Bill Gross: Great ideas for finding new energy

108,794 views ใƒป 2009-02-03

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Gad Amit
00:18
Right when I was 15 was when I first got interested in solar energy.
0
18330
3695
ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 15 ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืคื•ืจื˜ ืœื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ื•-ื’'ืจื–ื™ ืœืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
00:22
My family had moved from Fort Lee, New Jersey to California,
1
22049
2857
00:24
from the snow to lots of heat, and gas lines.
2
24930
2336
ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืžืฉืœื’ ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื•ื ื•ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืจื•ืช ื ืคื˜.
00:27
There was gas rationing in 1973.
3
27290
2376
ื‘-1973 ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื” ื”ืงืฆื‘ืช ื“ืœืง.
00:29
The energy crisis was in full bore.
4
29690
2056
ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ืžื•.
00:31
I started reading "Popular Science" magazine,
5
31770
2136
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘-ื”ืขืช "ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™",
00:33
and I got really excited about the potential of solar energy
6
33930
2856
ื•ืžืื“ ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ืชื™ ืžืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ.
00:36
to try and solve that crisis.
7
36810
1736
00:38
I had just taken trigonometry in high school,
8
38570
2136
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื˜ืจื™ื’ื•ื ื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:40
I learned about the parabola
9
40730
1376
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœืจื›ื– ืงืจื ื™ ืื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืงื“ ืื—ื“.
00:42
and how it could concentrate rays of light to a single focus.
10
42130
2896
ื–ื” ืžืื“ ื”ืœื”ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื™.
00:45
That got me very excited.
11
45050
1576
00:46
And I really felt that there would be potential
12
46650
2216
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ
00:48
to build some kind of thing that could concentrate light.
13
48890
2696
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืจื›ื– ืื•ืจ.
00:51
So, I started this company called Solar Devices.
14
51610
2696
ืื– ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืช "ืžืชืงื ื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื".
00:54
And this was a company where I built parabolas,
15
54330
2256
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
00:56
I took metal shop,
16
56610
1256
ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืชื›ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ
00:57
and I remember walking into metal shop building parabolas and Stirling engines.
17
57890
3736
ืฉื‘ื ื™ืชื™ ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ืžืคืขืœ ืžืชื›ืช.
ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ืจื˜ื”,
01:01
And I was building a Stirling engine over on the lathe,
18
61650
2616
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ืคื ื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื•,
01:04
and all the motorcycle guys said, "You're building a bong, aren't you?"
19
64290
3336
ื•ืืžืจื•, "ืืชื” ื‘ื•ื ื” 'ื‘ืื ื’' (ืœืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ืฉ), ื ื›ื•ืŸ?"
ืขื ื™ืชื™, "ืœื, ื–ื” ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’. ื‘ืืžืช."
01:07
And I said, "No, it's a Stirling engine." But they didn't believe me.
20
67650
3256
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™.
01:10
I sold the plans for this engine
21
70930
2056
ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœืžื ื•ืข ื•ืœืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืืœื” ืœื”ืฆื’ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ "ืžื“ืข ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™".
01:13
and for this dish in the back of "Popular Science" magazine,
22
73010
2856
01:15
for four dollars each.
23
75890
1416
ื”ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ืœื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื 8 ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:17
And I earned enough money to pay for my first year of Caltech.
24
77330
2936
ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ื“ื™ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง".
01:20
It was a really big excitement for me to get into Caltech.
25
80290
2736
ื”ืชืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืžืื“ ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœ"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง".
ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง" ื”ืžืฉื›ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง.
01:23
And at my first year at Caltech, I continued the business.
26
83050
3056
01:26
But then, in the second year of Caltech, they started grading.
27
86130
2936
ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง" ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืชืช ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.
ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ/ื ื›ืฉืœ, ืืš ื‘ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื—ืœื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื.
01:29
The whole first year was pass/fail, but the second year was graded.
28
89090
3176
ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง,
01:32
I wasn't able to keep up with the business,
29
92290
2056
ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ 25 ืฉื ื”.
01:34
and I ended up with a 25-year detour.
30
94370
1816
ื—ืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžืื“,
01:36
My dream had been to convert solar energy at a very practical cost,
31
96210
3176
ืื‘ืœ ื ืืœืฆืชื™ ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื ื–ื”.
01:39
but then I had this big detour.
32
99410
1536
01:40
First, the coursework at Caltech.
33
100970
1616
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื‘"ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง".
01:42
Then, when I graduated from Caltech, the IBM PC came out,
34
102610
2736
ืื—"ื›, ื›ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช "ืงืืœ-ื˜ืง", ื™ืฆื ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘"ืž
01:45
and I got addicted to the IBM PC in 1981.
35
105370
2056
ื‘-1981 ื”ืชืžื›ืจืชื™ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื™ื‘"ืž
01:47
And then in 1983, Lotus 1-2-3 came out,
36
107450
2336
ื•ื‘-1983 ื™ืฆื "ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก 1-2-3" ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื’ืข ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:49
and I was completely blown away by Lotus 1-2-3.
37
109810
2216
01:52
I began operating my business with 1-2-3, began writing add-ins for 1-2-3,
38
112050
4176
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืขืกืง ืขื 1-2-3, ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื• ืชื•ืกืคื™ื,
01:56
wrote a natural language interface to 1-2-3.
39
116250
2336
ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืœ-1-2-3 ืžืžืฉืง ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
01:58
I started an educational software company after I joined Lotus,
40
118610
2976
ื™ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื˜ืจืคืชื™ ืœืœื•ื˜ื•ืก
02:01
and then I started Idealab so I could have a roof
41
121610
2336
ื•ื™ื™ืกื“ืชื™ ืืช "ืื™ื“ื™ืืœืื‘",
ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื’ื’ ืฉืชื—ืชื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื‘ืจืฆืฃ.
02:03
under which I could build multiple companies in succession.
42
123970
3136
ื•ืื–, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื‘-2000, ืžืžืฉ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
02:07
Much later -- in 2000, very recently -- the new California energy crisis --
43
127130
4380
ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”,
02:11
what was purported to be a big energy crisis -- was coming.
44
131534
2831
ืื• ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ - ื”ืชืงืจื‘.
ื•ืื ื™ ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื–ื”
02:14
And I was trying to figure out
45
134389
1457
02:15
if we could build something that would capitalize on that
46
135870
2697
ืœื”ืฉื’ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช-ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืœืžืงืจื” ืฉื”ืžืฉื‘ืจ ืื›ืŸ ื™ื’ื™ืข.
02:18
and get people backup energy, in case the crisis really came.
47
138591
2885
ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช-ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™
02:21
And I started looking at how we could build battery backup systems
48
141500
3111
ืฉื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื 4 ืฉืขื•ืช, 10 ืฉืขื•ืช, ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื,
02:24
that could give people five hours, 10 hours, maybe even a full day,
49
144635
3171
ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
02:27
or three days' worth of backup power.
50
147830
1916
ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืฉืฉืžืขืชื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื•ื
02:29
I'm glad you heard earlier today, batteries are unbelievably --
51
149770
3016
ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื“ืœืง.
02:32
lack density compared to fuel.
52
152810
2976
02:35
So much more energy can be stored with fuel than with batteries.
53
155810
3016
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืœืง ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื.
02:38
You'd have to fill your entire parking space of one garage space
54
158850
3056
ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื›ืœ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื—ื ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
02:41
just to give yourself four hours of battery backup.
55
161930
2416
ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ 4 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื.
02:44
And I concluded, after researching every other technology
56
164370
2696
ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกืงืชื™, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื—ืงืจืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช
ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืขืจืš ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” -
02:47
that we could deploy for storing energy --
57
167090
2016
- ื’ืœื’ืœื™-ืชื ื•ืคื”, ืคืจื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ืจื™ื -
02:49
flywheels, different formulations of batteries --
58
169130
2336
02:51
it just wasn't practical to store energy.
59
171490
2376
ื›ืœ ืืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืคืจืงื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืื™ื—ืกื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:53
So what about making energy? Maybe we could make energy.
60
173890
2656
ืื– ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”? ืื•ืœื™ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
02:56
I tried to figure out -- maybe solar's become attractive.
61
176570
2696
ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
02:59
It's been 25 years since I was doing this,
62
179290
2056
ื›ื‘ืจ 25 ืฉื ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช,
03:01
let me go back and look at what's been happening with solar cells.
63
181370
3136
ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื•ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืžื” ืงืจื” ืขื ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืž-10 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื•ื•ืื˜ ืœ-4 ืื• 5 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœื•ื•ืื˜,
03:04
And the price had gone down from 10 dollars a watt
64
184530
2376
03:06
to about four or five dollars a watt, but it stabilized.
65
186930
2656
ืืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฆื‘.
03:09
And it needed to get much lower to be cost-effective.
66
189610
2496
ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืจื“ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื™ื—ืก ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช.
ื”ืชืขื“ื›ื ืชื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
03:12
I studied all the new things that had happened in solar cells,
67
192130
2905
ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื—ืคืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื“ืฉ
03:15
and was looking for ways we could make solar cells more inexpensively.
68
195059
3367
ื•ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื–ื•ืœ.
03:18
A lot of new things are happening to do that,
69
198450
2376
ืงืจื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ืคืฉืจื• ื–ืืช,
03:20
but fundamentally, the process requires a tremendous amount of energy.
70
200850
3336
ืืš ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
03:24
Some people say it takes more energy to make a solar cell
71
204210
2696
ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ืกื•ืœืจื™,
03:26
than it will give out in its entire life.
72
206930
1976
ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืคื™ืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:28
If we reduce the amount of energy it takes to make the cells,
73
208930
2896
ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื• ืฉืื ื ืฆืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืชืื™ื,
03:31
that will become more practical.
74
211850
1576
ื–ื” ื™ื™ืขืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืฉื™.
03:33
But right now, you pretty much have to take silicon,
75
213450
2456
ืืš ื›ืจื’ืข, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื—ืช ืกื™ืœื™ืงื•ืŸ,
03:35
put it in an oven at 1600 F for 17 hours, to make the cells.
76
215930
3576
ืœื—ืžืžื• 17 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘-1600 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืื™ื.
03:39
A lot of people are working to try and reduce that,
77
219530
2416
ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื ืกื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื ื–ืืช,
03:41
but I didn't have anything to contribute.
78
221970
1976
ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื” ืœืชืจื•ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื–ื”.
03:43
So I tried to figure out what other way could we try
79
223970
2456
ืื– ื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืฉืžืœ ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืขืœื•ืช-ืชื•ืขืœืช ื˜ื•ื‘.
03:46
to make cost-effective solar electricity.
80
226450
2176
ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ, ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืจืคืœืงื˜ื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ-
03:48
What if we collect the sun with a large reflector --
81
228650
2456
ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ -
03:51
like I had been thinking about in high school,
82
231130
2176
ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ื–ื•ืœ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:53
but maybe with modern technology we could make it cheaper --
83
233330
2816
ืœืจื›ื– ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืžื™ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ,
03:56
concentrate it to a small converter,
84
236170
2056
ื•ืื– ืžืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืžืจื” ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจ,
03:58
and then the conversion device wouldn't have to be as expensive,
85
238250
3056
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
04:01
because it's much smaller, rather than solar cells,
86
241330
2456
ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืžืžื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืฉืžืฉ.
04:03
which have to cover the entire surface that you want to gather sun from.
87
243810
3416
ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืขืฉื™,
04:07
This seemed practical now,
88
247250
1256
ื›ื™ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘-25 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื‘ื“ืงืชื™ ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
04:08
because a lot of new technologies had come in the 25 years
89
248530
2736
04:11
since I had last looked at it.
90
251290
1456
ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช,
04:12
There was a lot of new manufacturing techniques,
91
252770
2256
ืฉืœื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื“ -
04:15
not to mention really cheap miniature motors --
92
255050
2216
ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืœืœื ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช, ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืกืจื•ื•, ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืคืกื™ืขื”,
04:17
brushless motors, servomotors, stepper motors,
93
257290
2176
ื›ืžื• ื‘ืžื“ืคืกื•ืช ื•ื‘ืกื•ืจืงื™ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”.
04:19
that are used in printers and scanners.
94
259490
1896
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš.
04:21
So, that's a breakthrough.
95
261410
1256
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’ื ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื–ื•ืœื™ื
04:22
Of course, inexpensive microprocessors
96
262690
1856
ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื™ืฆืช ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ: ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
04:24
and a very important breakthrough -- genetic algorithms.
97
264570
2896
ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืžืจืฅ:
04:27
I'll be very short on genetic algorithms.
98
267490
1976
ื–ื• ื“ืจืš ืจื‘ืช-ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขืงืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช.
04:29
It's a powerful way of solving intractable problems using natural selection.
99
269490
3576
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ื˜ื”ื•ืจ,
04:33
You take a problem that you can't solve with a pure mathematical answer,
100
273090
3416
ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉ,
04:36
you build an evolutionary system to try multiple tries at guessing,
101
276530
3175
04:39
you add sex --
102
279729
1217
ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžื™ืŸ -
04:40
where you take half of one solution and half of another
103
280970
2616
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ืจ ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช -
04:43
and then make new mutations --
104
283610
1456
ื•ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ื™ื.
04:45
and you use natural selection to kill off not-as-good solutions.
105
285090
3056
ื‘ื“"ื›, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
04:48
Usually, with a genetic algorithm on a computer today,
106
288170
2576
04:50
with a three gigahertz processor,
107
290770
1736
ื•ืขื ืžืขื‘ื“ ืฉืœ 3 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ,
04:52
you can solve many formerly intractable problems
108
292530
2729
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืชื™-ืคืชื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืžื” ื“ืงื•ืช.
04:55
in just a matter of minutes.
109
295283
1503
04:56
So we tried to come up with a way to use genetic algorithms
110
296810
3056
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
04:59
to create a new type of concentrator.
111
299890
1816
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–.
05:01
And I'll show you what we came up with.
112
301730
1896
ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืœืžื” ื”ื’ืขื ื•.
05:03
Traditionally, concentrators look like this.
113
303650
2096
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™, ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื ืจืื•ืช ื›ืš.
05:05
Those shapes are parabolas.
114
305770
1336
ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
ื”ืŸ ืžืžืงื“ื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื ืกื•ืช ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืื—ืช.
05:07
They take all the parallel incoming rays and focus it to a single spot.
115
307130
3376
05:10
They have to track the sun,
116
310530
1296
ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจ ืืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
05:11
because they have to point directly at the sun.
117
311850
2216
ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื“"ื› ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืงืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืขื“ ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช,
05:14
They usually have a one degree acceptance angle --
118
314090
2376
ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืŸ ืžื•ืกื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขืœื”,
05:16
once they're more than a degree off,
119
316490
1736
ืฉื•ื ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ืœื ืชืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื•ืงื“.
05:18
none of the sunlight rays will hit the focus.
120
318250
2136
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืกืฃ ืœื ืขื•ืงื‘,
05:20
So we tried to come up with a non-tracking collector
121
320410
2456
ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
05:22
that would gather much more than one degree of light, with no moving parts.
122
322890
3536
ื•ืœืœื ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื.
ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืœืฉื ื›ืš ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
05:26
So we created a genetic algorithm to try this out,
123
326450
2376
ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื“ื’ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ-ืื•ืจ ืจื‘-ืคื ื™ื,
05:28
we made a model in Excel of a multisurface reflector,
124
328850
2576
ื•ืื™ืจืขื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”, ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•,
05:31
and an amazing thing evolved, literally,
125
331450
2056
05:33
from trying a billion cycles, a billion different attempts,
126
333530
2816
ืžื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื, ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื ืกื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
05:36
with a fitness function that defined how can you collect the most light,
127
336370
3416
ืขื ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื›ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืื™ืš ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ืื•ืจ,
05:39
from the most angles, over a day, from the sun.
128
339810
2216
ืžืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื”.
05:42
And this is the shape that evolved.
129
342050
1696
05:43
It's this non-tracking collector with these six tuba-like horns,
130
343770
3656
ื–ื”ื• ืื•ื’ืจ ืœื-ืขื•ืงื‘ ืขื 6 ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช-ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
05:47
and each of them collect light in the following way --
131
347450
2536
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ืื•ืกืคืช ืื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื‘ืื” -
ืื ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืืŸ,
05:50
if the sunlight strikes right here,
132
350010
1696
05:51
it might bounce right to the center, the hot spot, directly,
133
351730
2856
ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื—ื–ืจ ืžื™ื“ ืœืžืจื›ื–, ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื”,
05:54
but if the sun is off axis and comes from the side,
134
354610
2416
ืืš ืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืŸ ื”ืฆื“,
ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืฆืข ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื.
05:57
it might hit two places and take two bounces.
135
357050
2416
05:59
So for direct light, it takes only one bounce,
136
359490
2816
ื›ืš ืฉืœืื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื ื“ืจืฉ ืจืง ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืื—ื“,
06:02
for off-axis light it might take two,
137
362330
1896
ื•ืœืื•ืจ ืžื•ืกื˜ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
06:04
and for extreme off-axis, it might take three.
138
364250
2496
ื•ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
06:06
Your efficiency goes down with more bounces,
139
366770
2096
ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžืชืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจื™ื,
06:08
because you lose about 10 percent with each bounce,
140
368890
2416
ื›ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื 10%.
06:11
but this allowed us to collect light from a plus or minus 25-degree angle.
141
371330
3856
ืืš ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›-25 ืžืขืœื•ืช.
06:15
So, about two and a half hours of the day
142
375210
2176
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื ื™ื™ื—.
06:17
we could collect with a stationary component.
143
377410
2336
06:19
Solar cells collect light for four and a half hours though.
144
379770
2776
ืืš ืชืื™ื ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช.
06:22
On an average adjusted day, a solar cell --
145
382570
2256
ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืชื ืกื•ืœืจื™, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
06:24
because the sun's moving across the sky,
146
384850
1936
06:26
the solar cell is going down with a sine wave function of performance
147
386810
3256
ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ืชื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื™ืช ื’ืœ ืกื™ื ื•ืก
ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช.
06:30
at the off-axis angles.
148
390090
1256
06:31
It collects about four and a half average hours of sunlight a day.
149
391370
3136
ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›-4.5 ืฉืขื•ืช ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื.
ืื– ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืš, ืฉื–ื” ื ืคืœื ื•ื‘ืœื™ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื ืขื™ื,
06:34
So even this, although it was great with no moving parts --
150
394530
2776
ื•ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช, ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืกืคื™ืง.
06:37
we could achieve high temperatures -- wasn't enough.
151
397330
2456
ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื.
06:39
We needed to beat solar cells.
152
399810
1456
ืื– ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
06:41
So we took a look at another idea.
153
401290
1656
06:42
We looked at a way to break up a parabola into individual petals that would track.
154
402970
3858
ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื“ืจืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืคืจื‘ื•ืœื” ืœืขืœื™-ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืงื‘ื•.
ื•ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื 12 ืขืœื™-ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ืคืจื“ื™ื,
06:46
So what you see here is 12 separate petals
155
406852
2374
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื ืฉืœื˜ ืข"ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“-ื–ืขื™ืจ ื ืคืจื“
06:49
that each could be controlled with individual microprocessors
156
409250
2896
06:52
that would only cost a dollar.
157
412170
1456
ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื• ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
06:53
You can buy a two-megahertz microprocessor for a dollar now.
158
413650
3016
ืืคืฉืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“-ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ 2 ืžื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“.
06:56
And you can buy stepper motors that pretty much never wear out
159
416690
3176
ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื ื•ืช ืžื ื•ืขื™-ืคืกื™ืขื” ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืžืชื‘ืœื™ื,
06:59
because they have no brushes,
160
419890
1616
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ืžื‘ืจืฉื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื—ื“.
07:01
for a dollar.
161
421530
1216
07:02
So we can control all 12 of these petals for under 50 dollars
162
422770
3656
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ 12 ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
07:06
and what this would allow us to do is not have to move the focus any more,
163
426450
3496
ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ื• ื–ื” ืžื‘ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืžื•ืงื“,
07:09
but only move the petals.
164
429970
1256
ืืœื ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืจืง ืืช ืขืœื™ ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช.
07:11
The whole system would have a much lower profile,
165
431250
2336
ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžื•ืš,
07:13
but also we could gather sunlight for six and a half to seven hours a day.
166
433610
3496
ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืš 7-6.5 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื.
ื•ื›ืขืช, ืžืฉืจื™ื›ื–ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
07:17
Now that we have concentrated sunlight,
167
437130
1896
ืžื” ื ืฆื™ื‘ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ?
07:19
what are we going to put at the center to convert sunlight to electricity?
168
439050
3496
07:22
So we tried to look at all the different heat engines
169
442570
2496
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื™-ื—ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
07:25
that have been used in history to convert sunlight or heat to electricity,
170
445090
4816
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืื•ืจ-ืฉืžืฉ ืœื—ืฉืžืœ, ืื• ื—ื•ื ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
07:29
And one of the great ones of all time,
171
449930
1856
ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
07:31
James Watt's steam engine of 1788 was a major breakthrough.
172
451810
3176
ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜ ืž-1788, ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื™ืฆืช-ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
ื’'ื™ื™ืžืก ื•ื•ืื˜ ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืืœื ืจืง ืฉื™ืคืจ ืื•ืชื•.
07:35
James Watt didn't actually invent the steam engine, he just refined it.
173
455010
3336
ืืš ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื.
07:38
But his refinements were incredible.
174
458370
1736
ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžื ื—ื™-ืชื ื•ืขื”-ืงื•ื•ื™ืช ืœื‘ื•ื›ื ื•ืช,
07:40
He added new linear motion guides to the pistons,
175
460130
2336
ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขื‘ื” ืœืฆื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ,
07:42
he added a condenser to cool the steam outside the cylinder,
176
462490
2856
ื”ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืœื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื›ืคื•ืœื”, ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ื—ื• ื”ื•ื›ืคืœ.
07:45
he made the engine double-acting, so it had double the power.
177
465370
2896
ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช-ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
07:48
Those were major breakthroughs. All of the improvements he made --
178
468290
3136
ื›ื•ืœืžืจ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืก...
07:51
and it's justifiable that our measure of energy, the watt,
179
471450
3416
ืฉื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื - ื•ื•ืื˜ - ืงืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืขืœ ืฉืžื•.
07:54
today is named after him.
180
474890
1536
07:56
So we looked at this engine, and this had some potential.
181
476450
2696
ืื– ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื• ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื.
ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื,
07:59
Steam engines are dangerous,
182
479170
1376
08:00
and they had tremendous impact on the world --
183
480570
2176
ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื -
08:02
industrial revolution and ships and locomotives.
184
482770
2256
ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ื”ืื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื˜ืจื™ื.
ืืš ื”ื ื‘ื“"ื› ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
08:05
But they're usually good to be large,
185
485050
1816
08:06
so they're not good for distributed power generation.
186
486890
2496
ืืš ืื™ื ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื‘ื”ืคืงืช ื›ื•ื— ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช.
08:09
They're also very high-pressure, so they're dangerous.
187
489410
2536
ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื’ื ืœื—ืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžืื“, ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื.
08:11
Another type of engine is the hot air engine.
188
491970
2576
ืกื•ื’ ืžื ื•ืข ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื.
08:14
And the hot air engine also was not invented by Robert Stirling,
189
494570
3056
ื’ื ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ืœื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืข"ื™ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’,
08:17
but Robert Stirling came along in 1816 and radically improved it.
190
497650
3056
ืืš ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื ื‘-1816 ื•ืฉื™ืคืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืจื— ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
08:20
This engine, because it was so interesting --
191
500730
2136
ืžื ื•ืข ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืื“ ื•ืคืขืœ ืจืง ืขืœ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ืœืœื ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ,
08:22
it only worked on air, no steam --
192
502890
1656
08:24
has led to hundreds of creative designs over the years
193
504570
2736
ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžืื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื,
08:27
that use the Stirling engine principle.
194
507330
2336
ืฉื ื™ืฆืœื• ืืช ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’.
08:29
But after the Stirling engine, Otto came along,
195
509690
2216
ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’, ื”ื’ื™ืข ืื•ื˜ื•.
08:31
and also, he didn't invent the internal combustion engine,
196
511930
2736
ืฉื’ื ืœื ื”ืžืฆื™ื ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ืœืœ ืื•ืชื•.
08:34
he just refined it.
197
514690
1216
ื”ื•ื ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื‘ืคืจื™ืก ื‘-1867,
08:35
He showed it in Paris in 1867, and it was a major achievement
198
515930
2896
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืขืฆื•ื
08:38
because it brought the power density of the engine way up.
199
518850
2736
ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืœื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืช ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ืŸ
08:41
You could now get a lot more power in a lot smaller space,
200
521610
2736
ื•ื–ื” ืื™ืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื™ื.
08:44
and that allowed the engine to be used for mobile applications.
201
524370
2976
ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช,
08:47
So, once you have mobility,
202
527370
1456
08:48
you're making a lot of engines because you've got lots of units,
203
528850
3056
ืืชื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
08:51
as opposed to steam ships or big factories,
204
531930
2000
ืœืขื•ืžืช ืื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืื• ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ืœื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื•ืช,
08:53
so this was the engine that ended up benefiting from mass production
205
533954
3271
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื ื ืฉื›ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™
08:57
where all the other engines didn't.
206
537249
1697
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืขื™ื.
08:58
So, because it went into mass production,
207
538970
1953
ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™,
09:00
costs were reduced, 100 years of refinement,
208
540947
2559
ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื™ืจื“ื•, 100 ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื›ืœื•ืœ,
09:03
emissions were reduced, tremendous production value.
209
543530
2776
ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืฆื•ืžืฆืžื”, ืขืจืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
09:06
There have been hundreds of millions of internal combustion engines built,
210
546330
3496
ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืื•ืช ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช,
09:09
compared to thousands of Stirling engines built.
211
549850
2256
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืืœืคื™ ืžื ื•ืขื™ ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’.
ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ื•ืขื™ ืงื™ื˜ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื,
09:12
And not nearly as many small steam engines being built anymore,
212
552130
2976
ืืœื ืจืง ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื, ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
09:15
only large ones for big operations.
213
555130
1696
09:16
So after looking at these three, and 47 others,
214
556850
2656
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืืœื” ื•-47 ื ื•ืกืคื™ื,
09:19
we concluded that the Stirling engine would be the best one to use.
215
559530
3176
ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’.
09:22
I want to give you a brief explanation of how we looked at it and how it works.
216
562730
3896
ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืงืฆืจื” ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ.
09:26
So we tried to look at the Stirling engine in a new way,
217
566650
2656
ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื”,
09:29
because it was practical --
218
569330
2536
ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคืจืงื˜ื™- ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ.
09:31
weight no longer mattered for our application.
219
571890
2256
ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืขื™ืจื” ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืงืœ
09:34
The internal combustion engine took off because weight mattered,
220
574170
3096
09:37
because you were moving around.
221
577290
1536
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช.
09:38
But if you're trying to generate solar energy in a static place
222
578850
2976
ืืš ืื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ื ื™ื™ื—
ื”ืžืฉืงืœ ืœื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
09:41
the weight doesn't matter so much.
223
581850
1656
ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
09:43
We also discovered that efficiency doesn't matter so much
224
583530
2675
ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
09:46
if your energy source is free.
225
586229
1457
09:47
Normally, efficiency is crucial
226
587710
1497
ื‘ื“"ื›, ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืจื™ืข.
09:49
because the fuel cost of your engine over its life
227
589231
2936
ื›ื™ ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืžื’ืžื“ืช ืืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
09:52
dwarfs the cost of the engine.
228
592191
1675
09:53
But if your fuel source is free,
229
593890
1576
ืืš ืื ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื,
09:55
then the only thing that matters
230
595490
1576
ืื– ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื™ืจื• ื”ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
09:57
is the up-front capital cost of the engine.
231
597090
2016
ืื– ืื™ื ืš ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช,
09:59
So you don't want to optimize for efficiency,
232
599130
2136
ืืœื ืžื™ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืœื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:01
you want to optimize for power per dollar.
233
601290
2016
ืื– ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืชืคื ื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืœืืžืช-ืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื–ื•,
10:03
So using that new twist, with the new criteria,
234
603330
2216
ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’,
10:05
we thought we could relook at the Stirling engine,
235
605570
2376
ื•ืœืฉืœื‘ ื’ื ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
10:07
and also bring genetic algorithms in.
236
607970
1816
ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ืœืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ืœื ืงื“ื ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจ
10:09
Basically, Robert Stirling didn't have Gordon Moore before him
237
609810
2936
10:12
to get us three gigahertz of processor power.
238
612770
2136
ืฉื™ืกืคืง ืœื ื• 3 ื’'ื™ื’ื”-ื”ืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื— ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“.
10:14
So we took the same genetic algorithm
239
614930
1797
ืื– ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ืงื•ื“ื
10:16
that we used earlier to make that concentrator,
240
616751
2217
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ืช ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–, ืžื” ืฉืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื ื•,
10:18
which didn't work out for us,
241
618992
1452
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’.
10:20
to optimize the Stirling engine,
242
620468
1558
ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื• ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื•ืžื™ื“ื•ืช
10:22
and make its design sizes and all of its dimensions
243
622050
3216
10:25
the exact optimum to get the most power per dollar,
244
625290
3096
ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื“ื•ืœืจ,
10:28
irrespective of weight, irrespective of size,
245
628410
2136
ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ
10:30
just to get the most conversion of solar energy,
246
630570
2256
ื”ืขื™ืงืจ ืœื”ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื›ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
10:32
because the sun is free.
247
632850
1216
ื•ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื—ืจื ื• - ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืคื•ืขืœ.
10:34
And that's the process we took -- let me show you how the engine works.
248
634090
3336
ืžื ื•ืข ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืื• ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื,
10:37
The simplest heat engine, or hot air engine, of all time
249
637450
2656
ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ื”: ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืชื™ื‘ื”, ืžื™ื›ืœ ืžืชื›ืช, ืขื ื‘ื•ื›ื ื”.
10:40
would be this -- take a box, a steel canister, with a piston.
250
640130
3216
10:43
Put a flame under it, the piston moves up.
251
643370
2296
ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืฉ, ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื” ืขื•ืœื”.
10:45
Take it off the flame and pour water on it, or let it cool down,
252
645690
3016
ืžืกื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžื”ืืฉ ื•ืฉื•ืคื›ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ื ืื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื˜ื ืŸ, ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื›ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช.
10:48
the piston moves down.
253
648730
1216
10:49
That's a heat engine.
254
649970
1216
ื–ื”ื• ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
10:51
That's the most fundamental heat engine you could have.
255
651210
2616
10:53
The problem is the efficiency is one hundredth of one percent,
256
653850
3056
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–.
10:56
because you're heating all the metal of the chamber
257
656930
2416
ื›ื™ ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื
10:59
and then cooling all the metal of the chamber each time.
258
659370
2656
ื•ืื—ืจ ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื•ืคืขื.
ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ืจืง ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืžืชื—ืžื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื,
11:02
And you're only getting power from the air that's heating at the same time,
259
662050
3536
ืืš ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช
11:05
but you're wasting energy heating and cooling the metal.
260
665610
2656
ืื– ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ:
11:08
So someone came up with a very clever idea.
261
668290
2056
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ืžื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื•ืœืงืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ,
11:10
Instead of heating and cooling the whole cylinder,
262
670370
2376
ืžื” ืื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ื -
11:12
what about if you put a displacer inside --
263
672770
2016
ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ืื—ื•ืจื”.
11:14
a little thing that shuttles the air back and forth.
264
674810
2456
ืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืขื˜ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
11:17
You move that up and down with a little bit of energy
265
677290
2496
ืืš ื›ืขืช ืจืง ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ื ื•ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืจ,
11:19
but now you're only shifting the air down to the hot end and up to the cold end.
266
679810
3776
ืœืžื˜ื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ื—ื ื•ืœืžืขืœื”, ืœืฆื“ ื”ืงืจ.
11:23
So, now you're not alternately heating and cooling the metal, just the air.
267
683610
4176
ืื– ื›ืขืช ืœื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช,
ืืœื ืจืง ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžืงืจืจื™ื ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
11:27
That allows you to get the efficiency up
268
687810
1936
ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืžืžืื™ืช ื”ืื—ื•ื–
11:29
from a hundredth of a percent to about two percent.
269
689770
2416
ืœื›-2 ืื—ื•ื–.
ื•ืื– ืœืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
11:32
And then Robert Stirling came along with this genius idea,
270
692210
2736
11:34
which was, well, I'm still not heating the metal now,
271
694970
2496
ื•ื”ื•ื, ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื—ืžืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื›ืช,
11:37
with this kind of engine,
272
697490
1216
ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืžื ื•ืข ื–ื”, ืืœื ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
11:38
but I'm still reheating all the air.
273
698730
1736
ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืžื ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
11:40
I'm still heating the air every time and cooling the air every time.
274
700490
3216
ืžื” ืื ืื ื™ื— ืกืคื•ื’ ืชืจืžื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืข,
11:43
What about if I put a thermal sponge in the middle,
275
703730
2616
11:46
in the passageway between where the air has to move between hot and cold?
276
706370
3896
ื‘ืžืขื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืœื ื•ืข ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื ืœืงื•ืจ?
11:50
So he made fine wires, and cracked glass,
277
710290
2656
ืื– ื”ื›ื ื• ืชื™ื™ืœื™ื ื“ืงื™ืงื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
11:52
and all different kinds of materials to be a heat sponge.
278
712970
2696
ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกืคื•ื’-ื—ื•ื.
11:55
So when the air pushes up to go from the hot end to the cold end,
279
715690
3056
ืื– ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ื“ื—ืฃ ืœืžืขืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื”ืฆื“ ื”ื—ื ืœืงืจ
11:58
it puts some heat into the sponge.
280
718770
2176
ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืงืฆืช ื—ื•ื ื‘ืกืคื•ื’.
12:00
And then when the air comes back after it's been cooled,
281
720970
2656
ื•ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืชืงืจืจ, ื”ื•ื ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื.
12:03
it picks up that heat again.
282
723650
1376
ื•ื›ืš ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืื• ืฉืฉ.
12:05
So you're reusing your energy five or six times,
283
725050
3016
12:08
and that brings the efficiency up to between 30 and 40 percent.
284
728090
2976
ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ 30-40 ืื—ื•ื–.
12:11
It's a little known, but brilliant, genius invention of Robert Stirling
285
731090
3336
ื–ื• ื”ืžืฆืื” ืœื ืžื•ื›ืจืช, ืืš ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื”, ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’
12:14
that takes the hot air engine from being somewhat impractical --
286
734450
3016
ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืืช ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื—ื ืžืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืขืฉื™ -
12:17
like I found out when I made the real simple version in high school --
287
737490
3336
ื›ืคื™ ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืฉื™ืฆืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ -
ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืจื‘,
12:20
to very potentially possible,
288
740850
1416
12:22
once you get the efficiency up,
289
742290
1536
ืžืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช, ืื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:23
if you can design this to be low enough cost.
290
743850
2136
ื›ืš ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื–ืœืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ
12:26
So we really set out on a path to try and make the lowest cost possible.
291
746010
3416
12:29
We built a huge mathematical model of how a Stirling engine works.
292
749450
3136
ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื“ื’ื ืžืชืžื˜ื™ ืขื ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื•ืœืช ืžื ื•ืข ืกื˜ื™ืจืœื™ื ื’.
12:32
We applied the genetic algorithm.
293
752610
1616
ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™.
12:34
We got the results from that for the optimal engine.
294
754250
2456
ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืžื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื™.
12:36
We built engines --
295
756730
1216
ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžื ื•ืขื™ื- ื‘ื ื™ื ื• 100 ืžื ื•ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
12:37
so we built 100 different engines over the last two years.
296
757970
2736
ืžื“ื“ื ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“, ื”ืชืืžื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื ืœืžื” ืฉืžื“ื“ื ื•,
12:40
We measured each one, we readjusted the model to what we measured,
297
760730
3136
ื•ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™.
12:43
and then we led that to the current prototype.
298
763890
2176
ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžืื“ ืงื•ืžืคืงื˜ื™ ื•ืœื ื™ืงืจ
12:46
It led to a very compact, inexpensive engine,
299
766090
2136
ื•ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
12:48
and this is what the engine looks like.
300
768250
1896
ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
12:50
Let me show you what it looks like in real life.
301
770170
2240
12:53
So this is the engine. It's just a small cylinder down here,
302
773770
3696
ืื– ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื ื•ืข.
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ืœื™ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ืืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ื”ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜
12:57
which holds the generator inside and all the linkage,
303
777490
2696
13:00
and it's the hot cap -- the hot cylinder on the top --
304
780210
3336
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื—ืžื” - ื”ืฆื™ืœื™ื ื“ืจ ื”ื—ื ืœืžืขืœื” -
13:03
this part gets hot, this part is cool,
305
783570
2256
ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืžืชื—ืžื, ื—ืœืง ื–ื” ืงืจ,
13:05
and electricity comes out.
306
785850
1936
ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื–ื” ื—ืฉืžืœ.
13:07
The exact converse is also true.
307
787810
1856
ื’ื ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
13:09
If you put electricity in, this will get hot and this will get cold,
308
789690
3376
ืื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ, ื–ื” ื™ืชื—ืžื ื•ื–ื” ื™ืชืงืจืจ,
13:13
you get refrigeration.
309
793090
1296
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
13:14
So it's a complete reversible cycle,
310
794410
1816
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืคื™ืš,
13:16
a very efficient cycle, and quite a simple thing to make.
311
796250
2976
ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืื“ ื™ืขื™ืœ, ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืื“ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
13:19
So now you put the two things together.
312
799250
1896
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข,
13:21
So you have the engine.
313
801170
1216
13:22
What if you combine the petals and the engine in the center?
314
802410
2856
ื•ืื ืืชื ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืืช ืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
ืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืขื•ืงื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืžืจื•ื›ื–,
13:25
The petals track and the engine gets the concentrated sunlight,
315
805290
2976
ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฉืžืœ.
13:28
takes that heat and turns it into electricity.
316
808290
2176
ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•
13:30
This is what the first prototype of our system looked like
317
810490
2736
ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
13:33
with the petals and the engine in the center.
318
813250
2136
ื–ื”ื•ื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ, ื‘ืฉืžืฉ,
13:35
This is being run out in the sun,
319
815410
1616
ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืื™ืš ื ืจืื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
13:37
and now I want to show you what the actual thing looks like.
320
817050
2840
13:45
(Applause)
321
825610
5336
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
13:50
Thank you.
322
830970
1216
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ื–ืืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืขืœืช 12 ืขืœื™-ื›ื•ืชืจืช
13:52
So this is a unit with the 12 petals.
323
832210
2656
13:54
These petals cost about a dollar each --
324
834890
1936
ืขืœื™-ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืืœื” ืขื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›"ื -
13:56
they're lightweight, injection-molded plastic, aluminized.
325
836850
2736
ืงืœื™-ืžืฉืงืœ, ืžืคืœืกื˜ื™ืง ืžื•ื–ืจืง ืžื—ื•ื–ืง ื‘ืืœื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ื
13:59
The mechanism to control each petal is below there,
326
839610
2663
ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœืžื˜ื”, ืขื ืžืขื‘ื“-ื–ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
14:02
with a microprocessor on each one.
327
842297
2049
ื™ืฉ ืฆืžื“ื™ื ืชืจืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื ื•ืข - ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
14:04
There are thermocouples on the engine --
328
844370
1936
14:06
little sensors that detect the heat when the sunlight strikes them.
329
846330
3176
ืฉืžืืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื.
14:09
Each petal adjusts itself separately to keep the highest temperature on it.
330
849530
3856
ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื• ื›ืš ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืขืœื™ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช.
14:13
When the sun comes out in the morning, the petals will seek the sun,
331
853410
3216
ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
14:16
find it by searching for the highest temperature.
332
856650
2336
ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืข"ื™ ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืžืจืคื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”
ื›ื“ืงื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืงืจื ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ืคื” ื”ื—ืžื”
14:19
About a minute and a half or two minutes after the rays are striking the hot cap
333
859010
3936
14:22
the engine will be warm enough to start
334
862970
1896
ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื—ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื ื™ืข
14:24
and then the engine will generate electricity
335
864890
2136
ื•ืื– ื”ืžื ื•ืข ื™ืคื™ืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื -
14:27
for about six and a half hours a day --
336
867050
1896
14:28
six and a half to seven hours as the sun moves across the sky.
337
868970
2936
ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื ืขื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
14:31
A critical part that we can take advantage of
338
871930
2136
ื—ืœืง ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืฆืœ
ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื”
14:34
is that we have these inexpensive microprocessors
339
874090
2336
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืœื™-ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื•ื˜ื•ื ื•ืžื™,
14:36
and each of these petals is autonomous,
340
876450
1896
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื”ื’ื“ืจืช-ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.
14:38
and each of these petals figures out where the sun is with no user setup.
341
878370
3456
14:41
So you don't have to tell what latitude, longitude you're at,
342
881850
2896
ืื– ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืงื• ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื•ืื•ืจืš ื ืžืฆืื™ื,
ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื’,
14:44
what your roof slope angle is, or what orientation.
343
884770
2416
ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ.
14:47
It doesn't really care.
344
887210
1256
ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื ืื™ื›ืคืช ืžื›ืœ ื–ื”. ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืžื”,
14:48
What it does is it searches to find the hottest spot,
345
888490
2576
14:51
it searches again a half an hour later, a day later, a month later.
346
891090
3936
ื”ื™ื ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”, ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื™ื•ื
ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ
14:55
It basically figures out where on Earth you are
347
895050
2216
ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื•ืฆืืช ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืœืคื™ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
14:57
by watching the direction the sun moves,
348
897290
1936
ื›ืš ืฉืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืœื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื–ืืช.
14:59
so you don't have to actually enter anything about that.
349
899250
2656
15:01
The way the unit works is,
350
901930
1296
ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืš ืฉื›ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื›ืืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœ:
15:03
when the sun comes out, the engine will start
351
903250
2296
15:05
and you get power out here.
352
905570
1536
15:07
We have AC and DC, get 12 volts DC,
353
907130
3696
ื–ืจื-ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ื–ืจื ื™ืฉืจ, ื–ืจื ื™ืฉืจ 12 ื•ื•ืœื˜,
15:10
so that could be used for certain applications.
354
910850
2216
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื.
ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ืžืžื™ืจ ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ 117 ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื–ืจื-ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ
15:13
We have an inverter in there, so you get 117 volts AC.
355
913090
2576
ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื’ื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
15:15
And you also get hot water. The hot water's optional.
356
915690
2576
ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ื”ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืืœื™ื™ื.
15:18
You don't have to use it, it will cool itself.
357
918290
2256
ืื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื. ื–ื” ืžืชืงืจืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
15:20
But you can use it to optionally heat hot water
358
920570
2216
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื—ืžื ืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื
15:22
and that brings the efficiency up even higher
359
922810
2136
ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืช
15:24
because some of the heat that you'd normally be rejecting,
360
924970
2736
ื›ื™ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ื•ื ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ
ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืฆืœ ื›ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื”, ืื ืœื‘ืจื™ื›ื” ืื• ืœืžื™ื ื—ืžื™ื.
15:27
you can now use as useful energy, whether it's for a pool or hot water.
361
927730
3376
ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื”.
15:31
Let me show you a quick movie of what this looks like running.
362
931130
2920
15:39
This is the first test where we took it outside
363
939410
2216
ืื– ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ
15:41
and each of the petals were individually seeking.
364
941650
2336
ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ืžื—ืคืฉ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืฆืžืื™.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ืคืกื™ืขื•ืช ื’ืกื•ืช,
15:44
And what they do is step, very coarsely at first,
365
944010
2376
15:46
and very finely afterward.
366
946410
1256
ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื“ ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš.
15:47
Once they get a temperature reading on the thermocouple
367
947690
2616
ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื‘ืฆืžื“ ื”ืชืจืžื™ ื™ืฉ ืงืจื™ืืช ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฉื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
15:50
indicating they found the sun,
368
950330
1456
15:51
they slow down and do a fine search.
369
951810
1736
ื”ื ืžืื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืŸ,
15:53
Then the petals will move into position, and the engine will start.
370
953570
3176
ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ืขืœื™-ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื ืขื™ื ืœืžืงื•ืžื ื•ื”ืžื ื•ืข ืžื•ืคืขืœ.
15:56
We've been working on this for the last two years.
371
956770
2376
ืขื‘ื“ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
ืื ื• ืžืื“ ืฉืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช, ืืš ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื“ืจืš ืืจื•ื›ื”,
15:59
We're very excited about the progress, we have a long way to go though.
372
959170
3376
ื”ื‘ื” ืืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืš.
16:02
This is how we envision it would be in a residential installation:
373
962570
3256
ื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื” ื‘ื™ืชื™ืช.
16:05
you'd probably have more than one unit on your roof.
374
965850
2456
ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’.
ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื’, ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ
16:08
It could be on your roof, your backyard, or somewhere else.
375
968330
2816
ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ื—ืฉืžืœ ืœื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช,
16:11
You don't have to have enough units to power your entire house,
376
971170
2976
ืืชื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ืกื›ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืขื ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื.
16:14
you just save money with each incremental one you add.
377
974170
2536
16:16
So you're still using the grid potentially,
378
976730
2096
ื›ืš ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ื”ืชืงื ื” ื›ื–ื•,
16:18
in this type of application, to be your backup supply --
379
978850
2656
ื›ืืกืคืงืช ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœื›ื-- ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
16:21
of course, you can't use these at night, and you can't use these on cloudy days.
380
981530
3776
ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืžืขื•ื ื ื™ื.
16:25
But by reducing your energy use, pretty much at the peak times --
381
985330
3416
ืืš ืข"ื™ ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก-
16:28
usually when you have your air conditioning on,
382
988770
2216
ื‘ื“"ื› ืฉื”ืžื–ื’ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ, ืื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื -
16:31
or other times like that --
383
991010
1336
16:32
this generates the peak power at the peak usage time,
384
992370
2496
ื–ื” ืžืคื™ืง ืืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืžืก,
16:34
so it's very complementary in that sense.
385
994890
1976
ื›ืš ืฉื–ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืื“ ืžืฉืœื™ืžื”.
16:36
This is how we would envision a residential application.
386
996890
2656
ื›ืš ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
ืื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
16:39
We also think there's very big potential for energy farms,
387
999570
2736
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ.
16:42
especially in remote land where there happens to be a lot of sun.
388
1002330
3096
16:45
It's a really good combination of those two factors.
389
1005450
2456
ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
16:47
It turns out there's a lot of powerful sun all around the world, obviously,
390
1007930
3536
ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืžืฉ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื•ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืงื ืื•ืชื
16:51
but in special places
391
1011490
1256
16:52
where it happens to be relatively inexpensive to place these
392
1012770
2856
ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื—-ืจื•ื— ื—ื–ืง.
16:55
and also in many more places where there is high wind power.
393
1015650
2856
16:58
So an example of that is, here's the map of the United States.
394
1018530
3376
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื” ืžืคื” ืฉืœ ืืจื”"ื‘
17:01
Pretty much everywhere that's not green or blue is a really ideal place,
395
1021930
3416
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืœืœื ื™ืจื•ืง ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื™ื“ืืœื™,
17:05
but even the green or blue areas are good,
396
1025370
2016
ืืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื,
17:07
just not as good as the places that are red, orange and yellow.
397
1027410
2976
ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ื•ื, ื›ืชื•ื ืื• ืฆื”ื•ื‘.
ืืš ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื—ืžื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืืก ื•ื’ืืก, ืขืžืง ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื•ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”
17:10
But the hot spot right around Las Vegas and Death Valley is very good.
398
1030410
3336
ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“.
17:13
And is only affects the payback period,
399
1033770
2080
ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื”,
17:15
it doesn't mean that you couldn't use solar energy;
400
1035874
2432
ืœื ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
17:18
you could use it anywhere on Earth.
401
1038330
1696
ื–ื” ืจืง ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื—ืฉืžืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืจืฉืช.
17:20
It just affects the payback period
402
1040050
1656
17:21
if you're comparing to grid-supplied electricity.
403
1041730
2336
ืืš ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืืกืคืงื” ืžืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ,
17:24
But if you don't have grid-supplied electricity,
404
1044090
2255
ืื– ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
17:26
then the question of payback is a different one entirely.
405
1046369
2697
ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืžื” ื•ื•ืื˜ื™ื ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื“ื•ืœืจ,
17:29
It's just how many watts do you get per dollar,
406
1049090
2216
ื•ืื™ืš ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืชื›ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืฉืžืœ ื–ื”
17:31
and how could you benefit from that to change your life in some way.
407
1051330
3216
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื.
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
17:34
This is the map of the whole Earth,
408
1054570
2086
ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžืคืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
17:36
and you can see a huge swathe in the middle
409
1056680
2057
ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ืขื ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื–
17:38
where a large part of the population is,
410
1058761
1938
ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
17:40
there's tremendous chances for solar energy.
411
1060723
2553
ื•ืฉื ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช.
17:43
And of course, look at Africa.
412
1063300
1457
ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจืื• ืืช ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
17:44
The potential to take advantage of solar energy there is unbelievable,
413
1064781
3297
ืœื ื™ืื•ืžืŸ ืื™ื–ื” ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื™ืฉ ืฉื ืœื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช,
ื•ืืฉืžื— ืžืื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืš.
17:48
and I'm really excited to talk more about finding ways we can help with that.
414
1068102
3657
ืื– ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ
17:51
So, in conclusion, I would say my journey has shown me
415
1071783
3722
ืฉื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื™ ื”ืจืื” ืœื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ,
17:55
that you can revisit old ideas in a new light,
416
1075529
3297
17:58
and sometimes ideas that have been discarded in the past
417
1078850
2696
ื•ืœืขืชื™ื, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื ืคืกืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ
18:01
can be practical now if you apply some new technology or new twists.
418
1081570
3536
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžืขืฉื™ ื•ื–ื•ืœ.
18:05
We believe we're getting very close to something practical and affordable.
419
1085130
3496
ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืžื˜ืจืชื ื• ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฆื™ ืืช ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืœืจื™ื™ื
18:08
Our short-term goal for this is to be half the price of solar cells
420
1088650
3176
18:11
and our longer-term goal is to be less than a five-year payback.
421
1091850
3056
ื•ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš: ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-5 ืฉื ื™ื
18:14
And at less than a five-year payback, this becomes very economic.
422
1094930
3136
ื•ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-5 ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืš ื–ืืช ืœื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืžืื“,
18:18
So you don't have to just have a feel-good attitude about energy
423
1098090
3056
ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื›ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
18:21
to want to have one of these.
424
1101170
1416
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ื–ืืช: ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
18:22
It just makes economic sense.
425
1102610
1416
ื›ืจื’ืข, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ื—ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืกื•ืœืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื 30-50 ืฉื ื”.
18:24
Right now, solar paybacks are between 30 and 50 years.
426
1104050
2576
18:26
If you get it down below five years,
427
1106650
1736
ืื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืž-5 ืฉื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
18:28
then it's almost a no-brainer because the interest to own it --
428
1108410
2976
ื›ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืก ื”ื•ื ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ - ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื™ืžืžืŸ ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจืš,
18:31
someone else will finance it for you and you can just make money from day one.
429
1111410
3696
ื•ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื‘ืจ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื”.
18:35
So that's our real powerful goal
430
1115130
1576
18:36
that we're really shooting for in the company.
431
1116730
2176
18:38
Two other things that I learned that were very surprising to me --
432
1118930
3136
ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉืžืื“ ื”ืคืชื™ืขื• ืื•ืชื™ -
ื”ืื—ื“, ื›ืžื” ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
18:42
one was how casual we are about energy.
433
1122090
3640
18:47
I was walking from the elevator over here,
434
1127290
2376
ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื›ืืŸ ืžื”ืžืขืœื™ืช,
18:49
and even just looking at the stage right now --
435
1129690
2216
ื•ืจืง ืžืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืžื” ื›ืจื’ืข -
18:51
so there's probably 20,500-watt lights right now.
436
1131930
3536
ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืคื ืกื™ ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ 500 ื•ื•ืื˜.
18:55
There's 10,000 watts of light pouring on the stage,
437
1135490
2416
ืฉื–ื” 10,000 ื•ื•ืื˜ ืชืื•ืจื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืžื”,
18:57
one horsepower is 746 watts, at full power.
438
1137930
3376
ื›ื•ื—-ืกื•ืก ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื 756 ื•ื•ืื˜, ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืžืœืื”.
19:01
So there's basically 15 horses running at full speed just to keep the stage lit.
439
1141330
4736
ืื– ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ 15 ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉื“ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืžื”.
19:06
Not to mention the 200 horses that are probably running right now
440
1146090
3096
ืฉืœื ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืืช 200 ื”ืกื•ืกื™ื ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื“ื•ื”ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ื”ืจื’ืข
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื™ืคืขืœ.
19:09
to keep the air-conditioning going.
441
1149210
1696
19:10
And it's just amazing,
442
1150930
1216
ื•ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืขืœื™ืช, ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืื•ืจ.
19:12
walk in the elevator, and there's lights on in the elevator.
443
1152170
2856
ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžืื“ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืฉืืจืช ืื•ืจ ื“ื•ืœืง ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
19:15
Of course, now I'm very sensitive at home when we leave the lights on by mistake.
444
1155050
3816
ืืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
19:18
But, everywhere around us we have insatiable use for energy
445
1158890
2816
ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื–ื•ืœื”.
19:21
because it's so cheap.
446
1161730
1256
ื•ื”ื™ื ื–ื•ืœื” ื›ื™ ืžืกื‘ืกื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ.
19:23
And it's cheap because we've been subsidized by energy
447
1163010
2536
19:25
that's been concentrated by the sun.
448
1165570
1736
19:27
Basically, oil is solar-energy concentrate.
449
1167330
2856
ื ืคื˜, ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื•, ื”ื•ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช.
19:30
It's been pounded for a billion years with a lot of energy
450
1170210
3336
ื”ื•ื ื ื˜ืขืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
19:33
to make it have all that energy contained in it.
451
1173570
2256
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื•.
19:35
And we don't have a birthright
452
1175850
1456
ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช-ืžืœื™ื“ื” ืกืชื ืœื ืฆืœื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ ืฉืืคืฉืจ.
19:37
to just use that up as fast as we are, I think.
453
1177330
2216
19:39
And it would be great if we could make our energy usage renewable,
454
1179570
3176
ื•ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ ืื ื ืžืฆื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช,
19:42
where as we're using the energy, we're creating it at the same pace,
455
1182770
3216
ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื›ืš.
19:46
and I really hope we can get there.
456
1186010
1696
19:47
Thank you very much, you've been a great audience.
457
1187730
2941
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืงื”ืœ ื ื”ื“ืจ.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7