What happens in your brain when you taste food | Camilla Arndal Andersen

148,170 views

2019-10-29 ใƒป TED


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What happens in your brain when you taste food | Camilla Arndal Andersen

148,170 views ใƒป 2019-10-29

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Yeowoon Yi ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jihyeon J. Kim
00:12
So I had this very interesting experience
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์ €๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:16
five years ago.
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5๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:18
You know, me and my husband, we were out grocery shopping,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ €์™€ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๋งˆํŠธ์— ์‡ผํ•‘์„ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
00:21
as we do every other day,
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์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
00:22
but this time, we found this fancy,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ๋‚ ์€ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
00:26
you know, I'm talking fair-trade, I'm talking organic,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ณต์ • ๋ฌด์—ญ, ์œ ๊ธฐ๋†,
00:29
I'm talking Kenyan, single-origin coffee
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์ผ€๋ƒ์˜ ์‹ฑ๊ธ€ ์˜ค๋ฆฌ์ง„ ์ปคํ”ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:32
that we splurged and got.
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๋ˆ์„ ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์จ์„œ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:35
And that was when the problem started already.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์ž‘๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:38
You know, my husband, he deemed this coffee blend superior
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ์ด ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์ €๋ ดํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ณด๋‹ค
00:42
to our regular and much cheaper coffee,
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๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ .
00:44
which made me imagine a life based solely on fancy coffee
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ์ข‹์€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋งŒ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ
00:49
and I saw our household budget explode.
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์ƒํ™œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๊ฒŒ ๋ˆˆ์•ž์— ํ›คํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
00:51
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:52
And worse ...
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๋” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
00:55
I also feared that this investment would be in vain.
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์ด ์ง€์ถœ์ด ๋ฌด์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์ผ์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
That we wouldn't be able to notice this difference after all.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‘ ์ปคํ”ผ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋Š๋‚„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”.
01:03
Unfortunately, especially for my husband,
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๋ถˆํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์€
01:07
he had momentarily forgotten that he's married to a neuroscientist
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์‹ํ’ˆ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์Œ์„ ์ž ์‹œ ์žŠ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:10
with a specialty in food science.
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01:12
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:13
Alright?
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
So without further ado,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋” ์ง€์ฒดํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
01:16
I mean, I just put him to the test.
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๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
I set up an experiment
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์ €๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์•ž์„œ
01:21
where I first blindfolded my husband.
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๋จผ์ € ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ๊ฐ€๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:24
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:25
Then I brewed the two types of coffee
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:29
and I told him that I would serve them to him
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๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ž”์”ฉ ๋”ฐ๋กœ ์ค„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ .
01:31
one at a time.
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01:34
Now, with clear certainty,
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์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋ง› ๋ณธ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ํ™•์‹ ์— ์ฐจ์„œ
01:36
my husband, he described the first cup of coffee
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์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ํ›จ์”ฌ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ๋–ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
as more raw and bitter.
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01:40
You know, a coffee that would be ideal for the mornings
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์งœ๋ฆฟํ•œ ๋ง›์œผ๋กœ ์ •์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ”์ง ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์•„์นจ์— ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ์š”.
01:42
with the sole purpose of terrorizing the body awake by its alarming taste.
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01:46
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:48
The second cup of coffee, on the other hand,
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ปคํ”ผ๋Š”,
01:51
was both fruity and delightful.
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์ข€ ๋” ๊ณผ์ผํ–ฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
You know, coffee that one can enjoy in the evening and relax.
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์ €๋…์— ํŽธ์•ˆํžˆ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ์ฃ .
02:01
Little did my husband know, however,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
02:04
that I hadn't actually given him the two types of coffee.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‘ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
02:07
I had given him the exact same cup of coffee twice.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:10
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:13
And obviously, it wasn't this one cup of coffee
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ•œ ์ปคํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ๋ง›์—์„œ
02:16
that had suddenly gone from horrible to fantastic.
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ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋ง›์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
02:19
No, this taste difference was a product of my husband's own mind.
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์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฑฐ์˜€์ฃ .
02:23
Of his bias in favor of the fancy coffee
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๋น„์‹ผ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด
02:26
that made him experience taste differences that just weren't there.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ง›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:31
Alright, so, having saved our household budget,
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ƒํ™œ๋น„๋„ ์•„๋ผ๊ณ 
02:36
and finishing on a very good laugh,
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ํ๋ญ‡ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
me especially --
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ํŠนํžˆ๋‚˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€์š”.
02:39
(Laughter)
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02:40
I then started wondering just how we could have received
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ž”์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ 
02:43
two such different responses from a single cup of coffee.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‘ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด ๋‚˜์™”๋Š”์ง€ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ด์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
Why would my husband make such a bold statement
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์™œ ์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์€ ๊ทธํ† ๋ก ํ™•์‹ ์— ์ฐจ์„œ ๋งํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
02:51
at the risk of being publicly mocked for the rest of his life?
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๋‚จ์€ ์‚ถ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์›ƒ์Œ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
02:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
02:58
The striking answer is that I think you would have done the same.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:03
And that's the biggest challenge in my field of science,
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์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜ ๋‚œ์ œ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
assessing what's reality behind these answers
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ป์€ ์ด ๋Œ€๋‹ต ๋’ค์—
์–ด๋–ค ์ง„์‹ค์ด ์ˆจ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:09
that we receive.
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03:10
Because how are we going to make food tastier
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:13
if we cannot rely on what people actually say they like?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋” ๋ง›์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
03:18
To understand, let's first have a look at how we actually sense food.
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์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ์‹์˜ ๋ง›์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:22
When I drink a cup of coffee,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์ž” ๋งˆ์‹ค ๋•Œ,
03:25
I detect this cup of coffee by receptors on my body,
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๋ชธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
03:29
information which is then turned into activated neurons in my brain.
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๊ทธ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ ์†์˜ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
Wavelengths of light are converted to colors.
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๋น›์˜ ํŒŒ์žฅ์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋˜๊ณ ์š”.
03:37
Molecules in the liquid are detected by receptors in my mouth,
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์•ก์ฒด ์†์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ํ˜€ ์†์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜๊ณ 
03:41
and categorized as one of five basic tastes.
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๋‹ค์„ฏ ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:45
That's salty, sour, bitter, sweet and umami.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ง ๋ง›, ์‹ ๋ง›, ์“ด๋ง›, ๋‹จ๋ง›, ๊ฐ์น ๋ง›์ด์ฃ .
03:50
Molecules in the air are detected by receptors in my nose
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๊ณต๊ธฐ์ค‘์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋Š” ์ฝ” ์†์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋˜๊ณ 
03:53
and converted to odors.
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๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
And ditto for touch, for temperature, for sound and more.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ, ์˜จ๋„, ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:00
All this information is detected by my receptors
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ์ง€ ๋˜๊ณ 
04:04
and converted into signals between neurons in my brain.
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๋‡Œ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
Information which is then woven together and integrated,
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฎ์ด๊ณ  ํ†ตํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด
04:12
so that my brain recognizes
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:15
that yes, I just had a cup of coffee, and yes, I liked it.
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"๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”์„ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด, ์•„์ฃผ ๋ง˜์— ๋“ค์–ด." ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
04:21
And only then,
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ •๋ณด ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ๋๋‚œ ํ›„์—์•ผ
04:23
after all this neuron heavy lifting,
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04:26
do we consciously experience this cup of coffee.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋กœ์†Œ ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”์„ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:30
And this is now where we have a very common misconception.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ”ํžˆ ์˜คํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
People tend to think that what we experience consciously
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
04:39
must then be an absolute true reflection of reality.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:42
But as you just heard,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋“ค์œผ์…จ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
04:44
there are many stages of neural interpretation
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์‚ฌ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜์‹ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š”
04:47
in between the physical item and the conscious experience of it.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์ „๋‹ฌ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
Which means that sometimes,
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์ด๋Š” ๋•Œ๋•Œ๋กœ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด
04:54
this conscious experience is not really reflecting that reality at all.
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ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:58
Like what happened to my husband.
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„ ์ผ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
05:01
That's because some physical stimuli may just be so weak
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์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ทน์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•ฝํ•ด์„œ
05:05
that they just can't break that barrier to enter our conscious mind,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์—
05:10
while the information that does
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์ •๋ณด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ
05:12
may get twisted on its way there by our hidden biases.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
And people, they have a lot of biases.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:23
Yes, if you're sitting there right now, thinking ...
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์•‰์•„์„œ
05:27
you could probably have done better than my husband,
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์ œ ๋‚จํŽธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•„๋งˆ ๋” ์ž˜ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
05:30
you could probably have assessed those coffees correctly,
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๊ทธ ์ปคํ”ผ๋“ค์„ ์•„๋งˆ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:34
then you're actually suffering from a bias.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:38
A bias called the bias blind spot.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์š”.
05:40
Our tendency to see ourselves as less biased than other people.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋œ ๋ฐ›์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์ด์ฃ .
05:45
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:46
And yeah, we can even be biased
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๋งž์•„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:48
about the biases that we're biased about.
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ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
05:51
Not trying to make this any easier.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์ž๊ณ ์š”.
05:54
A bias that we know in the food industry is the courtesy bias.
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์‹ํ’ˆ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์—๋Š” ์˜ˆ์˜๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ํŽธํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
05:59
This is a bias where we give an opinion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ธ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
06:02
which is considered socially acceptable,
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์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•  ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŽธํ–ฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
but it's certainly not our own opinion, right?
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ถ„๋ช… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
06:09
And I'm challenged by this as a food researcher,
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์‹ํ’ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋กœ์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:12
because when people say they like my new sugar-reduced milkshake,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„คํƒ•์„ ์ค„์ธ ์ƒˆ ๋ฐ€ํฌ ์‰์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ,
06:17
do they now?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ง„์งœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:18
(Laughter)
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06:19
Or are they saying they like it
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
06:21
because they know I'm listening and they want to please me?
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์ œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์„ ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
06:25
Or maybe they just to seem fit and healthy in my ears.
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•ด๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:30
I wouldn't know.
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์ €๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
But worse, they wouldn't even know themselves.
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๋” ๋‚˜์œ ๊ฑด, ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด์ฃ .
06:37
Even trained food assessors,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋œ ๋ง› ํ‰๊ฐ€์ž๋‚˜
06:38
and that's people who have been explicitly taught
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๋ฏธ๊ฐ๊ณผ ํ›„๊ฐ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋„๋ก
06:41
to disentangle the sense of smell and the sense of taste,
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์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ํ›ˆ๋ จ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„
06:45
may still be biased to evaluate products sweeter
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‹ํ’ˆ์— ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:48
if they contain vanilla.
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์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋กœ์žกํ˜€ ๋” ๋‹ฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
Why?
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด๊นŒ์š”?
06:51
Well, it's certainly not because vanilla actually tastes sweet.
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๋ถ„๋ช… ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‹จ ๋ง›์ด ๋‚˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:56
It's because even these professionals are human,
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์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค๋„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:00
and have eaten lot of desserts, like us,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋งŽ์€ ๋””์ €ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด์™”๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
07:03
and have therefore learned to associate sweetness and vanilla.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹จ ๋ง›๊ณผ ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ง“๋„๋ก ๋ฐฐ์› ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
So taste and smell and other sensory information
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ง›๊ณผ ํ–ฅ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋Š”
07:11
is inextricably entangled in our conscious mind.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๋งˆ์Œ๊ณผ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋’ค์—‰์ผœ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:14
So on one hand, we can actually use this.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ์ ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:17
We can use these conscious experiences,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ทน ํ™œ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:19
use this data, exploit it by adding vanilla instead of sugar
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์ œํ’ˆ์— ๋‹จ ๋ง›์„ ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„คํƒ• ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ”๋‹๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”.
07:24
to sweeten our products.
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07:26
But on the other hand,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”
07:29
with these conscious evaluations,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ธํ•ด
07:30
I still wouldn't know
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ
07:32
whether people actually liked that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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์„คํƒ•์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“  ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐ€ํฌ ์‰์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:36
So how do we get around this problem?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:37
How do we actually assess what's reality
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์˜์‹์ ์ธ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋’ค์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค์ง„ ์ง„์‹ค์„
07:40
behind these conscious food evaluations?
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
07:42
The key is to remove the barrier of the conscious mind
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ํ•ต์‹ฌ์€ ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ์—†์• ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:46
and instead target the information in the brain directly.
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๋‡Œ ์†์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ง์ ‘ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:51
And it turns out
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ์—๋Š”
07:52
our brain holds a lot of fascinating secrets.
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๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:55
Our brain constantly receives sensory information from our entire body,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋ชธ ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:00
most of which we don't even become aware of,
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€์กฐ์ฐจ ๋ชปํ•˜์ฃ .
08:03
like the taste information that I constantly receive
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ์†Œํ™” ๊ธฐ๊ด€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋Š”
08:06
from my gastrointestinal tract.
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๋ง›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:08
And my brain will also act on all this sensory information.
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์ œ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ •๋ณด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:13
It will alter my behavior without my knowledge,
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์ด ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์— ์ œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:16
and it can increase the diameter of my pupils
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ๋™๊ณต์˜ ์ง€๋ฆ„์„ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€
08:20
if I experience something I really like.
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08:22
And increase my sweat production ever so slightly
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๋•€์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
if that emotion was intense.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด ๊ฐ•๋ ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
08:28
And with brain scans,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‡Œ ์ •๋ฐ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด,
08:30
we can now assess this information in the brain.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‡Œ ์†์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋“ค์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:34
Specifically, I have used a brain-scanning technique
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ํŠนํžˆ, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋‡Œ ์ •๋ฐ€๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€
08:36
called electroencephalography,
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๋‡ŒํŒŒ ์ „์œ„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์ˆ , ์ค„์—ฌ์„œ EEG๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
08:38
or "EEG" in short,
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08:40
which involves wearing a cap studded with electrodes,
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์ด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ „๊ทน์„ ๋ถ™์ธ ๋ชจ์ž๋ฅผ ์จ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:44
128 in my case.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ 128๊ฐœ ์ „๊ทน์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
08:47
Each electrode then measures the electrical activity of the brain
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ „๊ทน์€ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ž๊ทน์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:51
with precision down to the millisecond.
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1000๋ถ„์˜ 1์ดˆ์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ •ํ™•๋„๋กœ ์ธก์ •ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:55
The problem is, however,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
08:57
it's not just the brain that's electrically active,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋งŒ ์ „๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
09:00
it's also the rest of the body as well as the environment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋„
09:02
that contains a lot of electrical activity all the time.
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ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ „๊ธฐ์  ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:05
To do my research,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:07
I therefore need to minimize all this noise.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์†Œํ™” ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
So I ask my participants to do a number of things here.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
09:14
First off,
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๋จผ์ €, ํ„ฑ์„ ๊ดด์–ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:15
I ask them to rest their head in a chin rest,
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09:18
to avoid too much muscle movement.
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๊ทผ์œก์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์ด ์›€์ง์ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ ์š”.
09:21
I also ask them to, meanwhile, stare at the center of a computer monitor
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๋™์‹œ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ ์ค‘์•™์„ ์‘์‹œํ•˜๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:25
to avoid too much eye movements and eye blinks.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ๋ˆˆ๋™์ž์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์ด๋‚˜ ๊นœ๋ฐ•์ž„์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
And I can't even have swallowing,
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๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์‚ผํ‚ค๋Š” ํ–‰๋™๋„ ํ”ผํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
09:30
so I ask my participants to stick the tongue out of their mouth
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์ €๋Š” ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
ํ˜€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์œ„๋กœ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์š”์ฒญํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:35
over a glass bowl,
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09:37
and then I constantly let taste stimuli onto the tongue,
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ํ˜€์— ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ์ž๊ทน์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:41
which then drip off into this bowl.
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆ‡์— ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ์š”.
09:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:45
And then, just to complete this wonderful picture,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์˜ ์™„์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
09:49
I also provide my participants with a bib,
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ„ฑ๋ฐ›์ด๋„ ์ œ๊ณตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:52
available in either pink or blue, as they please.
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ํ•‘ํฌ๋‚˜ ๋ธ”๋ฃจ ์ค‘์— ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ์š”.
09:55
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
09:59
Looks like a normal eating experience, right?
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๋ณดํ†ต ์‹์‚ฌ ๋ชจ์Šต ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”, ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
10:01
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
10:03
No, obviously not.
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์•„๋‡จ, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
And worse,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ํ•ด์„œ
10:07
I can't even control what my participants are thinking about,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹คํ—˜ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ
10:11
so I need to repeat this taste procedure
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:13
multiple times.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์ด์š”.
10:14
Maybe the first time, they're thinking about the free lunch
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์•„๋งˆ ์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๊ฐ€๋กœ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š”
10:17
that I provide for participating,
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๊ณต์งœ ์ ์‹ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:19
or maybe the second time, they're thinking about Christmas coming up
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๊ณ 
10:23
and what to get for Mom this year, you know.
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์—„๋งˆ๊ป˜ ์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ๋ญ˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜ ํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์‹œ์ž–์•„์š”.
10:27
But common for each response is the response to the taste.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ง›์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์ฃ .
10:31
So I repeat this taste procedure multiple times.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:34
Sixty, in fact.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ๋Š” 60๋ฒˆ์„์š”.
10:37
And then I average the responses,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์‘์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
10:38
because responses unrelated to taste will average out.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ง›๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋‰ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
10:42
And using this method,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด
10:43
we and other labs,
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์ €ํฌ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๋“ค์€
10:46
have investigated how long a time it takes from "food lands on our tongue"
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์Œ์‹์ด ํ˜€์— ๋‹ฟ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ง›์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ
10:50
until our brain has figured out which taste it's experiencing.
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์–ผ๋งˆ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”์ง€ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:53
Turns out this occurs within the first already 100 milliseconds,
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์€ 0.1์ดˆ ๋งŒ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
10:56
that's about half a second before we even become aware of it.
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์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ 0.5์ดˆ ์ „์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์™„๋ฃŒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
And next up, we also investigated
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๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์„คํƒ•๊ณผ
11:02
the taste difference between sugar and artificial sweeteners
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์ด์™€ ์•„์ฃผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ง› ์ฐจ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:05
that in our setup taste extremely similar.
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11:08
In fact, they tasted so similar
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ ๋‘˜์€ ๋ง›์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์„œ
11:10
that half my participants could only barely tell the taste apart,
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์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜๋งŒ์ด ๊ฐ„์‹ ํžˆ ๋‘˜์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:14
while the other half simply couldn't.
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๊ณ ์š”.
11:17
But amazingly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„,
11:18
if we looked across the entire group of participants,
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์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž ์ง‘๋‹จ์—์„œ
11:21
we saw that their brains definitely could tell the taste apart.
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์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ง›์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
So with EEG and other brain-scanning devices
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ EGG๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‡Œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์™€
11:29
and other physiological measures --
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๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์ธก์ •๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
11:31
sweat and pupil size --
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๋•€๊ณผ ๋™๊ณต ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ
11:33
we have new gateways to our brain.
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๋‡Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:35
Gateways that will help us remove the barrier of the conscious mind
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์ด ํ†ต๋กœ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜์‹์˜ ๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘๊ณ 
11:39
to see through the biases of people
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ
11:41
and possibly even capture subconscious taste differences.
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๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง›์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์žก์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:44
And that's because we can now measure people's very first response to food
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ฒซ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:49
before they've become conscious of it,
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ์ „์—,
11:50
and before they've started rationalizing why they like it or not.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™œ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
11:54
We can measure people's facial expressions,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
we can measure where they're looking,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์žด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
we can measure their sweat response,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋•€์„ ๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
12:01
we can measure their brain response.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™” ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
And with all these measures,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธก์ •์€
12:06
we are going to be able to create tastier foods,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
12:08
because we can measure whether people actually like
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์„คํƒ•์ด ๋œ ๋“  ๋ฐ€ํฌ ์‰์ดํฌ๋ฅผ
12:10
that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•„๋‹Œ์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:12
And we can create healthier foods without compromising taste,
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๋ง›์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋„ ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:16
because we can measure the response to different sweeteners
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ณต ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์„œ
12:19
and find the sweetener that gives the response that's more similar
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์„คํƒ•๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ
12:22
to the response from sugar.
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์ฐพ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
And furthermore, we can just help create healthier foods,
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
because we can help understand how we actually sense food
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฒ˜์Œ์— ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”์ง€
12:29
in the first place.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:31
Which we know surprisingly little about.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด์ฃ .
12:34
For example, we know that there are those five basic tastes,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง›์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ตํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
but we strongly suspect that there are more,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ง›์ด ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:40
and in fact, using our EEG setup, we found evidence that fat,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ EGG ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ
์‹๊ฐ๊ณผ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋Š๊ปด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์ด์™ธ์—๋„
12:45
besides being sensed by its texture and smell,
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12:47
is also tasted.
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์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ง›์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:49
Meaning that fat could be this new sixth basic taste.
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์ด๋Š” ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋ง›์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
And if we figure out how our brain recognizes fat and sugar,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ์„คํƒ•์„ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•ด๋‚ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
12:57
and I'm just dreaming here,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋น„๋ก ์ƒ์ƒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:59
but could we then one day
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์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง›์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€
13:00
create a milkshake with zero calories that tastes just like the real deal?
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๋ฐ€ํฌ ์‰์ดํฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
13:06
Or maybe we figure out that we can't,
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์–ด์ฉŒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
because we subconsciously detect calories
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ
13:11
via our receptors in our gastrointestinal tract.
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์†Œํ™”๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
The future will show.
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๋ฏธ๋ž˜์—๋Š” ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ฒ ์ง€์š”.
13:17
Our conscious experience of food
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์Œ์‹์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜์‹์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
13:20
is just the tip of the iceberg of our total sensation of food.
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์Œ์‹์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋น™์‚ฐ์˜ ์ผ๊ฐ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:25
And by studying this total sensation,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์‹๊ณผ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์„ ์•„์šฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด
13:28
conscious and subconscious alike,
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13:31
I truly believe that we can make tastier and healthier foods for all.
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๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋” ๋ง›์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:36
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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