What happens in your brain when you taste food | Camilla Arndal Andersen

150,513 views ใƒป 2019-10-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Yael Ring ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Hemu
00:12
So I had this very interesting experience
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ืื– ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช
00:16
five years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื.
00:18
You know, me and my husband, we were out grocery shopping,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœื™, ื™ืฆืื ื• ืœืงื ื™ื•ืช,
00:21
as we do every other day,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื,
00:22
but this time, we found this fancy,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ืžืฆืื ื• ืงืคื” ืžืคื•ื ืคืŸ,
00:26
you know, I'm talking fair-trade, I'm talking organic,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื’ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืงืคื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™,
00:29
I'm talking Kenyan, single-origin coffee
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืงืคื” ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™, ืžืžืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“
00:32
that we splurged and got.
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ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœืงื ื•ืช.
00:35
And that was when the problem started already.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื”,
00:38
You know, my husband, he deemed this coffee blend superior
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ืงืคื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘
00:42
to our regular and much cheaper coffee,
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ืžื”ืงืคื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ื”ื–ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
00:44
which made me imagine a life based solely on fancy coffee
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ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื™ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืจืง ืขืœ ืงืคื” ืžืคื•ื ืคืŸ
00:49
and I saw our household budget explode.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื• ืžืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:52
And worse ...
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื” ...
00:55
I also feared that this investment would be in vain.
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉืฉืชื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื•ื.
00:58
That we wouldn't be able to notice this difference after all.
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ืฉืœื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ.
01:03
Unfortunately, especially for my husband,
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™,
01:07
he had momentarily forgotten that he's married to a neuroscientist
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืœืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืฉื•ื™ ืœื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
01:10
with a specialty in food science.
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ืขื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:12
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:13
Alright?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:14
So without further ado,
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ืื– ืœืœื ื“ื™ื—ื•ื™,
01:16
I mean, I just put him to the test.
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ืื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ืœืžื‘ื—ืŸ.
01:19
I set up an experiment
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ื™ืฆืจืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™
01:21
where I first blindfolded my husband.
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ื‘ื• ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:25
Then I brewed the two types of coffee
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ืื– ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืคื”
01:29
and I told him that I would serve them to him
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ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื• ืฉืื’ื™ืฉ ืœื• ืื•ืชื
01:31
one at a time.
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ืื—ื“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื.
01:34
Now, with clear certainty,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
01:36
my husband, he described the first cup of coffee
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื™ืืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
01:38
as more raw and bitter.
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ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืกื” ื•ืžืจื™ืจื”.
01:40
You know, a coffee that would be ideal for the mornings
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงืคื” ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ืœื‘ืงืจื™ื
01:42
with the sole purpose of terrorizing the body awake by its alarming taste.
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ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื• ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜.
01:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:48
The second cup of coffee, on the other hand,
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ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
01:51
was both fruity and delightful.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
01:55
You know, coffee that one can enjoy in the evening and relax.
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืงืคื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืขืจื‘ ื•ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข.
02:01
Little did my husband know, however,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืœื ื™ื“ืข,
02:04
that I hadn't actually given him the two types of coffee.
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ืฉืœื ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืงืคื”.
02:07
I had given him the exact same cup of coffee twice.
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ืื ื™ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืคืขืžื™ื™ื.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
And obviously, it wasn't this one cup of coffee
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ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื”
02:16
that had suddenly gone from horrible to fantastic.
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ืฉืคืชืื•ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืžื ื•ืจืื™ืช ืœืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”.
02:19
No, this taste difference was a product of my husband's own mind.
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ืœื, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™.
02:23
Of his bias in favor of the fancy coffee
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ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืžืคื•ื ืคืŸ
02:26
that made him experience taste differences that just weren't there.
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื.
02:31
Alright, so, having saved our household budget,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ืฆืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:36
and finishing on a very good laugh,
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ื•ืกื™ื™ืžื ื• ืœืฆื—ื•ืง,
02:38
me especially --
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ --
02:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:40
I then started wondering just how we could have received
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœืชื”ื•ืช ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื•
02:43
two such different responses from a single cup of coffee.
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ืฉืชื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืก ืงืคื” ืื—ืช.
02:47
Why would my husband make such a bold statement
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ืœืžื” ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื™ืฆื ื‘ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ื•ืชื›ื•ืช
02:51
at the risk of being publicly mocked for the rest of his life?
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ืชื•ืš ืกื›ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืคืœื” ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœืฉืืจื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื•?
02:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:58
The striking answer is that I think you would have done the same.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืืชื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:03
And that's the biggest challenge in my field of science,
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™,
03:06
assessing what's reality behind these answers
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช
03:09
that we receive.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื.
03:10
Because how are we going to make food tastier
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ื›ื™ ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:13
if we cannot rely on what people actually say they like?
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืกืชืžืš ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื?
03:18
To understand, let's first have a look at how we actually sense food.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื ืจืื” ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
03:22
When I drink a cup of coffee,
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ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืชื” ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”,
03:25
I detect this cup of coffee by receptors on my body,
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ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื” ื‘ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื™,
03:29
information which is then turned into activated neurons in my brain.
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื– ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™.
03:34
Wavelengths of light are converted to colors.
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ื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
03:37
Molecules in the liquid are detected by receptors in my mouth,
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืคื” ืฉืœื™
03:41
and categorized as one of five basic tastes.
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ื•ืžืงื•ื˜ืœื’ื•ืช ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื.
03:45
That's salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami.
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ืฉื”ื ืžืœื•ื—, ื—ืžื•ืฅ, ืžืจื™ืจ, ืžืชื•ืง ื•ืื•ืžืžื™.
03:50
Molecules in the air are detected by receptors in my nose
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื ืงืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืืฃ ืฉืœื™
03:53
and converted to odors.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืœืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
03:55
And ditto for touch, for temperature, for sound and more.
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ื•ื›ื "ืœ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื’ืข, ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”, ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
04:00
All this information is detected by my receptors
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื ืงืœื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
04:04
and converted into signals between neurons in my brain.
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ื•ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ ืœืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™.
04:07
Information which is then woven together and integrated,
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ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืื– ื ืืจื’ ื™ื—ื“ ื•ืžืชื’ื‘ืฉ,
04:12
so that my brain recognizes
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ืžื–ื”ื”
04:15
that yes, I just had a cup of coffee, and yes, I liked it.
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ืฉื›ืŸ, ื›ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื™ืชื™ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”, ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื”ื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”.
04:21
And only then,
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ื•ืจืง ืื–,
04:23
after all this neuron heavy lifting,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืงืฉื” ื”ื–ื•,
04:26
do we consciously experience this cup of coffee.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข ืืช ื›ื•ืก ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื–ืืช.
04:30
And this is now where we have a very common misconception.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื” ืžืื•ื“.
04:35
People tend to think that what we experience consciously
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื“ืข
04:39
must then be an absolute true reflection of reality.
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื‘ืกื•ืœื•ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
04:42
But as you just heard,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ืฉืžืขืชื,
04:44
there are many stages of neural interpretation
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ื™ืฉื ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:47
in between the physical item and the conscious experience of it.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจื™ื˜ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ ื•ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื•.
04:52
Which means that sometimes,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื,
04:54
this conscious experience is not really reflecting that reality at all.
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ืงื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ื›ืœืœ.
04:58
Like what happened to my husband.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉืงืจื” ืœื‘ืขืœื™.
05:01
That's because some physical stimuli may just be so weak
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ื–ืืช ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืœืฉื™ื
05:05
that they just can't break that barrier to enter our conscious mind,
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืจื•ืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ื•ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•,
05:10
while the information that does
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื›ืŸ ื ื›ื ืก
05:12
may get twisted on its way there by our hidden biases.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืขื•ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืœืฉื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
05:16
And people, they have a lot of biases.
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
05:23
Yes, if you're sitting there right now, thinking ...
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
05:27
you could probably have done better than my husband,
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืขืœื™,
05:30
you could probably have assessed those coffees correctly,
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืืœื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
05:34
then you're actually suffering from a bias.
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ืื– ืืชื ื‘ืขืฆื ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื”.
05:38
A bias called the bias blind spot.
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ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืช".
05:40
Our tendency to see ourselves as less biased than other people.
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ื”ื ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ื‘ืขืœื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
05:45
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:46
And yeah, we can even be biased
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ื•ื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช
05:48
about the biases that we're biased about.
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:51
Not trying to make this any easier.
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ืœื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœื™ื›ื.
05:54
A bias that we know in the food industry is the courtesy bias.
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ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช.
05:59
This is a bias where we give an opinion
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ื–ืืช ื”ื™ื ื“ืขื” ืงื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืขื™ื ื“ืขื”
06:02
which is considered socially acceptable,
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ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืžืงื•ื‘ืœืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
06:05
but it's certainly not our own opinion, right?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:09
And I'm challenged by this as a food researcher,
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ื•ืื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ืžืืชื’ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
06:12
because when people say they like my new sugar-reduced milkshake,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื™,
06:17
do they now?
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ื”ืื ื”ื ื‘ืืžืช?
06:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:19
Or are they saying they like it
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ืื• ื”ืื ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•
06:21
because they know I'm listening and they want to please me?
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืื•ืชื™?
06:25
Or maybe they just to seem fit and healthy in my ears.
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืข ื—ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™.
06:30
I wouldn't know.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช.
06:31
But worse, they wouldn't even know themselves.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”, ืœื”ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืœื“ืขืช.
06:37
Even trained food assessors,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื•ืžื ื™ื,
06:38
and that's people who have been explicitly taught
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ื•ืืœื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
06:41
to disentangle the sense of smell and the sense of taste,
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ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ื•ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ื˜ืขื,
06:45
may still be biased to evaluate products sweeter
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:48
if they contain vanilla.
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ืื ื”ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ื™ืœ.
06:50
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
06:51
Well, it's certainly not because vanilla actually tastes sweet.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœื•ื•ื ื™ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง.
06:56
It's because even these professionals are human,
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ื–ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:00
and have eaten lot of desserts, like us,
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ื•ืื›ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื ื•,
07:03
and have therefore learned to associate sweetness and vanilla.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžื“ื• ืœืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื•ื ื™ืœ.
07:08
So taste and smell and other sensory information
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ืื– ื˜ืขื ื•ืจื™ื— ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืื—ืจ
07:11
is inextricably entangled in our conscious mind.
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ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืคื™ืš ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
07:14
So on one hand, we can actually use this.
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ืื– ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”,
07:17
We can use these conscious experiences,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:19
use this data, exploit it by adding vanilla instead of sugar
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื”, ืœื ืฆืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื•ื•ื ื™ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื•ื›ืจ
07:24
to sweeten our products.
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ืœื”ืžืชื™ืง ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
07:26
But on the other hand,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
07:29
with these conscious evaluations,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”,
07:30
I still wouldn't know
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช
07:32
whether people actually liked that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง ืžื•ืคื—ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื.
07:36
So how do we get around this problem?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืชืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช?
07:37
How do we actually assess what's reality
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ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช
07:40
behind these conscious food evaluations?
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ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื”?
07:42
The key is to remove the barrier of the conscious mind
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ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข
07:46
and instead target the information in the brain directly.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ื—.
07:51
And it turns out
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ
07:52
our brain holds a lot of fascinating secrets.
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ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืžืจืชืงื™ื.
07:55
Our brain constantly receives sensory information from our entire body,
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืงื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื•ืฉื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•,
08:00
most of which we don't even become aware of,
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ืฉืืช ืจื•ื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื•,
08:03
like the taste information that I constantly receive
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ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืื ื™ ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข
08:06
from my gastrointestinal tract.
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ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื™.
08:08
And my brain will also act on all this sensory information.
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื™ ื’ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื”.
08:13
It will alter my behavior without my knowledge,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื™,
08:16
and it can increase the diameter of my pupils
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™
08:20
if I experience something I really like.
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ืื ืื ื™ ื—ื•ื•ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ืช.
08:22
And increase my sweat production ever so slightly
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ื•ื™ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืชืคื•ืงืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“
08:25
if that emotion was intense.
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ืื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™.
08:28
And with brain scans,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกืจื™ืงื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื•ืช,
08:30
we can now assess this information in the brain.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืžื•ื—.
08:34
Specifically, I have used a brain-scanning technique
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™ ืื ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงืช ืžื™ืคื•ื™ ืžื•ื—
08:36
called electroencephalography,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช "ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืื ืกืคืœื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”",
08:38
or "EEG" in short,
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ืื• ืื"ื’ ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ,
08:40
which involves wearing a cap studded with electrodes,
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ืฉื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ื‘ื™ืฉืช ื›ื•ื‘ืข ืžืœื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื•ืช,
08:44
128 in my case.
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128 ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™.
08:47
Each electrode then measures the electrical activity of the brain
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ื›ืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื“ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื‘ืžื•ื—
08:51
with precision down to the millisecond.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืฉืœ ืืœืคื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
08:55
The problem is, however,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื,
08:57
it's not just the brain that's electrically active,
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ืฉืœื ืจืง ื”ืžื•ื— ืคืขื™ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช,
09:00
it's also the rest of the body as well as the environment
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉืืจ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
09:02
that contains a lot of electrical activity all the time.
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
09:05
To do my research,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™
09:07
I therefore need to minimize all this noise.
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ืื ื™ ืื ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขืฉ ื”ื–ื”.
09:10
So I ask my participants to do a number of things here.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:14
First off,
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
09:15
I ask them to rest their head in a chin rest,
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืจืืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืขื ืช ืกื ื˜ืจ
09:18
to avoid too much muscle movement.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื ื•ืขืช ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจืช.
09:21
I also ask them to, meanwhile, stare at the center of a computer monitor
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ื’ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ื ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื‘ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืžืกืš ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื•ืจ
09:25
to avoid too much eye movements and eye blinks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฆืžื•ืฆื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจื™ื.
09:28
And I can't even have swallowing,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืืคืฉืจ ื‘ืœื™ืขื”,
09:30
so I ask my participants to stick the tongue out of their mouth
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ืื– ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ
09:35
over a glass bowl,
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ืžืขืœ ืงืขืจืช ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
09:37
and then I constantly let taste stimuli onto the tongue,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžืชื™ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ื™ ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ,
09:41
which then drip off into this bowl.
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ืฉืื– ื˜ืคื˜ืคื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืงืขืจื” ื”ื–ืืช.
09:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:45
And then, just to complete this wonderful picture,
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ื•ืื– ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื–ืืช,
09:49
I also provide my participants with a bib,
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ื’ื ืกื™ืคืงืชื™ ืœืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ืกื™ื ืจ
09:52
available in either pink or blue, as they please.
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ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืจื•ื“ ืื• ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื.
09:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
09:59
Looks like a normal eating experience, right?
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื›ื™ืœื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
10:01
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:03
No, obviously not.
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ืœื, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœื.
10:06
And worse,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”,
10:07
I can't even control what my participants are thinking about,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
10:11
so I need to repeat this taste procedure
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื”
10:13
multiple times.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื.
10:14
Maybe the first time, they're thinking about the free lunch
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
10:17
that I provide for participating,
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ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœื• ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
10:19
or maybe the second time, they're thinking about Christmas coming up
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘
10:23
and what to get for Mom this year, you know.
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ื•ืžื” ืœืงื ื•ืช ืœืืžื ื”ืฉื ื”, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื.
10:27
But common for each response is the response to the taste.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื˜ืขื
10:31
So I repeat this taste procedure multiple times.
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ืื– ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื.
10:34
Sixty, in fact.
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ืฉื™ืฉื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”.
10:37
And then I average the responses,
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ื•ืื– ืขืจื›ืชื™ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช
10:38
because responses unrelated to taste will average out.
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ื›ื™ ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื ื™ืžื—ืงื• ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
10:42
And using this method,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื•,
10:43
we and other labs,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
10:46
have investigated how long a time it takes from "food lands on our tongue"
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ื—ืงืจื ื• ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœ ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
10:50
until our brain has figured out which taste it's experiencing.
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžืคืขื ื— ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ืขื ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื”.
10:53
Turns out this occurs within the first already 100 milliseconds,
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืื” ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
10:56
that's about half a second before we even become aware of it.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื—ืฆื™ ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื–ื”.
11:00
And next up, we also investigated
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ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ื’ื ื—ืงืจื ื•
11:02
the taste difference between sugar and artificial sweeteners
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ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ืžืžืชื™ืงื™ื ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื
11:05
that in our setup taste extremely similar.
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ืฉื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ืขื ืžืžืฉ ื“ื•ืžื”.
11:08
In fact, they tasted so similar
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ืขื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื”
11:10
that half my participants could only barely tell the taste apart,
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ืฉื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื™ื›ืœื• ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื,
11:14
while the other half simply couldn't.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ.
11:17
But amazingly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
11:18
if we looked across the entire group of participants,
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ื›ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
11:21
we saw that their brains definitely could tell the taste apart.
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืื›ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื.
11:26
So with EEG and other brain-scanning devices
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ืื– ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื"ื’ ื•ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืกืจื™ืงื” ืžื•ื—ื™ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
11:29
and other physiological measures --
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ื•ืžื“ื“ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
11:31
sweat and pupil size --
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ื–ื™ืขื” ื•ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื --
11:33
we have new gateways to our brain.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ื”ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
11:35
Gateways that will help us remove the barrier of the conscious mind
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ืฆื•ื”ืจื™ื ืฉื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื ื• ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื“ืข
11:39
to see through the biases of people
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ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืื ืฉื™ื
11:41
and possibly even capture subconscious taste differences.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืงืœื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื.
11:44
And that's because we can now measure people's very first response to food
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ื•ื–ืืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœ
11:49
before they've become conscious of it,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•,
11:50
and before they've started rationalizing why they like it or not.
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ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื ืœืžื” ื”ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
11:54
We can measure people's facial expressions,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
11:56
we can measure where they're looking,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื,
11:59
we can measure their sweat response,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื™ืขื” ืฉืœื”ื,
12:01
we can measure their brain response.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื.
12:04
And with all these measures,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
12:06
we are going to be able to create tastier foods,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:08
because we can measure whether people actually like
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื
12:10
that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
12:12
And we can create healthier foods without compromising taste,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœื ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื,
12:16
because we can measure the response to different sweeteners
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืžืชื™ืงื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื
12:19
and find the sweetener that gives the response that's more similar
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ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื”ืžืžืชื™ืง ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื”
12:22
to the response from sugar.
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ืœืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื›ืจ.
12:24
And furthermore, we can just help create healthier foods,
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:26
because we can help understand how we actually sense food
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ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ
12:29
in the first place.
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ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
12:31
Which we know surprisingly little about.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“.
12:34
For example, we know that there are those five basic tastes,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืืช ืื•ืชื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื,
12:37
but we strongly suspect that there are more,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืขื•ื“ ื˜ืขืžื™ื,
12:40
and in fact, using our EEG setup, we found evidence that fat,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืื"ื’ ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืฉืฉื•ืžืŸ,
12:45
besides being sensed by its texture and smell,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืงืœื™ื˜ืชื• ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžืจืงื ื•ืจื™ื—,
12:47
is also tasted.
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ื˜ืขื.
12:49
Meaning that fat could be this new sixth basic taste.
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉืฉื•ืžืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืขื ืฉื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™.
12:53
And if we figure out how our brain recognizes fat and sugar,
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ื•ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืžื–ื”ื” ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ,
12:57
and I'm just dreaming here,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจืง ื—ื•ืœืžืช ื›ืืŸ,
12:59
but could we then one day
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“
13:00
create a milkshake with zero calories that tastes just like the real deal?
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื™ืœืงืฉื™ื™ืง ืœืœื ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื˜ืขื ืžืžืฉ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™?
13:06
Or maybe we figure out that we can't,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื.
13:09
because we subconsciously detect calories
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืข ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช
13:11
via our receptors in our gastrointestinal tract.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
13:15
The future will show.
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ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื’ืœื” ืœื ื•.
13:17
Our conscious experience of food
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœ
13:20
is just the tip of the iceberg of our total sensation of food.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืงืฆื” ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
13:25
And by studying this total sensation,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื”ื–ืืช,
13:28
conscious and subconscious alike,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื•ื”ืœื ืžื•ื“ืขืช ื™ื—ื“,
13:31
I truly believe that we can make tastier and healthier foods for all.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
13:35
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
13:36
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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