radically.
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ื•ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ืœื•ื“ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
07:44
Very interesting side effect here,
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ืชื•ืฆืืช ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืžืื“,
07:46
here's a slide from Phillip Longman.
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ื”ื ื” ืฉืงื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืœื™ืค ืœื•ื ื’ืžืŸ
07:48
Shows what is happening.
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ.
07:50
As we have more and more old people, like me,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืงื ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื™,
07:52
and fewer and fewer babies.
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ื•ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืžืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:54
And they are regionally separated.
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ืช,
07:57
What you're getting is a world which is
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ืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื•
07:59
old folks, and old cities, going around doing things the old way,
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื ื•ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ื–ืงื ื•ืช ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืžื• ืคืขื,
08:04
in the north.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ,
08:06
And young people in brand new cities they're inventing,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืžืฆื™ืื™ื
08:09
doing new things, in the south.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื•ื.
08:11
Where do you think the action is going to be?
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ืื™ืคื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ืืงืฉืŸ?
08:14
Shift of subject. Quickly drop by climate.
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืฉื. ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
08:17
The climate news, I'm sorry to say, is going to keep getting worse
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ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืืงืœื™ื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฆืขืจื™ ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ
08:19
than we think, faster than we think.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•, ื•ืžื”ืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
08:22
Climate is a profoundly complex, nonlinear system,
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ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™-ืœื™ื ืืจื™ืช,
08:24
full of runaway positive feedbacks,
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ืฉืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื—ืžืงืžืงื™ื,
08:27
hidden thresholds and irrevocable tipping points.
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื™ื ืกืžื•ื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื”ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ.
08:29
Here's just a few samples.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช.
08:32
We're going to keep being surprised. And almost all
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ืื ื• ื ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืคืชืขื™ื, ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืคืชืขื•ืช
08:34
the surprises are going to be bad ones.
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ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช.
08:36
From your standpoint this means
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ื›ื ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
08:39
a great increase in climate refugees
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ืขืœื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื™ ืืงืœื™ื,
08:41
over the coming decades,
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
08:43
and what goes along with that, which is resource wars
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืš, ืฉื–ื” ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
08:46
and chaos wars,
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ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื›ืื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
08:48
as we're seeing in Darfur.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื“ืืจืคื•ืจ.
08:55
That's what drought does.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช.
08:57
It brings carrying capacity down,
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ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืจื™ื“ื” ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื”,
08:59
and there's not enough carrying capacity
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื ืฉื™ืื”
09:01
to support the people. And then you're in trouble.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื›ืœื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื. ื•ืื– ื ื•ืฆืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื”.
09:04
Shift to the power situation.
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ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ.
09:07
Baseload electricity is what it takes to run a city,
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ืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฅ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืขื™ืจ,
09:10
or a city planet.
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ืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™.
09:12
So far there is only three sources of baseload electricity:
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ืœืขืช ืขืชื” ื™ืฉ ืจืง 3 ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
09:16
coal, some gas,
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ืคื—ืžื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื–,
09:19
nuclear and hydro.
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ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช.
09:21
Of those, only nuclear and hydro are green.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืืœื”, ืจืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•-ืืœืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช.
09:25
Coal is what is causing the climate problems.
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ื”ืคื—ื ื”ื•ื ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
09:27
And everyone will keep burning it
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืคื—ื,
09:29
because it's so cheap, until governments make it expensive.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื–ื•ืœ, ืืœื ืื ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
09:32
Wind and solar can't help, because so far we don't have a way to store that energy.
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ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืžื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ, ื›ื™ ืขื•ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืื™ืš ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
09:37
So with hydro maxed out,
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ืื– ืขื ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื“ืจื•
09:40
coal and lose the climate,
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ื•ื”ืคื—ื, ืื ื• ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ื•ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช
09:43
or nuclear, which is the current operating low-carbon source,
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ื›ื•ื— ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืจื’ืข ื”ืžืฉืื‘ ืฉืคื•ืœื˜ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ,
09:46
and maybe save the climate.
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ื•ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื.
09:48
And if we can eventually get good solar in space,
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ื•ืื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื— ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
09:51
that also could help.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
09:53
Because remember, this is what drives the prosperity in the developing world
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ื›ื™ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•: ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืฉื’ืฉื•ื’ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—
09:58
in the villages and in the cities.
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
10:01
So, between coal and nuclear,
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ืื– ื”ืคื—ืžื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™:
10:03
compare their waste products.
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ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื.
10:05
If all of the electricity you used in your lifetime was nuclear,
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ืื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืชืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™,
10:09
the amount of waste that would be added up
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืžืฆื˜ื‘ืจืช
10:11
would fit in a Coke can.
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ืชื™ื›ื ืก ืœืคื—ื™ืช ืงื•ืœื”.
10:14
Whereas a coal-burning plant,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื—ื ืช ื›ื•ื— ืฉืฉื•ืจืคืช ืคื—ื, ืชื—ื ื” ืคื—ืžื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”
10:16
a normal one gigawatt coal plant, burns 80 rail cars of coal a day,
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ืฉืœ 1 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ ืฉื•ืจืคืช 80 ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืคื—ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
10:20
each car having 100 tons.
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื” 100 ื˜ื•ืŸ.
10:23
And it puts 18 thousand tons
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ื•ื–ื” ืคื•ืœื˜ 18 ืืœืฃ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช
10:25
of carbon dioxide in the air.
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ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
10:29
So and then when you compare the lifetime emissions
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ืื– ื›ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฉื›ื•ืช
10:31
of these various energy forms,
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ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืœื”,
10:33
nuclear is about even with solar and wind,
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœืกื•ืœืจื™ ื•ืœื›ื•ื— ื”ืจื•ื—.
10:35
and ahead of solar --
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืœืจื™.
10:37
oh, I'm sorry -- with hydro and wind, and ahead of solar.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื• ื•ืœืจื•ื—, ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืกื•ืœืจื™.
10:40
And does nuclear really compete with coal?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืœืคื—ืžื™?
10:42
Just ask the coal miners in Australia.
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ืฉืืœื• ืืช ื›ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคื—ื ื‘ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
10:44
That's where you see some of the source,
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ืฉื ืชืงื‘ืœื• ืžื•ืฉื’ ืขืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
10:46
not from my fellow environmentalists,
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ืœื ืืฆืœ ืขืžื™ืชื™, ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
10:48
but from people who feel threatened by nuclear power.
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ืืœื ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
10:51
Well the good news is that
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ
10:53
the developing world, but frankly, the whole world,
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชืคืชื—, ื•ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
10:55
is busy building, and starting to build, nuclear reactors.
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ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
10:59
This is good for the atmosphere.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
11:01
It's good for their prosperity.
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ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืฉื’ืฉื•ื’.
11:03
I want to point out one interesting thing,
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
11:05
which is that environmentalists like the thing we call micropower.
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ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• "ืžื™ืงืจื•-ื›ื•ื—".
11:08
It's supposed to be, I don't know, local solar and wind and cogeneration,
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ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ืคืงืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ื•ื”ืจื•ื—,
11:11
and good things like that.
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
11:13
But frankly micro-reactors which are just now coming on,
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ืืš ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื›ื™ื•ื,
11:15
might serve even better.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืฆืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:17
The Russians, who started this, are building floating reactors,
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ื”ืจื•ืกื™ื, ืฉื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ื›ืš, ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืคื™ื,
11:19
for their new passage, where the ice is melting, north of Russia.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื‘ื• ื ืžืก ื”ืงืจื— ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืจื•ืกื™ื”.
11:23
And they're selling these floating reactors,
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ื•ื”ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืคื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
11:26
only 35 megawatts, to developing countries.
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ืจืง 35 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื, ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
11:30
Here's the design of an early one from Toshiba.
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ื”ื ื” ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื, ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
11:32
It's interesting, say, to take a 25-megawatt,
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ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœืงื—ืช ื›-25 ืžื’ื”-ื•ื•ืื˜,
11:35
25 million watts,
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25 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืื˜,
11:37
and you compare it to the standard big iron
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœื’ื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื”ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
11:39
of an ordinary Westinghouse or Ariva,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ "ื•ื•ืกื˜ื™ื ื’ื”ืื•ื–" ืื• "ืืจื™ื‘ื”",
11:43
which is 1.2, 1.6 billion watts.
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ืฉื”ื ืฉืœ 1.2, 1.6 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื•ื•ืื˜.
11:46
These things are way smaller. They're much more adaptable.
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ืืœื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื. ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื.
11:50
Here's an American design from Lawrence Livermore Lab.
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ื”ื ื” ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืœ ืžืขื‘ื“ืช "ืœื•ืจื ืก ืœื™ื‘ืจืžื•ืจ".
11:53
Here's another American design that came out
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ื”ื ื” ืขื•ื“ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื—ื“ืฉ
11:55
of Los Alamos, and is now commercial.
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ืฉืœ ืœื•ืก ืืœืžื•ืก, ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™.
11:58
Almost all of these are not only small, they are proliferation-proof.
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืœื ืจืง ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื“, ืืœื ื”ื ื’ื ืœื ื™ื’ื“ืœื•.
12:00
They're typically buried in the ground.
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื ืงื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื”.
12:03
And the innovation is moving very rapidly.
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžืื“.
12:05
So I think microreactors is going to be important for the future.
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ืื– ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ื ื•.
12:08
In terms of proliferation,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:10
nuclear energy has done more
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืชืจื ื™ื•ืชืจ
12:12
to dismantle nuclear weapons than any other activity.
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ืœืคื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื ืฉืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
12:15
And that's why 10 percent of the electricity in this room,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉ-10 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”,
12:19
20 percent of electricity
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20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื—ืฉืžืœ
12:21
in this room is probably nuclear.
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ื‘ืื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
12:23
Half of that is coming from dismantled warheads from Russia,
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ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืžื ื• ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืจืืฉื™ื ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื•ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืงื•.
12:27
soon to be joined by our dismantled warheads.
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืคื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื”ืจืืฉื™ื ื”ืงืจื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
12:30
And so I would like to see the GNEP program,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืื ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืชืคื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
12:33
that was developed in the Bush administration, go forward aggressively.
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ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžื™ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืฉ, ืชืงื•ื“ื ื‘ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
12:36
And I was glad to see that president Obama
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ื•ืฉืžื—ืชื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ื‘ืžื”
12:38
supported the nuclear fuel bank strategy
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ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžืื’ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™
12:41
when he spoke in Prague the other week.
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ื‘ื ืื•ืžื• ื‘ืคืจืื’ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืข.
12:43
One more subject. Genetically engineered food crops,
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ื ื•ืฉื ื ื•ืกืฃ: ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช,
12:46
in my view, as a biologist,
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ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื›ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’,
12:48
have no reason to be controversial.
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ืื™ื ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช.
12:50
My fellow environmentalists, on this subject,
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื”, ืขืžื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
12:52
have been irrational, anti-scientific, and very harmful.
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ื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืจืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื•ืช, ืื ื˜ื™-ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ืงื• ืžืื“.
12:56
Despite their best efforts,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืืžืฆื™ื”ื,
12:58
genetically engineered crops are the most
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ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ื”ื
13:00
rapidly successful agricultural innovation in history.
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ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
13:04
They're good for the environment because they enable no-till farming,
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ื”ื ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืœืœื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“,
13:07
which leaves the soil in place,
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืชื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื”,
13:09
getting healthier from year to year --
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืฉื ื” ืœืฉื ื”.
13:11
slso keeps less carbon dioxide going from the soil
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ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืงืจืงืข
13:13
into the atmosphere.
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ืืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”.
13:15
They reduce pesticide use.
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ื”ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืงื•ื˜ืœื™ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื.
13:17
And they increase yield, which allows you to have your
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ื•ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ
13:19
agricultural area be smaller,
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ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื™ื.
13:22
and therefore more wild area is freed up.
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจ.
13:25
By the way, this map from 2006
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ืื’ื‘, ืžืคื” ื–ื• ืž-2006,
13:27
is out of date because it shows Africa
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ืื™ื ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”
13:29
still under the thumb of Greenpeace,
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ื›ื ืชื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช ื’ืจื™ื ืคื™ืก,
13:31
and Friends of the Earth from Europe,
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ื•"ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ" ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื.
13:34
and they're finally getting out from under that.
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ื•ื”ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื ื—ืœืฆื™ื ืžื›ืš.
13:36
And biotech is moving rapidly in Africa, at last.
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ื•ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืžืชืงื“ืžืช ืžื”ืจ.
13:39
This is a moral issue.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
13:41
The Nuffield Council on Bioethics
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ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•-ืืชื™ืงื” ืฉืœ "ื ื™ื•ืคื™ืœื“"
13:43
met on this issue twice in great detail
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ื”ืชื›ื ืกื” ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ื”
13:45
and said it is a moral imperative
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ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืฉืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ื–ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ื”
13:47
to make genetically engineered crops readily available.
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ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื•ืœื”ื ื’ื™ืฉ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื”ื•ื ื“ืกื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช.
13:50
Speaking of imperatives, geoengineering is taboo now,
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ืื ื”ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื–ืงืช ื˜ืื‘ื•,
13:53
especially in government circles,
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื’ื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื, ืืฃ ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™
13:55
though I think there was a DARPA meeting on it a couple of weeks ago,
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ื–ื” ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื’ื ืชื™ ืžืชืงื“ื.
13:57
but it will be on your plate --
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
13:59
not this year but pretty soon,
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ืœื ื”ืฉื ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ ืžื”ืจ.
14:02
because some harsh realizations are coming along.
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ื›ื™ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื–ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืžืฉ.
14:05
This is a list of them.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
14:07
Basically the news is going to keep getting more scary.
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื™ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื•ืช.
14:10
There will be events,
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ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื,
14:12
like 35,000 people dying of a heat wave,
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ื›ืžื• ื”-35,000 ืฉืžืชื• ืขืงื‘ ื’ืœ ื—ื•ื,
14:15
which happened a while back.
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื”.
14:17
Like cyclones coming up toward Bangladesh.
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ื›ืžื• ืฆื™ืงืœื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื•ืขื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
14:20
Like wars over water,
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ื›ืžื• ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื™ื,
14:22
such as in the Indus.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื”ืจ ื”ืื™ื ื“ื•ืก,
14:24
And as those events keep happening
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืงืจื•,
14:26
we're going to say, "Okay, what can we do about that really?"
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ืื ื• ื ืืžืจ, "ืžื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื›ืš?"
14:28
But there's this little problem with geoengineering:
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ืืš ื™ืฉื ื” ื‘ืขื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื ื”ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื”ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช.
14:33
what body is going to decide
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ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ื˜
14:37
who gets to engineer? How much they do? Where they do it?
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ืžื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืขืกื•ืง ื‘ื›ืš? ื•ื›ืžื”? ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ?
14:39
Because everybody is downstream,
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ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื ืขื™ื ืขื ื”ื–ืจื,
14:41
downwind of whatever is done.
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ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืจื•ื—, ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืขืฉื”.
14:44
And if we just taboo it completely
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ื•ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื›ืš ื›ืืœ ื˜ืื‘ื• ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
14:46
we could lose civilization.
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ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
14:48
But if we just say "OK,
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ืืš ืื ื ืืžืจ ืกืชื ื›ืš, "ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
14:51
China, you're worried, you go ahead.
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ืกื™ืŸ, ืืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช, ืื– ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
14:53
You geoengineer your way. We'll geoengineer our way."
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ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื™ืš, ื•ืื ื• - ืœืคื™ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•.
14:57
That would be considered an act of war by both nations.
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ื–ื” ื™ื™ื—ืฉื‘ ืœื”ื›ืจื–ืช ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
15:00
So this is very interesting diplomacy coming along.
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ืื– ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืคืœื•ืžื˜ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
15:04
I should say, it is more practical than people think.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ืžืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
15:07
Here is an example that climatologists like a lot,
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ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืขืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื:
15:10
one of the dozens of geoengineering ideas.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืขืฉืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื ื“ืกื” ืืงืœื™ืžื™ืช.
15:12
This one came from the sulfur dioxide
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ืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ื’ืคืจื™ืช
15:14
from Mount Pinatubo in 1991 --
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ืžื”ืจ ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•, ื‘-1991.
15:17
cooled the earth by half a degree.
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ื–ื” ืฆื™ื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืžืขืœื”.
15:21
There was so much ice in 1992, the following year,
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื— ื›ื” ืจื‘ ื‘-1992, ืฉื ื” ืื—ืจื™ ื–ื”,
15:23
that there was a bumper crop of polar bear cubs
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื’ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจื™ ื“ื•ื‘-ืงื•ื˜ื‘
15:26
who were known as the Pinatubo cubs.
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ื•ื”ื ื ื•ื“ืขื• ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื’ื•ืจื™ ืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•".
15:28
To put sulfur dioxide in the stratosphere
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ื–ืจื™ืขืช ื“ื•-ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื” ื’ืคืจื™ืช ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
15:30
would cost on the order of a billion dollars a year.
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ื™ืขืœื” ืกื“ืจ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
15:33
That's nothing, compared to all of the other
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
15:36
things we may be trying to do about energy.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื ื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
15:38
Just to run by another one:
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื,
15:41
this is a plan to brighten the reflectance of ocean clouds,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื ื•ืก,
15:44
by atomizing seawater;
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืคืจื“ืช ืžื™ ื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื.
15:46
that would brighten the albedo of the whole planet.
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ื–ื” ื™ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
15:48
A nice one, because it can happen
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ื”ื ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ืžื“, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ
15:50
lots of little ways in lots of little places,
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ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืื“ ื•ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
15:52
is by copying the ancient Amazon Indians
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขืชื™ืง ืžื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ื”ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืก
15:54
who made good agricultural soil
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื“ืžื” ื—ืœืงืื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
15:56
by pyrolizing, smoldering, plant waste,
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ืข"ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืœื™ื–ื”, ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืกื•ืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ืช.
16:00
and biochar fixes large quantities of carbon
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ื•ืคื—ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืงืŸ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžืŸ
16:03
while it's improving the soil.
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ืื’ื‘ ื˜ื™ื•ื‘ ื”ืงืจืงืข.
16:05
So here is where we are.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื.
16:08
Nobel Prize-winning climatologist Paul Crutzen
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ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื•ื—ืชืŸ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ, ืคื•ืœ ืงืจื•ืฆืŸ
16:11
calls our geological era the Anthropocene,
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ืžื›ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื• "ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืฆืŸ",
16:14
the human-dominated era. We are stuck
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ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืื“ื. ืื ื• ืชืงื•ืขื™ื
16:17
with its obligations.
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ืขื ื”ืžืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืš.
16:20
In the Whole Earth Catalog, my first words were,
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ื‘"ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•", ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื•,
16:22
"We are as Gods, and might as well get good at it."
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"ื›ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื ื™ืขืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš."
16:24
The first words of Whole Earth Discipline
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ื”ืžืœื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘"ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•"
16:27
are, "We are as Gods, and have to get good at it."
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ื”ืŸ, "ื›ืืœื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืฉื•ืžื” ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš."
16:31
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:33
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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