What happens in your brain when you taste food | Camilla Arndal Andersen
150,274 views ・ 2019-10-29
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00:00
Translator: Ivana Korom
Reviewer: Krystian Aparta
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譯者: Lilian Chiu
審譯者: SF Huang
00:12
So I had this very interesting experience
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我有段非常有趣的經驗,
00:16
five years ago.
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發生在五年前。
00:18
You know, me and my husband,
we were out grocery shopping,
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我和我先生出門買菜購物,
00:21
as we do every other day,
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我們每兩天就會去一次,
00:22
but this time, we found this fancy,
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但這次,我們發現一種昂貴的,
00:26
you know, I'm talking fair-trade,
I'm talking organic,
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我說的是符合公平貿易的、有機的,
00:29
I'm talking Kenyan, single-origin coffee
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我在說的是肯亞的單品咖啡,
00:32
that we splurged and got.
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我們捨得花大錢去買的咖啡。
00:35
And that was when the problem
started already.
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問題就是從那時開始的。
00:38
You know, my husband,
he deemed this coffee blend superior
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我先生認為這種調豆咖啡
比我們平常喝的便宜咖啡更優,
00:42
to our regular and much cheaper coffee,
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00:44
which made me imagine a life
based solely on fancy coffee
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這讓我想像我們過著
只要高檔咖啡的生活
00:49
and I saw our household budget explode.
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以及我們家庭預算的破表。
00:51
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
00:52
And worse ...
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還更糟糕……
00:55
I also feared that this investment
would be in vain.
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我也擔心這項投資會白費。
00:58
That we wouldn't be able to notice
this difference after all.
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畢竟我們無法分辨出其中的差異。
01:03
Unfortunately, especially for my husband,
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不幸的是,特別是對我先生而言,
01:07
he had momentarily forgotten
that he's married to a neuroscientist
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他時常忘了太太是一位神經科學家
01:10
with a specialty in food science.
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且專長還是食品科學。
01:12
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:13
Alright?
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是吧?
01:14
So without further ado,
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所以,廢話不多說,
01:16
I mean, I just put him to the test.
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我就把他抓來做測試。
01:19
I set up an experiment
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我設計了一項實驗,
01:21
where I first blindfolded my husband.
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先將我先生的眼睛矇住。
01:24
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:25
Then I brewed the two types of coffee
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接著,我煮了兩種咖啡,
01:29
and I told him that
I would serve them to him
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告訴他我會一次拿一種咖啡給他喝。
01:31
one at a time.
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01:34
Now, with clear certainty,
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我先生非常肯定地描述
01:36
my husband, he described
the first cup of coffee
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第一杯咖啡比較生、比較苦。
01:38
as more raw and bitter.
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01:40
You know, a coffee
that would be ideal for the mornings
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你知道的,這種咖啡很適合早晨,
01:42
with the sole purpose of terrorizing
the body awake by its alarming taste.
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唯一的目的就是用那嚇人的
口味把身體立刻喚醒。
01:46
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:48
The second cup of coffee,
on the other hand,
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而第二杯咖啡
01:51
was both fruity and delightful.
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則帶有果香使讓人心情愉悅。
01:55
You know, coffee that one
can enjoy in the evening and relax.
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就是那種可在晚上享用,
使人放鬆的咖啡。
02:01
Little did my husband know, however,
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然而,我先生並不知道,
02:04
that I hadn't actually given him
the two types of coffee.
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我其實沒讓他喝兩種咖啡。
02:07
I had given him the exact same
cup of coffee twice.
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他兩次喝到的都是同一種咖啡。
02:10
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:13
And obviously, it wasn't
this one cup of coffee
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很顯然,這一杯咖啡
02:16
that had suddenly gone
from horrible to fantastic.
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不會突然從難喝變好喝。
02:19
No, this taste difference
was a product of my husband's own mind.
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不,這種在口味上的差異
是我先生的心理作用造成的。
02:23
Of his bias in favor of the fancy coffee
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他偏愛那款高價咖啡而產生的偏見,
02:26
that made him experience taste differences
that just weren't there.
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讓他嚐到了根本不存在的口味差別。
02:31
Alright, so, having saved
our household budget,
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好,所以,我們的家庭預算得救了,
02:36
and finishing on a very good laugh,
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也以大笑作結,特別是我——
02:38
me especially --
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02:39
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:40
I then started wondering
just how we could have received
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接著,我開始納悶,為什麼單一杯咖啡
會讓我們感受到兩種截然不同的反應?
02:43
two such different responses
from a single cup of coffee.
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02:47
Why would my husband
make such a bold statement
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為什麼我先生會冒著餘生
成為大眾笑柄的風險,
02:51
at the risk of being publicly mocked
for the rest of his life?
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做出如此大膽的陳述?
02:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
02:58
The striking answer is
that I think you would have done the same.
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驚人的答案是,我認為
換成你們也會做出一樣的結論。
03:03
And that's the biggest challenge
in my field of science,
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那是我的科學領域中最大的挑戰,
03:06
assessing what's reality
behind these answers
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評估我們接收到的這些答案
背後的真相是什麼。
03:09
that we receive.
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03:10
Because how are we
going to make food tastier
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如果我們無法仰賴人們說的喜好口味,
03:13
if we cannot rely on what people
actually say they like?
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那我們要如何才能讓食物變得更可口?
03:18
To understand, let's first have a look
at how we actually sense food.
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為了了解這一點,咱們先來
談談我們如何感受食物。
03:22
When I drink a cup of coffee,
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當我喝下一杯咖啡,
03:25
I detect this cup of coffee
by receptors on my body,
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我會用身體的接收器來偵測這杯咖啡,
03:29
information which is then turned
into activated neurons in my brain.
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資訊接著會被轉換成
我大腦中活化的神經元。
03:34
Wavelengths of light
are converted to colors.
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光的波長會被轉換為顏色。
03:37
Molecules in the liquid
are detected by receptors in my mouth,
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我口中的接收器
會偵測到液體的分子,
03:41
and categorized as one
of five basic tastes.
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將它歸為五種基本的味道。
03:45
That's salty, sour,
bitter, sweet and umami.
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分別為:鹹、酸、苦、甜、鮮。
03:50
Molecules in the air
are detected by receptors in my nose
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我鼻子中的接收器
會偵測空氣中的分子,
03:53
and converted to odors.
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轉換為氣味。
03:55
And ditto for touch, for temperature,
for sound and more.
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對觸碰、溫度、聲音等等
都是同樣的道理。
04:00
All this information is detected
by my receptors
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我的接收器會偵測這些資訊,
04:04
and converted into signals
between neurons in my brain.
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將它們轉換為我大腦
神經元之間的訊號。
04:07
Information which is then
woven together and integrated,
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資訊接著會被交織、整合在一起,
04:12
so that my brain recognizes
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於是,我的大腦會辨認出,
04:15
that yes, I just had a cup of coffee,
and yes, I liked it.
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是的,我剛喝了一杯咖啡,
是的,我喜歡它。
04:21
And only then,
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要到那時,
04:23
after all this neuron heavy lifting,
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在所有這些神經元的努力工作之後,
04:26
do we consciously experience
this cup of coffee.
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我們才會有意識地體驗喝到一杯咖啡。
04:30
And this is now where we have
a very common misconception.
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而這也是我們常誤解的地方。
04:35
People tend to think
that what we experience consciously
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大家通常會認為,
我們意識所體驗到的
04:39
must then be an absolute
true reflection of reality.
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就絕對是現實的真實反映。
04:42
But as you just heard,
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但,各位剛剛都聽到了,
04:44
there are many stages
of neural interpretation
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在實體物件到意識體驗這中間,
04:47
in between the physical item
and the conscious experience of it.
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神經的詮釋會經歷許多階段。
04:52
Which means that sometimes,
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那就表示,有時,
04:54
this conscious experience is not really
reflecting that reality at all.
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這種意識體驗可能
完全沒有反映出現實。
04:58
Like what happened to my husband.
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就像我先生的例子。
05:01
That's because some physical stimuli
may just be so weak
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那是因為有些物理刺激太過微弱了,
05:05
that they just can't break that barrier
to enter our conscious mind,
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它們無法突破阻礙
進入我們的大腦意識中,
05:10
while the information that does
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而能夠突破阻礙的資訊,
05:12
may get twisted on its way there
by our hidden biases.
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可能在到達大腦的路上
被我們的隱藏偏見給扭曲了。
05:16
And people, they have a lot of biases.
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而人有很多偏見。
05:23
Yes, if you're sitting there
right now, thinking ...
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是的,如果你坐在那裡想著……
05:27
you could probably have done
better than my husband,
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你應該可以做得比我先生更好,
05:30
you could probably have assessed
those coffees correctly,
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你應該可以更正確地品評那些咖啡,
05:34
then you're actually
suffering from a bias.
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那你就是被偏見影響了。
05:38
A bias called the bias blind spot.
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這種偏見叫做偏見盲點。
05:40
Our tendency to see ourselves
as less biased than other people.
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我們傾向認為自己的偏見
沒有別人那麼多。
05:45
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:46
And yeah, we can even be biased
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是的,我們甚至會對我們
因偏見而認定的偏見而有所偏見。
05:48
about the biases that we're biased about.
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05:50
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
05:51
Not trying to make this any easier.
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沒有試著要把它給簡化。
05:54
A bias that we know in the food industry
is the courtesy bias.
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在食品產業中,我們知道
有一種偏見是禮貌性偏見。
05:59
This is a bias where we give an opinion
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這種偏見就是,我們在給意見時,
06:02
which is considered socially acceptable,
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會考量社會的接受度,
06:05
but it's certainly not
our own opinion, right?
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但那肯定不是我們自己的意見,對吧?
06:09
And I'm challenged by this
as a food researcher,
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身為食品研究者,
這對我來說是個挑戰,
06:12
because when people say they like
my new sugar-reduced milkshake,
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因為當大家說喜歡
我新發明的減糖奶昔時,
06:17
do they now?
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他們真的喜歡嗎?(笑聲)
06:18
(Laughter)
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06:19
Or are they saying they like it
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或者,他們說喜歡它,
06:21
because they know I'm listening
and they want to please me?
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是因為他們知道我在聽,
而他們想要取悅我?
06:25
Or maybe they just to seem
fit and healthy in my ears.
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又或許他們只是想讓我覺得
他們蠻健康的。
06:30
I wouldn't know.
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我不會知道。
06:31
But worse, they wouldn't
even know themselves.
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但,更糟的是,
他們自己也不知道。
06:37
Even trained food assessors,
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即使受過訓練的
食物評估者被明確教導
06:38
and that's people who have been
explicitly taught
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06:41
to disentangle the sense of smell
and the sense of taste,
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如何區別嗅覺和味覺,
06:45
may still be biased
to evaluate products sweeter
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可能仍然會有偏見地將
含有香草的產品評估為比較甜。
06:48
if they contain vanilla.
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06:50
Why?
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為什麼?
06:51
Well, it's certainly not
because vanilla actually tastes sweet.
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肯定不是因為香草
真的嚐起來比較甜。
06:56
It's because even these
professionals are human,
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是因為這些專家畢竟是人,
07:00
and have eaten lot of desserts, like us,
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也和我們一樣吃過許多甜點,
07:03
and have therefore learned to associate
sweetness and vanilla.
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因此會把甜味和香草連結在一起。
07:08
So taste and smell
and other sensory information
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所以,味覺、嗅覺和其他感知訊息
07:11
is inextricably entangled
in our conscious mind.
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在我們的大腦意識中緊緊糾纏在一起。
07:14
So on one hand, we can actually use this.
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一方面,我們能善加利用。
07:17
We can use these conscious experiences,
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我們可以用這些意識體驗,
07:19
use this data, exploit it
by adding vanilla instead of sugar
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利用這些資料,研究以香草而非糖
07:24
to sweeten our products.
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來增加產品的甜度。
07:26
But on the other hand,
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但另一方面,
07:29
with these conscious evaluations,
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就算有這些意識的評估,
07:30
I still wouldn't know
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我仍然不知道,
07:32
whether people actually liked
that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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大家是否真的喜歡減糖奶昔。
所以,要如何處理這個問題?
07:36
So how do we get around this problem?
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07:37
How do we actually assess what's reality
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要如何真的評斷
這些有意識的食物評估背後的真相?
07:40
behind these conscious food evaluations?
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07:42
The key is to remove the barrier
of the conscious mind
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關鍵在於移除意識大腦的阻礙,
07:46
and instead target the information
in the brain directly.
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直接針對大腦中的資訊來解讀。
07:51
And it turns out
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結果發現,
07:52
our brain holds a lot
of fascinating secrets.
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我們的大腦中有許多迷人的秘密。
07:55
Our brain constantly receives
sensory information from our entire body,
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我們的大腦持續地從全身接收感官資訊,
08:00
most of which we don't even
become aware of,
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我們大部份根本不會意識到,
08:03
like the taste information
that I constantly receive
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比如從我的消化道
所接受到的味道資訊。
08:06
from my gastrointestinal tract.
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08:08
And my brain will also act
on all this sensory information.
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我的大腦會根據所有的
感官資訊來對應運作,
08:13
It will alter my behavior
without my knowledge,
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它會在我沒意識到的情況下
改變我的行為,
08:16
and it can increase
the diameter of my pupils
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當我體驗到我真的
很喜歡的事物時,
我的瞳孔會放大。
08:20
if I experience something I really like.
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08:22
And increase my sweat production
ever so slightly
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如果那樣的情緒很強烈,
它還會稍稍增加我的流汗量。
08:25
if that emotion was intense.
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08:28
And with brain scans,
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掃瞄我們的大腦後,
08:30
we can now assess
this information in the brain.
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我們就能評估大腦中的這些資訊。
08:34
Specifically, I have used
a brain-scanning technique
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明確來說,我曾經
用一種大腦掃瞄技術
08:36
called electroencephalography,
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叫做腦電 (波) 圖,
08:38
or "EEG" in short,
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簡稱 EEG,
08:40
which involves wearing a cap
studded with electrodes,
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頭上要戴著鑲有電極的帽子,
08:44
128 in my case.
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我用的有 128 個電極。
08:47
Each electrode then measures
the electrical activity of the brain
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每個電極都會測量大腦的電活動,
08:51
with precision down to the millisecond.
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精準度到毫秒。
08:55
The problem is, however,
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然而,問題是,
08:57
it's not just the brain
that's electrically active,
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有電活動的不只是大腦,
09:00
it's also the rest of the body
as well as the environment
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身體其他部位以及環境
09:02
that contains a lot
of electrical activity all the time.
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都時時刻刻有大量的電活動。
09:05
To do my research,
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為了我的研究,
09:07
I therefore need
to minimize all this noise.
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我必須要將這些干擾降到最低。
09:10
So I ask my participants
to do a number of things here.
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所以,我請我的受試者做幾件事。
09:14
First off,
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第一,
09:15
I ask them to rest their head
in a chin rest,
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我請他們把頭枕在下巴架上,
09:18
to avoid too much muscle movement.
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避免過多肌肉運動。
09:21
I also ask them to, meanwhile,
stare at the center of a computer monitor
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同時,我也請他們
盯著電腦螢幕的中心,
09:25
to avoid too much
eye movements and eye blinks.
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避免太多眼球轉動和眨眼。
09:28
And I can't even have swallowing,
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甚至不能有吞嚥,
09:30
so I ask my participants
to stick the tongue out of their mouth
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所以我請我的受試者把舌頭伸出來,
09:35
over a glass bowl,
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下面有個玻璃碗接著,
09:37
and then I constantly let
taste stimuli onto the tongue,
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然後,我不斷地把
味道刺激物放到舌頭上,
09:41
which then drip off into this bowl.
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刺激物接著會落入這個碗中。
09:43
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:45
And then, just to complete
this wonderful picture,
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接著,為了完成這美好的畫面,
09:49
I also provide my participants with a bib,
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我提供我的受試者一條圍兜,
09:52
available in either pink
or blue, as they please.
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有粉紅色和藍色可以選擇。
09:55
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
09:59
Looks like a normal
eating experience, right?
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看起來像是個正常的
進食體驗,對吧?
10:01
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
10:03
No, obviously not.
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不,顯然不像。
10:06
And worse,
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更糟的是,
10:07
I can't even control
what my participants are thinking about,
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我甚至無法控制受試者在想什麼,
10:11
so I need to repeat this taste procedure
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所以我得要重覆
這個嚐味道的程序很多次。
10:13
multiple times.
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10:14
Maybe the first time,
they're thinking about the free lunch
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也許第一次時,他們在想著
我提供的免費午餐,
10:17
that I provide for participating,
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10:19
or maybe the second time,
they're thinking about Christmas coming up
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或許第二次時,
他們在想著聖誕節快到了,
10:23
and what to get for Mom
this year, you know.
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今年要買什麼給老媽。
10:27
But common for each response
is the response to the taste.
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但每次共有的反應
都是對味道的反應。
10:31
So I repeat this taste
procedure multiple times.
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所以我把這個味道程序
重覆了許多次。
10:34
Sixty, in fact.
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事實上,是六十次。
10:37
And then I average the responses,
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接著,我從實驗結果算出平均值,
10:38
because responses unrelated
to taste will average out.
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因為和味道無關的反應會被平均掉。
10:42
And using this method,
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用這個方法,
10:43
we and other labs,
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我們和其他實驗室
10:46
have investigated how long a time
it takes from "food lands on our tongue"
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研究出從「食物落到舌頭上」
到大腦搞懂它是什麼味道
需花費多少時間。
10:50
until our brain has figured out
which taste it's experiencing.
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10:53
Turns out this occurs within the first
already 100 milliseconds,
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結果發現,這個過程
會在前一百毫秒發生,
10:56
that's about half a second
before we even become aware of it.
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也就是我們意識到
是什麼味道之前的半秒鐘。
11:00
And next up, we also investigated
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接著,我們去研究
11:02
the taste difference between sugar
and artificial sweeteners
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味道極相近的糖和人工甜味劑之間的
11:05
that in our setup taste extremely similar.
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味道差別。
11:08
In fact, they tasted so similar
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事實上,它們嚐起來非常相似,
11:10
that half my participants
could only barely tell the taste apart,
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有一半的受試者幾乎
無法分別兩種味道,
11:14
while the other half simply couldn't.
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另一半根本分辨不出來。
11:17
But amazingly,
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但,驚人的是,
11:18
if we looked across
the entire group of participants,
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如果觀察所有的受試者,
11:21
we saw that their brains
definitely could tell the taste apart.
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我們會發現他們的大腦
絕對可以分得出兩種味道。
11:26
So with EEG and other
brain-scanning devices
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所以,靠著 EEG
及其他掃瞄大腦的裝置,
11:29
and other physiological measures --
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及其他生理測量值——
汗水和瞳孔大小——
11:31
sweat and pupil size --
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11:33
we have new gateways to our brain.
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我們有了通往大腦的新門徑。
11:35
Gateways that will help us
remove the barrier of the conscious mind
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這門徑能協助我們
移除意識大腦的阻礙,
11:39
to see through the biases of people
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看穿人的偏見,
11:41
and possibly even capture
subconscious taste differences.
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甚至可能可以捕捉到
潛意識的味道差異。
11:44
And that's because we can now measure
people's very first response to food
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那是因為,我們現在可以測量
人對於食物的第一反應,
11:49
before they've become conscious of it,
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在他們意識到自己的反應之前,
11:50
and before they've started rationalizing
why they like it or not.
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在他們開始合理化
喜歡與否之前的反應。
11:54
We can measure people's
facial expressions,
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我們能測量人的面部表情,
11:56
we can measure where they're looking,
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我們能測量他們在看哪裡,
11:59
we can measure their sweat response,
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2000
我們能測量他們的流汗反應,
12:01
we can measure their brain response.
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我們能測量他們的大腦反應。
12:04
And with all these measures,
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有了這些測量值,
12:06
we are going to be able
to create tastier foods,
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我們將能夠創造出更美味的食物,
12:08
because we can measure
whether people actually like
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因為我們能測量大家是否
真的喜歡那減糖奶昔。
12:10
that sugar-reduced milkshake.
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12:12
And we can create healthier foods
without compromising taste,
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我們能創造出更健康的食物,
且不用在味道上做妥協,
12:16
because we can measure the response
to different sweeteners
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因為我們能測量人們對於
不同增甜劑的反應,
12:19
and find the sweetener that gives
the response that's more similar
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並找出最接近糖的增甜劑。
12:22
to the response from sugar.
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12:24
And furthermore, we can just help
create healthier foods,
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此外,我們能創造出更健康的食物,
12:26
because we can help understand
how we actually sense food
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因為我們能協助人們了解
我們一開始是如何感知食物的。
12:29
in the first place.
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12:31
Which we know surprisingly little about.
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我們對此竟然所知甚少。
12:34
For example, we know
that there are those five basic tastes,
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比如,我們知道有五種基本味道,
12:37
but we strongly suspect
that there are more,
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但我們強烈懷疑應該還有更多,
12:40
and in fact, using our EEG setup,
we found evidence that fat,
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事實上,用我們的 EEG 計畫,
我們找到證據證明,
12:45
besides being sensed
by its texture and smell,
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除了能感受到脂肪的
質地和氣味之外,
12:47
is also tasted.
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也能嚐得出來。
12:49
Meaning that fat could be
this new sixth basic taste.
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意思是,脂肪可能是
新的第六種基本味道。
12:53
And if we figure out
how our brain recognizes fat and sugar,
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如果我們能了解我們的大腦
如何辨認出脂肪和糖,
12:57
and I'm just dreaming here,
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我只是在作夢,但也許有一天,
12:59
but could we then one day
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13:00
create a milkshake with zero calories
that tastes just like the real deal?
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我們可以創造出和真奶昔
味道完全一樣的零卡奶昔?
13:06
Or maybe we figure out that we can't,
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或許我們做不到,
13:09
because we subconsciously detect calories
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因為我們會透過
我們消化道中的接收器,
13:11
via our receptors
in our gastrointestinal tract.
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在潛意識中偵測到卡路里。
13:15
The future will show.
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等著看未來的結果吧。
13:17
Our conscious experience of food
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我們對於食物的意識體驗
13:20
is just the tip of the iceberg
of our total sensation of food.
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相對於我們對食物的
完整感覺,只是冰山一角。
13:25
And by studying this total sensation,
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藉由研究完整的感知系統,
13:28
conscious and subconscious alike,
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包括意識的和潛意識的,
13:31
I truly believe that we can make
tastier and healthier foods for all.
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我真心相信,我們能為大家
創造出更美味、更健康的食物。
13:35
Thank you.
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謝謝。
13:36
(Applause)
266
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(掌聲)
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